The Arrogance of Power

by Anthony Summers

  Hoover/framing:Nation, Nov. 10, 1984, p. 468; (“Had Nixon asked”) Sullivan, op. cit., p. 95.

  Diem:NYT News Service, Apr. 29, 1973; H. R. Haldeman and Joseph DiMona, Ends of Power, New York: Times Books, 1978, p. 161; WHT, Sept. 18, 1971; AOP p. 35, and for Apr. 28 and May 8, 1973 at pp. 371, 416; HD, p. 672; Howard Hunt, Undercover, New York: Berkley, 1974, p. 179; FB, p. 498, citing Ehrlichman; NM, p. 84; New Yorker, Seymour Hersh article, Dec. 14, 1992, p. 761; (Wallace) WHT, May 15, 1972; AOP, p. 38; Gordon Liddy, Will, New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1980, p. 309; Hunt, Undercover, op. cit., p. 217–; Emery, op. cit., p. 116.

  Volkogonov: John Lowenthal monograph, Oct. 4, 1996, supplied to author, citing Bulletin, Oct. 14, 1992, Cold War International History Project, Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Foundation, Issue 2, Fall 1991, p. 33; Dmitri Simes int. by Kai Bird and John Taylor int. Apr. 14, 1994 and NYT, Oct. 29, 1992 and see “Venona and Alger Hiss,” in Intelligence & National Security [UK: Frank Kass, forthcoming Autumn 2000], the author has sought a comment from John Taylor, director of the Nixon Library and Birthplace, but he did not respond to letters on this, Dec. 20, 1998, Jan. 20, May 7, 1999, and follow-up call Apr. 3, 1999; (RN exploded) Crowley, Nixon in Winter, op. cit., p. 304–.

  Field: (Hiss link) PERJ, p. 174; Allen Weinstein and Alexander Vassiliev, The Haunted Wood, New York: Random House, 1999, pp. 4–, 44; (interrogations) New Republic, Nov. 8, 1993; Maria Schmidt article; Nation, Nov. 8, 1993, Ethan Klingsberg article; (starved/beaten) ibid., p. 530–; (Massing/FBI) PERJ, p. 176; (consistent with messages in Soviet files) PERJ, p. 182–; Weinstein and Vassiliev, op. cit., p. 4–.

  Weinstein/NKVD files: ibid., acknowledgments, p. xv–; PERJ, pp. 182–, 204, 325; (ten messages) Weinstein and Vassiliev, supra., pp. 5, 7, 8, 10, 79, 80, 267–; (clear text) ibid., pp. 5, 79–.

  Gordievsky: Christopher Andrew and Oleg Gordievsky, KGB, The Inside Story, New York: HarperCollins, 1990, pp. 2, 285.

  Sudoplatov: Pavel Sudoplatov and Anatoli Sudoplatov with Jerrold and Leona Schecter, Special Tasks, London: Little, Brown, 1994, p. 277–.

  Pavlov: Vitaly Pavlov, Operation Snow, Moscow: Goya, 1996, p. 50 of translation supplied to author.

  “ALES”: eds. Robert Benson and Michael Warner, Venona, Soviet Espionage and the American Response, 1939–1957, Washington, D.C.: National Security Agency/CIA, 1996, p. 423; John Haynes and Harvey Klehr, Venona, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1999, pp. 126–, 170–, 352; Nigel West, Venona, The Greatest Secret of the Cold War, London, HarperCollins, 1999, p. 234–; PERJ, p. 325–; Weinstein and Vassiliev, op. cit., p. 267–; NYT, Oct. 23, 1978.

  Weinstein/“NKVD reports”: (never saw?) Nation, May 24, 1999; (deal) Weinstein and Vassiliev, op. cit., pp. xv, xi; (no response) Swan to Weinstein, Jan, 28, Mar. 15, Apr. 13, 1999.

  Lowenthal: ints. John Lowenthal; Times [London] Literary Supplement, Feb. 7, 1999.

  HUAC files sealed:PERJ, p. xxiiifn.

