“We discussed last-minute”: Scope of Soviet Activity.
“He wanted me to take”: Hornblum, Harry Gold.
“I complained”: Hornblum, Harry Gold.
“A basic rule”: Feklisov, Man Behind.
“I have been guiding”: Albright, Bombshell.
“For me, Hitler was”: Conant, 109 East Palace.
“To test or not to test”: Badash, Reminiscences.
“the use of the gadget”: Bird, American Prometheus.
“People were feverishly”: Rhodes, Atomic Bomb.
“The voices on the telephone”: Royal, Story of Oppenheimer.
“Hardly more than a creek”: Hornblum, Invisible Harry.
“a considerable packet”: Albright, Bombshell.
“I did what I consider”: Fuchs, Statement.
“They might be coming”: Rhodes, Dark Sun.
“Mr. Greenglass”: Lamont, Day of Trinity.
“there are several men”: Scope of Soviet Activity.
Trinity
“We brushed our teeth” Jungk, A Thousand Suns.
“Time and time”: In the Matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer.
“I got hold”: Rhodes, Atomic Bomb.
“I wonder whether”: Bernstein, Uranium Club.
“Any time after”: Goldchild, J. Robert Oppenheimer.
“We halted our efforts”: Rhodes, Atomic Bomb.
“Oppenheimer was really”: Kelly, Manhattan Project.
“Get some sleep”: Groves. Now It Can Be Told.
Test Shot
“There were about ninety”: Laurence, Dawn Over Zero.
“Don’t worry”: Lamont, Day of Trinity.
“The guys discussed”: Albright, Bombshell.
“Naturally he was nervous”: Groves. Now It Can Be Told.
“What the hell’s wrong”: Rhodes, Atomic Bomb.
“The scene inside”: Kelly, Manhattan Project.
“It is now zero”: Bird, American Prometheus.
“We were told to lie”: Rhodes, Atomic Bomb.
“Zero minus fifteen”: Bird, American Prometheus.
“It was an eerie sight”: Laurence, Dawn of Zero.
“Lord, these affairs”: Lamont, Day of Trinity.
“As we approached”: Groves. Now It Can Be Told.
“As the time interval”: Kelly, Manhattan Project.
“I put on dark glasses”: Badash, Reminiscences.
“We were lying there”: Rhodes, Atomic Bomb.
“Oppenheimer, on whom”: Kelly, Manhattan Project.
“And then, without a sound”: Goodchild, J. Robert Oppenheimer.
“There was an enormous”: Rhodes, Dark Sun.
“The whole country was lighted”: Groves, Now It Can Be Told.
“I was looking directly”: Rhodes, Atomic Bomb.
“I look back up”: Feynman, Surely You’re Joking.
“An enormous ball of fire”: Rhodes, Dark Sun.
“Up it went”: Laurence, Dawn of Zero.
“His face relaxed”: Kelly, Manhattan Project.
“It worked”: Cole, Something Wonderful.
“Oppenheimer and the others”: Badash, Reminiscences.
“A loud cry”: Laurence, Dawn of Zero.
“I had rather expected”: Albright, Bombshell.
“I’ll never forget the way”: Bird, American Prometheus.
“I am proud of you”: Groves. Now It Can Be Told.
“The war is over”: Laurence, Dawn of Zero.
“Naturally, we were very”: Rhodes, Atomic Bomb.
“It was extremely solemn”: Bird, American Prometheus.
Little Boy
“The explosives dump”: Conant, 109 East Palace.
“Operated on this morning”: Rhodes, Atomic Bomb.
“tremendously pepped up”: Holoway, Stalin.
“I casually mentioned”: Truman, Memoirs.
“How did it go”: Toland, Rising Sun.
“We’ll have to have”: Holoway, Stalin.
“It was his opinion”: McCullough, Truman.
“It was a question of saving”: Truman, Buck Stops.
“We call upon”: Rhodes, Atomic Bomb.
“The 509 Composite Group”: Toland, Rising Sun.
“The word came Sunday”: Tibbets, Tibbets Story.
“The usual jesting”: Laurence, Dawn Over Zero.
“Tonight is the night”: Tibbets, Tibbets Story.
“He paused”: Laurence, Dawn Over Zero.
“Our orders were”: Tibbets, Tibbets Story.
“I never saw a plane”: Toland, Rising Sun.
“It was a pleasant”: Tibbets, Tibbets Story.