  VENONA: (new release) Mar. 20, 1945 message, Washington to Moscow, obtained under Freedom of Information Act and kindly provided to author by John Lowenthal; (1946) eds. Benson and Warner, op. cit., p. xxi and Daniel Patrick Moynihan, Secrecy, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1998, p. 61; (re. Truman) ibid., p. 71; (FBI) ibid., and cf. Robert Lamphere and Tom Shachtman, The FBI-KGB War, New York: Random House, 1996; (Donovan provided) ibid., p. 84 & cf.; eds. Benson and Warner, op. cit., p. xviii.

  RN paradigm: (“bullshit!”) Esquire, Nov. 1975, p. 152; PERJ, p. 492; (Trohan) int. Walter Trohan; (“He developed”) Trohan to Lou Nichols, Jan. 10, 1974, Nichols collection; (RN/judge) PERJ, p. 418; (RN/foreman) Levitt, op. cit., p. 116; (“They couldn’t”) JA, p. 176; (Kennedy) AOP, pp. 24–, 28, 234–; (Stevenson) MO, pp. 752, 859–; (Vazzana) Esquire, Nov. 1975, p. 151; (“I was spending”) Nixon, Six Crises, op. cit., p. 40–; (pills) ibid.; (“He wouldn’t”) Good Housekeeping, June 1960; Kornitzer, op. cit., p. 177; (Pat reluctant) PAT, p. 101; (“absorption”) JA, p. 164; (visits) MO, p. 512; RN note to staff, Oct. 6, 1959, VP NA; (“loving care”) Whittaker Chambers, Cold Friday, New York: Random House, 1964, p. 57; (“Nixie”) Whittaker Chambers, Witness, New York: Random House, 1952, p. 793; (less than loyal) Chambers to Ralph de Toledano, May 12, 1959, in ed. Ralph de Toledano, Notes from the Underground, Washington, D.C.: Regnery, 1997, p. 317–; (“pity”) Henry Grunwald, One Man’s America, New York: Doubleday, 1997, p. 280; (“difficult time”) Saturday Evening Post, Sept. 6, 1952; (discontent) PAT p. 97.

  Chapter 9

  “Whenever a man”:The Oxford Dictionary of Quotations, London, Oxford University Press, 1974, p. 268.

  McCarthy: (speech) David Oshinsky, A Conspiracy So Immense, New York: Free Press, 1983, p. 108, William Manchester, The Glory and the Dream, Boston: Little, Brown, 1973, p. 520–; (“Listen, you bastards”) Thomas Reeves, The Life and Times of Joe McCarthy, New York: Stein & Day, 1982, p. 233; (RN on McCarthy) MEM, p. 149; (“hard core buddies”) int. Bobby Baker; (RN in 1952) Reeves, op. cit., p. 451; Costello, op. cit., p. 274; (Alsop) Alsop, op. cit., p. 151; (Sevareid) Sevareid, op. cit., p. 87; (Cronkite) Walter Cronkite, A Reporter’s Life, New York: Knopf, 1996, p. 228; (Dewey) Leonard Lurie, The Running of Richard Nixon, New York: Coward, McCann, & Geoghegan, 1972, p. 172; (wedding) ed. Toledano, Notes from the Underground, op. cit., p. 145; (“McCarthy’s a friend”) int. Dr. Arnold Hutschnecker; (at Eisenhower’s behest) MEM, p. 144; (RN “hatchetman”) Abrahamsen, op. cit., p. 165; int. Roy Cohn by FB, FBP; (Khrushchev) Pierre Salinger, P.S., A Memoir, New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1995, p. 148; (“but anything!”) unpub. journal of James Bassett, supplied by Cynthia Bassett; (RN/censure motion) Manchester, op. cit., p. 718; Oshinsky, op. cit., p. 490 and see MEM, p. 148–; (funeral) ibid., p. 506.

  Rayburn: (“next thing to McCarthy”) D. B. Hardeman and Donald Bacon, Rayburn, Austin, TX: Texas Monthly Press, 1987, p. 381–; (“ugly fellow”) Alsop, op. cit., p. 30.

  Douglas campaign: (“went for broke”) int. Willard Espy by FB, FBP; (soundings) MO, p. 524; (Palmer) int. Paul Ziffren by FB, FBP; (nine backed RN) Parmet, op. cit., p. 190; (no photographs) Mitchell, op. cit., p. 251; (Hearst) MO, p. 589; (“letters”) ibid., p. 603; (brand as leftist) ibid., p. 565 and see Gellman, op. cit., p. 298; (Douglas background) ibid., p. 528–; (Chotiner/P.R.) ibid., p. 602; (blimp) notation, Oct. 2, 1952, Box G201 73, DPP; (“prizes galore!!!”) ibid., Avant-Garde, Jan. 1968; The Reporter, Apr. 19, 1956; (“nothing but pictures”) MO, p. 602; (hard sold) ads. preserved in DPP.

  smears/dirty tricks: (“Pink Lady”) Mitchell, op. cit., p. 4; (pink paper) MO, p. 581, but see Gellman, op. cit., p. 12; (“purely fortuitous?”) int. John Rothmann and cf. Mitchell, op. cit., p. 141, “Fundamentals of Campaign Organization,” address by Murray Chotiner, Box 6 230, DPP; (flyers dumped) Mitchell, op. cit., p. 230; MO, p. 602; (phoney propaganda) Oshinsky, op. cit., p. 177; (pickets) MO, pp. 568, 602, 609, 618; (drenching Douglas) ibid., p. 562; Douglas, op. cit., p. 312; (forced off road) Mitchell, op. cit., p. 212; (Douglas pelted) MO, p. 603; Douglas, op. cit., p. 334.

  Democrats’ abuse: (Tuck) “An Evening with Dick Tuck,” broadcast sound tape, available at some libraries; (Pat complained) Saturday Evening Post, Sept. 6, 1952; (overturned car) MO, p. 600; (Douglas lash back) Ingrid Scobie, Center Stage, New York: Oxford University Press, 1972, p. 280; (evoking fascism) MO, p. 600.

  “Did you know?”:MO, p. 610, Douglas, op. cit., p. 332, but see New England Journal of History, Winter 1999/Spring 2000, Vol. 56, p. 24.

  RN in ’50 campaign: (“we covered California”) Saturday Evening Post, Sept. 6, 1952; (station wagon) MO, pp. 564, 573; Mitchell, op. cit., p. 51.

  RN backers: (oil-banking) MO, p. 572; (Haldeman) ibid., pp. 573, 636; (Murchison/Richardson) int. Allan Witwer, San Diego Union, Aug. 11, 1955; (Dana Smith) MO, pp. 528, 546, 632; (Brewster) ibid., p. 576, letter, Owen Brewster to Nathan Buckman, Apr. 15, 1952, Box G128 and memo of int. Henry Grunewald, Oct. 27, 1955, Box G 281, DPP; (total cost?) Gellman, op. cit., p. 334; New England Journal of History, Win
ter 1999/Spring 2000, Vol. 56, p. 26; MO, p. 615–; (giving away cash) ibid., p. 575; (so broke) ibid., p. 577–; Mitchell, op. cit., p. 179; (RN/election day) Saturday Evening Post, Sept. 6, 1952.

  RN on campaign: (“Tricky Dick”) MEM, p. 77; (no mention) MEM, p. 71–; (plaintively) MEM, p. 73; (anyone who checked) MEM, p. 78.

  RN responsibility: (“A perfectionist”) MO, p. 566, Mitchell, op. cit., p. 108; (“Nixon knew”) ints. Tom Dixon, Georgia Sherwood, and Tom Dixon by FB, FBP; (Arnold) William Arnold, Back When It All Began, New York: Vantage, 1975, p. 12–; (“pink to underpants”) Gottlieb and Wolt, op. cit., p. 278; MO, p. 598; Dan Rather and Gary Paul Gates, The Palace Guard, New York: Harper & Row, 1974, p. 114; FB, p. 292; Douglas, op. cit., p. 327; (nod & wink) MO, p. 598; David Halberstam, The Powers That Be, New York: Knopf, 1979, p. 263; (“Hesselberg”/slur) MO, p. 599; Mitchell, op. cit., pp. 230, 234, 261; Lurie, op. cit., p. 93; (team propositioned) New York Post, Oct. 30, 1952; (phone calls) Douglas, op. cit., p. 326.