Hiroshima
“It was a clear”: Osada, Children of Hiroshima.
“We were eight minutes”: Tibbets, Tibbets Story.
“Put on your goggles”: Toland, Rising Sun.
“With the release”: Tibbets, Tibbets Story.
“I saw a red dragonfly”: Osada, Children of Hiroshima.
“The view, where a moment”: Hachiya, Hiroshima Diary.
“I had unconsciously”: Osada, Children of Hiroshima.
“They stagger exactly”: Kelly, Manhattan Project.
“They moved as though”: Hachiya, Hiroshima Diary.
“If I live a hundred years”: Rhodes, Atomic Bomb.
“Now that I knew”: Tibbets, Tibbets Story.
“a pot of boiling black”: Rhodes, Atomic Bomb.
“A feeling of shock”: Tibbets, Tibbets Story.
Reaction Begins
“I’m proud of you”: Bird, American Prometheus.
“Keep your seats”: McCullough, Truman.
“An American airplane”: Truman, Statement by President.
“Attention please”: Bird, American Prometheus.
“very considerable elation”: Sykes, No Ordinary Genius.
“There was a sudden noise”: Frisch, What I Remember.
“Thank God it wasn’t a dud”: Conant, 109 East Palace.
“Of course they were”: Frisch, What I Remember.
“I was involved in this”: Sykes, No Ordinary Genius.
“The reaction has begun”: Smith, Letters and Recollections.
“Hahn was completely”: Powers, Heisenberg’s War.
“The guests were”: Bernstein, Uranium Club.
“Stalin had a tremendous”: Rhodes, Dark Sun.
“The whole city”: Jungk, A Thousand Suns.
“drastically alters the whole”: Toland, Rising Sun.
“I decided at a glance”: Jungk, A Thousand Suns.
“I felt that we ought”: Stimson, Memorandum.
“Back on Tinian”: Tibbets, Tibbets Story.
“Two additional runs”: Rhodes, Atomic Bomb.
“We’ll go on to secondary”: Toland, Rising Sun.
“People were saying”: Rhodes, Atomic Bomb.
“should be ready”: Norris, Racing for the Bomb.
“I cannot endure”: Rhodes, Atomic Bomb.
End Game
“I stopped somewhere”: Rhodes, Dark Sun.
“We drove out”: Haynes, Spies.
“He himself was rather”: Rhodes, Dark Sun.
“Meet openly as friends”: Scope of Soviet Activity.
“After a period of anxious”: Rhodes, Dark Sun.
“Things might turn out”: Albright, Bombshell.
Father of the Bomb
“a nervous wreck”: Herken, Brotherhood.
“Father of the Atomic Bomb”: Conant, 109 East Palace.
“Can we make them more”: Rhodes, Atomic Bomb.
“The safety of this nation”: Smith, Letters and Recollections.
“Tell Dr. Oppenheimer”: Herken, Brotherhood.
“I neither can nor will”: Rhodes, Atomic Bomb.
“His eyes were glazed”: Bird, American Prometheus.
“It is our hope that”: Smith, Letters and Recollections.
“I never saw a man”: Blum, Price
of Vision.
“When will the Russians”: Davis, Lawrence and Oppenheimer.
“I feel I have blood”: Bird, American Prometheus.
“Never mind”: Davis, Lawrence and Oppenheimer.
“Don’t worry”: Bird, American Prometheus.
Fallout
“It really happened so”: Scope of Soviet Activity.
“Well, well”: Rhodes, Dark Sun.
“On top of the tower”: Holoway, Stalin.
“It worked”: Rhodes, Dark Sun.
“Our atomic monopoly”: Bird, American Prometheus.
“Had the Russian scientists”: Lamphere, FBI-KGB.
“Were you not in touch”: Moss, Klaus Fuchs.
“Even before they showed”: Scope of Soviet Activity.
Epilogue: Scorpions in a Bottle
“You don’t know what”: Moss, Klaus Fuchs.
“Every time you squeeze”: Roberts, The Brother.
“I am calm”: Scope of Soviet Activity.
“You don’t have any microphones”: Albright, Bombshell.
“We believe a super”: Bird, American Prometheus.
“I believe the most important”: Jungk, A Thousand Suns.
“Can the Russians do it”: Bird, American Prometheus.
“We keep saying”: McCullough, Truman.
“If successful, radioactive”: Jungk, A Thousand Suns.
“We may be likened”: Rhodes, Dark Sun.