  RN regrets?: (general) Willard Espy to FB, FBP; (Kempton) Mitchell, op. cit., p. 126; New Yorker, Mar. 1, 1993, p. 50; WP, Apr. 23, 1994; (Astor) New Republic, May 5, 1958, but cf. JA, p. 191.

  Chapter 10

  “masculine self-image”: unpub. ms. shown to author by Dr. Hutschnecker.

  Strain: (“mean”) Nixon, Six Crises, op. cit., p. 40–; (nine secretaries) JA, p. 196; (not home for dinner) PAT, p. 111; (“Many times”) FB, p. 337, citing Earl Chapman int. in California State Archives; (pain) PAT, p. 111; (book/Downey) Collier’s, July 9, 1954; int. Dr. Arnold Hutschnecker; (“in the grips”) Contemporary Authors, Vol. 81–84, Detroit, MI: Gale Research, 1979, p. 256; (“the interaction”) Arnold Hutschnecker, The Will to Live, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1983 [orig. ed. 1951], Introduction.

  Dr. Arnold Hutschnecker: (general sources) testimony, Dr. Arnold Hutschnecker, Hearings, Nom. of Gerald R. Ford of MI to be Vice Pres. of US, Cttee. on Rules and Admin., U.S. Senate, 93rd Cong., 1st Sess., Nov. 7, 1973 and, except where indicated otherwise, direct quotes of Dr. Hutschnecker in this chapter are from interviews with the doctor, conducted by Robbyn Swan, 1995, 1996; (“a sort of Pavlovian”) Mazlish, op. cit., p. 7; (famous clients) Robert Winter-Berger, Washington Pay-off, Secaucus, NJ: Lyle Stuart, 1972, p. 256, and letter, Henry Altschuler to Drew Pearson, Nov. 27, 1960(?), Box G281 1/3, DPP; (“psychoanalytically oriented”) UPI, Nov. 14, 1968, reporting Drew Pearson address to National Press Club citing Hutschnecker, reprinted at Arnold Hutschnecker, The Drive for Power, New York: Evans & Co., 1974, p. 311 and WP, Nov. 14, 1968; (“Dr. Strangelove”) WP, Nov. 20, 1973; (Graham/Peale) see Ch. 1; (Dixon) Ehrlichman, op. cit., p. 331; int. John Ehrlichman; (Woods call) int. Hutschnecker; (first four years) UPI, citing Hutschnecker, supra.; (five consultations) Arthur Woodstone, Nixon’s Head, New York: St. Martin’s Press, 197, p. 4; (escort) Hutschnecker, Drive for Power, op. cit., p. 3; (military doctor) int. Arnold Hutschnecker by FB, FBP; Hutschnecker, Drive for Power, op. cit., p. 312; (privately NYC) JA, p. 197; (Hutschnecker lunched) int. Hutschnecker and Hutschnecker, Drive for Power, op. cit., p. 84; (McCarthy/Dulles disturbed?) ibid.; (RN/Woods note) RN to JDH & RMW, Oct. 6, 1959, Corr. Files, Series 320, Box 147, VP; (1960 summons) WP, Nov. 23, 1968; (early ’61 visit/disastrous bid) int. Hutschnecker; (“to see the shrink”) Harriet Van Horne column, NY Post, Nov. 15, 1968; (Hutschnecker at WH) int. Hutschnecker; Hutschnecker, Drive for Power, op. cit., p. 156–; Woodstone, op. cit., p. 1–; (“Pavlovian technique”) Roger Rapoport, The SuperDoctors, Chicago: Playboy Press, 1975, p. 156–, apparently citing Robert Winter-Berger; (“Our old intimacy”) JA, p. 404; int. Hutschnecker; (he avoided) int. Hutschnecker and Hutschnecker, Drive for Power, op. cit., p. 29; (looselipped) Winter-Berger, op. cit., p. 255–; (elephants) FB, p. 335; (“Nixon wondered”) Woodstone, op. cit., p. 5; (RN on “direct relation”) Time, Apr. 2, 1990.

  depression: (part of RN problem) int. Herb Klein; (“more depressed”) PAT, p. 157; (“is Nick still seeing?”) Harrison Salisbury, Disturber of the Peace, London: Unwin, 1989, p. 304; (Garment) int. Len Garment.