“I think to a certain extent”: Bird, American Prometheus.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
THIS BOOK began as a conversation with Deirdre Langeland, my awesome editor at Roaring Brook. We were discussing an article we’d both read about an obscure World War II spy, and gradually that grew into the idea of doing an ambitious global thriller about the birth of the bomb. Thanks to Deirdre for hashing out the story with me, and for her surgically precise touch in shaping and tightening the narrative. Thanks to Simon Boughton for bringing me onto the Roaring Brook team, and to my agent, Ken Wright, for all of his advice and encouragement—when Ken gets behind an idea, it really gives a guy confidence.
Thanks to Robert Norris, author of Racing for the Bomb, for sharing his vast knowledge of Manhattan Project espionage, and to Joseph Albright for talking to me about Ted Hall—Albright and his wife Marcia Kunstel actually interviewed Hall before he died, and somehow coaxed a statement from him about the thoughts that inspired him to become a spy. Their book, Bombshell, is a must-ave.
Special thanks to the best friends of every nonfiction writer: libraries and librarians. Many of the sources I needed to research this book were found and read in the New York Public Library. And thanks to the Saratoga Springs Public Library, especially the beautiful second floor, with its history books and quiet tables. Most of this book was written there.
I’m grateful to my critique group partners, Eric Etkin, Vicki Tremper, and Gail Aldous, for offering insightful advice. And thanks most of all to my wife, Rachel. She will always be my first and most trusted reader, and nothing goes out the door until she says it’s okay.
PHOTO CREDITS
Front cover: Foreground © 2013 by Tristan Elwell, background courtesy of U.S. National Archives; Back cover: Courtesy of Los Alamos National Laboratory;
Interior pages: frontispiece: Courtesy of Los Alamos National Laboratory; 4–5 (clockwise from top left): Norwegian Resistance Museum, Bettmann/Corbis/AP Images, AP Images/Henry Griffin, AP Images, AIP Emilio Segré Visual Archive/Brittle Books Collecion, AP Images, AP Images; 7: AP Images; 42–43 (clockwise from top left): Courtesy of Los Alamos National Laboratory, AP Images, Norwegian Resistance Museum, Getty Images, Bettmann/Corbis/AP Images, The Norwegian Resistance Museum, Courtesy of Thos. Powers; 44: AP Images; 88–89: Courtesy of Los Alamos National Laboratory, AP Images, SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc., The Norwegian Resistance Museum, Courtesy of Los Alamos National Laboratory, Bettmann/Corbis/AP Images; 90: Courtesy of Los Alamos National Laboratory; 142–43: Bettman/Corbis/AP Images, AP Images, Russian Archives/Museum of Foreign Intelligence Services of Russia, AP Images, AP Images, Bettmann/Corbis/AP Images; 144: Bettmann/Corbis/AP Images 227: AP Images, 236–37: Courtesy of Los Alamos National Laboratory
INDEX
The index that appeared in the print version of this title does not match the pages in your eBook. Please use the search function on your eReading device to search for terms of interest. For your reference, the terms that appear in the print index are listed below.
Arms race
Atomic bombs: American monopoly on atomic bombs; destruction from; power and energy of; race to build
Atoms. See also fission (atom splitting)
Berg, Moe
Chicago pile and Chicago pile team
Churchill, Winston
Cohen, Lona
Communism
Eifler, Carl
Einstein, Albert
Enola Gay
Fat Man and Nagasaki
FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation): Americans, surveillance of; Soviet spies, surveillance of
Fermi, Enrico
Feynman, Richard
Fission (atom splitting): bomb making and; chain reaction of plutonium; chain reaction of uranium; discovery of; energy release during; graphite and; plutonium; study of; zip rod
Frisch, Otto
Fuchs, Klaus: appearance of; character and personality of; death of; photo of; spying activities; trial and sentencing of
Germany: Allied forces attacks on; blitzkrieg; bomb development by; Great Britain, bombing of; invasion of other countries; Potsdam meeting of Truman and Stalin; Soviet Union, agreement not to fight; Soviet Union, fighting against; Soviet Union, invasion of; surrender of; territorial claims by; uranium supply of
Gold, Harry: character and personality of; confession of; death of; FBI investigation and search of home; Pennsylvania Sugar Company, stealing information about; photos of; Soviet contacts, meetings with; spying activities; trial and sentencing of
Graphite
Great Britain: bomb, agreement to keep secret; bomb development and testing; British and US attack on Germany, call for by Stalin; German annexation of; German bombing of; German territorial claims to; Germany, fighting against; secrets, passing to ally; Special Operations Executive (S.O.E.)