  Hutschnecker insights: (general) Wicker, op. cit., p. 30–; (“deep-seated inhibitions”) unpub. ms. shown to author by Dr. Arnold Hutschnecker; (“brutal & cruel”) int. Hutschnecker; (“brutalized”) int. Arnold Hutschnecker by FB, FBP; (“I was convinced . . .”) Hutschnecker unpub. ms., supra.; (Bassett on “impotence”) FB notes and author’s transcript of int. Bassett friends Paul and Mickey Ziffren by FB, FBP, FB, p. 331; (“ambivalence”) Hutschnecker, Will to Live, op. cit., p. 179–; (“Nixon is happiest”) Winter-Berger, op. cit., p. 258; (“It is safer”) Columbia Journalism Review, Mar./Apr. 1974, p. 9.

  RN anti-psychiatry: (“I’ve never done”) Jules Witcover, The Resurrection of Richard Nixon, New York: Putnam, 1970, p. 212; (Ailes) Joe McGinniss, The Selling of the President, New York: Penguin, 1969, p. 100–; (“except see a shrink”) Garment, op. cit., pp. 299, 85–; int. Leonard Garment.

  Comments on RN’s personality: (“He would be depressed”) int. George Christopher; (“paranoid”) taped int. Pat Brown by FB, FBP; (“Black spells”) Sevareid, op. cit., p. 90; (O’Donnell) eds. Strober, Nixon, op. cit., p. 302; (“Dick’s expression”) San Diego Weekly Reader, July 28, 1984; (“he seemed unbalanced”) Cronkite, op. cit., p. 227; (“Hamlet-type”) int. Robert Greene by FB, FBP; (“walking box”) int. John Lindsay by FB, FBP; (“acting so strangely”) int. John Herbers; (“off his rocker”) Jerome Zeifman, Without Honor, New York: Thunder’s Mouth, 1995, p. 79; (Secret Service) Kessler, op. cit., p. 39, and int. Ronald Kessler re. SS source; (Deep Throat) Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward, All the President’s Men, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1974, p. 319; (White) Readers’ Digest, May 1975; (“Here was the leader”) Richard Kleindienst, Justice, Ottawa, IL: Jameson Books, 1985, p. 168–; (“losing control”) Agnew, op. cit., p. 79; (Saxbe) “The American Experience,” transcript, WGBH (Boston) TV program, Oct. 15, 1990; (Butterfield) New York, Apr. 21, 1975, eds. Strober, Nixon, op. cit., p. 40; Journal of American History, Mar. 1989, p. 1251; (Haldeman) ibid.; (“From close observation”) New York, May 10, 1976; (“flat dark side”) White, Breach of Faith, op. cit., p. 163; (Kissinger) Kissinger, Years of Upheaval, op. cit., pp. 431, 1181–; (“Did you hear?”) Walter Isaacson, Kissinger, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992, p. 145 and cf. Woodward and Bernstein, The Final Days, op. cit., p. 214; (“four years ‘on the couch’ ”) letters, FB to Kissinger, Feb. 6, 1977, Feb. 10, 1978; transcript int. Bob Woodward by FB, FBP; (Kissinger declines) letter, Kissinger to FB, Mar. 6, 1978 and int. Bruce Brodie.