Greenglass, David
Groves, Leslie: character and personality of; Los Alamos laboratory site selection; Pentagon, construction of; photo of; plutonium bomb, design of; plutonium bomb testing
Hahn, Otto
Hall, Theodore “Ted”: appearance and character of; death of; education of; photo of; plutonium and implosion process; plutonium bomb testing; spying activities; U-235 sample, experiment with
Haukelid, Knut: appearance of; ferry Hydro and transport of heavy water; in Great Britain; Norwegian Nazi sympathizer, throwing off ferry; photo of; resistance group and spying activities; in Sweden; Vemork Hydroelectric, Gunnerside mission to destroy
Heavy water
Heisenberg, Werner
Helium atoms
Hitler, Adolf: bomb development and use by, potential for; rise of; Soviet Union, invasion of; Stalin, agreement not to fight; suicide of; US, declaration of war against
Hydro
Hydrogen bombs
Implosion principle and process
Japan: bomb development and war with; bomb use against; Fat Man and Nagasaki; Little Boy and Hiroshima bombing; Pearl Harbor attack by; Potsdam Declaration; surrender of; Tokyo, bombing of; US declaration of war against; US invasion of, plans for
KGB (Soviet intelligence agency): agent cultivation; Amtorg; British agents; FBI surveillance of agents; information from Fuchs; information from Greenglass; information from Hall; scientists, list of for agent cultivation
Kistiakowsky, George “Kisty”
Kurchatov, Igor
Little Boy
Los Alamos laboratory: censors and mail; construction of; living conditions at; main gate and gaining entrance to; rumors about activities at; scientists, arrival o
f in Santa Fe; scientists, code names for; scientists, recruitment of for; site selection
Manhattan Project
McKibben, Dorothy
Meitner, Lise
Neutrons
New Mexico. See also Santa Fe
Norway: British glider missions; German bomb factory in; German invasion of; Hardanger Plateau; Nazi sympathizers in; Norwegians in Britain, return to Norway for secret mission; resistance group activities in; Vemork Hydroelectric, Gunnerside mission to destroy; Vemork Hydroelectric, Poulsson and glider mission to demolish; Vemork Hydroelectric saboteurs, hiding out by
Nucleus
Oak Ridge, Tennessee
Oppenheimer, Frank
Oppenheimer, Robert: appearance and character of; bomb, development of; childhood and early life of; CIC surveillance of; Communism, interest in by; death of; education of; FBI surveillance of; forgetfulness of; health of; hydrogen bombs; Little Boy and Hiroshima bombing; Los Alamos laboratory recruitment; Los Alamos laboratory site selection; loyalty of; Manhattan Project director; opinions about; photos of; physics, passion for; plutonium bomb, design of; plutonium bomb testing; political events, interest in; Princeton University, teaching at; recognition of as Father of Atomic Bomb; resignation of; scorpions in a bottle; security clearance of; Soviet agent, attempt to recruit as; Truman, meeting with; University of California, Berkeley, teaching at; Uranium Committee membership
Physicists and scientists: German scientists, US round up of; German scientists at Farm Hall; Jewish scientists in Europe, escape of; Little Boy and Hiroshima bombing, reaction to; Los Alamos, recruitment for
Plutonium and plutonium bombs: bomb, completion of; bomb, testing of; bomb design for; chain reaction; Fat Man and Nagasaki; fission; gun assembly design and method; implosion principle and process; plastic explosives for bomb; production of; sample for Los Alamos
Poulsson, Jens
Protons
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano (FDR): bomb, agreement to keep secret; bomb danger, letter to about; bomb danger, reaction to; Churchill, meeting with; death of; driving abilities of; photos of; secrecy of Manhattan Project
Santa Fe
Sax, Saville
Semyonov, Semyon “Sam”
Serber, Robert
Soviet Union: bomb development by; bomb information and scientists, keeping secret from; bomb testing, reaction to; Communism in; Enormoz project; German invasion of; Germany, agreement not to fight; Germany, fighting against; hydrogen bombs; Japan, declaration of war against; plutonium bomb testing; secrets, passing to ally; spying to steal US bomb plans; US, relationship with; US aid to. See also KGB (Soviet intelligence agency)
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