  Analyst other than Hutschnecker?: (issue raised) FB, p. 466fn; Witcover, op. cit., p. 34; (Bassett) int. James Bassett by FB, FBP; (Herbert Katcher) int. Herbert’s brother, NY Post journalist Leo Katcher by FB, int. Daniel Ellsberg by FB, who tipped Brodie off to Leo Katcher as a source, FBP; (Hutschnecker on woman doctor) int. Dr. Hutschnecker; (Finch) taped int. of Robert Finch by FB, FBP; (Sherwood) ints. Foster and Georgia Sherwood and FB, p. 467fn; (died in sixties?) int. Daniel Ellsberg by FB, FBP; (“deeply troubled”) int. Leo Katcher by FB, FBP; (also interviewed on area) ints. Mrs. Herbert (Ina) Katcher, Edward Katcher, Mrs. Ralph (Hildi) Greenson, Joe Wyatt.

  Hutschnecker on RN state of mind: (concern) WP, Nov. 14, 20, 23, 1968; (“I detected no sign”) Look, July 15, 1969; (old theme) Hutschnecker, The Drive for Power, op. cit., p. 318.

  Kubie: “Nixon on the Couch,” draft ms. by Irving Wallace for Chicago Sun-Times, June 1972, and corr. Irving Wallace to FB, FBP.

  new book: Hutschnecker, The Drive for Power, op. cit.

  “I am in no position”: ibid., p. 85.

  files withheld: researcher report to author on Hutschnecker file review VP, NA, Jan. 23, 1997.

  stress on candidates: (“The awful burden”) int. Paul Smith in ed. Schulte, op. cit., p. 177; (Ehrlichman) Ehrlichman, op. cit., p. vii– and int. John Ehrlichman; (“They’ve nearly all”) int. Len Garment; (“Deep down”) Time, Mar. 15, 1999; (“You could well say”) int. Elliot Richardson in eds. Mill
er Center, op. cit., p. 63.

  Chapter 11

  “man of great character”:MEM, p. 964.

  Rebozo friendship: (prescription) JA, p. 198; (Finch) int. Robert Finch by FB, FBP; (Reedy) int. George Reedy by FB, FBP; (Danner) Sundance magazine, Nov./Dec. 1972, article by Pulitzer winner Jeff Gerth—this article and subsequent versions of it by Gerth included pioneering research on Nixon’s apparent links to crime [see also ed. Steve Weissman, Big Brother and the Holding Company, Palo Alto, CA: Ramparts Press, 1974, p. 251 and Penthouse, July 1974]; (Smathers’s tips) ints. George Smathers, Sloan McCrae; (“Gorgeous”) Anthony Summers, Goddess, The Secret Lives of Marilyn Monroe, New York: Macmillan, 1985, p. 225; (did not go well) ints. George Smathers, Sloan McCrae, Jake Jernigan; (uncle/alone) int. Donald Berg, int. Perry O’Neal by FB, FBP; Safire, op. cit., p. 613; PAT, pp. 148–, 319; Life, July 31, 1970.

  span of RN/Rebozo friendship: (1952) RN to Rebozo, Nov. 28, 1952, from VP files, FBP; (“lick wounds”) Miami News, Nov. 9, 1958; (1960) Life, July 31, 1970; int. Jake Jernigan; (1962) RN to Rebozo, Mar. 23, 1962, in VP files, FBP; int. Mary Spotswood in Miami Herald, Oct. 16, 1994; ed. Marvin Miller, The Breaking of a President, City of Industry, CA: Therapy Productions, 1974, Vol. IV, p. 509; (midsixties) ibid., p. 510; (1968 decision) MEM, p. 292; (relaxed) John Curton to John Vermilye, Miami Police Intelligence, Nov. 13, 1968, Miami Records Center; NYT, Nov. 20, 1968; (inaugural address/1 day in 10) Newsday, Oct. 13, 1971; (run of WH) int. Robert Finch by FB, FBP; (own phone) McClendon, op. cit., p. 167; (jacket) U.S. News & World Report, Oct. 11, 1971; (cruised) Kissinger, White House Years, op. cit., p. 498; (movies) PAT, p. 320; (slip into WH) int. Robert Finch by FB, FBP and FB, p. 549n 29; (false name) int. Dan Rather by FB, FBP, FB, p. 476, Thomas, op. cit., p. 144; (first to tell) Miami News, June 18, 1974; (exile) AP, Aug. 12, 1974; (deathbed) int. Sloan McCrae; (“I say to myself”) Miami News, June 18, 1974.