by Taylor, Alan
NOTES
ABBREVIATIONS
Collections
AC
Annals of Congress
APA-GMR
Auditor of Public Accounts, General Militia Records: List of Furloughs & Discharges (Library of Virginia, Richmond)
ASP-FR
American State Papers: Class 1, Foreign Relations, 38 vols. (Buffalo: William S. Hein, 1998; reprint of Washington, DC, 1832–61)
ASP-MA
American State Papers: Class 5, Military Affairs (Washington, D.C.: Gates Seaton, 1860)
BFP
Bryan Family Papers (Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia, Charlottesville)
CFP
Campbell Family Papers (Special Collections, Rubinstein Library, Duke University, Durham, NC)
CO
Colonial Office (National Archives of the United Kingdom, London)
CVSP
Calendar of Virginia State Papers and Other Manuscripts from January 1, 1808, to December 1, 1835, 12 vols. ed. H. W. Flournoy (New York: Kraus Reprint, 1968; reprint of Richmond, 1890)
FO
Foreign Office (National Archives of the United Kingdom, London)
JBEP
James Barber Executive Papers (Library of Virginia, Richmond)
JCCFP (38-111-c)
Joseph C. Cabell Family Papers (Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia, Charlottesville)
JCC&CFP (38-111)
Joseph C. Cabell and Cabell Family Papers (Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia, Charlottesville)
JHCFP
John Hartwell Cocke Family Papers (Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia, Charlottesville)
JMP
James Monroe Papers (Library of Congress, Washington, D.C., and New York Public Library, New York City)
JTEP
John Tyler Executive Papers (Library of Virginia, Richmond)
LWP
Levin Winder Papers (Maryland Historical Society, Baltimore)
MSP
Maryland State Papers (Maryland State Archives, Annapolis)
PJM-PS
Papers of James Madison, Presidential Series, ed. J. C. A. Stagg, 5 vols. to date (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1984–)
PTJ-RS
Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Retirement Series, ed. J. Jefferson Looney, 9 vols. to date (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2005–)
RABC
Robert Alonzo Brock Collection (Huntington Library, San Marino, CA)
SACP
Sir Alexander Cockburn Papers (Library of Congress microfilm edition of originals at the National Archives of Scotland, Edinburgh)
SGCP
Sir George Cockburn Papers (Library of Congress, Washington, DC)
SPMP
Sir Pulteney Malcolm Papers (William L. Clements Library, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI)
TCP
Tucker-Coleman Papers (College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA)
TFP
Tompkins Family Papers (Virginia Historical Society, Richmond)
WBGEP
William Branch Giles Executive Papers (Library of Virginia, Richmond)
WCNEP
Wilson Cary Nicholas Executive Papers (Library of Virginia, Richmond)
WHWP
William H. Winder Papers (Maryland Historical Society, Baltimore)
WPSP
William Patterson Smith Papers (Rubinstein Library, Duke University, Durham, NC)
Archives and Libraries
HL
Huntington Library, San Marino, CA
LAC
Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa, Ontario
LC
Library of Congress, Washington, DC
LV
Library of Virginia, Richmond
MdHS
Maryland Historical Society, Baltimore
MdSA
Maryland State Archives, Annapolis
NSA
Nova Scotia Archives, Halifax
NAUK
National Archives of the United Kingdom, London
SC-DUL
Special Collections, Rubinstein Library, Duke University, Durham, NC
SCSL-CWM
Special Collections, Swem Library, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA
SSCL-UVA
Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
USNA-CP
United States National Archives, College Park, MD
USNA-DC
United States National Archives, Washington, DC
VHS
Virginia Historical Society, Richmond
WLCL-UM
William L. Clements Library, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
INTRODUCTION
1 Robert Greenhow to Charles K. Mallory, Sep. 8, 2013, JBEP, reel 5516, LV.
2 Depositions of Charles Massey Jr., July 6, 1815, and Abraham B. Hooe, July 6, 1815, APA-GMR, entry 258, box 779, King George County folder, LV; deposition of George N. Grymes, Jan. 6, 1825 (“had taken”), RG 76, entry 190, box 3, case 177 (Abraham B. Hooe), USNA-CP.
3 For the nature of slave neighborhoods, see Kaye, Joining Places, 4–12, 22–50.
4 Bartlet Shanklyn to Abraham B. Hooe, May 21, 1820, RG 76, entry 190, box 3, case 177 (Abraham B. Hooe), USNA-CP. For the adaptation of market values by the enslaved, see Schermerhorn, Money over Mastery, 18–19.
5 For the Chesapeake side of the story, see Bartlett and Smith, “‘Species of Milito-Nautico-Guerilla Warfare,’” 173–204; Cassell, “Slaves of the Chesapeake,” 144–55; George, “Mirage of Freedom,” 427–50. For the experience of refugees in Nova Scotia, see Grant, “Black Immigrants,” 253–70; Whitfield, Blacks on the Border; Whitfield, From American Slaves. For the earlier, revolutionary escapes, see Frey, Water from the Rock; Pybus, Epic Journeys; Pybus, “Jefferson’s Faulty Math,” 243–64; Schama, Rough Crossings; J. W. St. G. Walker, Black Loyalists.
6 Sir George Cockburn to Sir Alexander Cochrane, May 10, 1814, in Dudley, Naval War of 1812, vol. 3:64–65.
7 Morgan, “Ending the Slave Trade,” 116–91.
8 P. Hamilton, Making and Unmaking, 81; L. K. Ford, Deliver Us from Evil, 26; Hickey, “America’s Response,” 361–79; A. Rothman, Slave Country, 21; Sidbury, “Saint Domingue in Virginia,” 531–52; Birkbeck, Notes on a Journey, 17; W. D. Jordan, White over Black, 394; Sutton, “Nostalgia, Pessimism, and Malaise,” 51.
9 Birkbeck, Notes on a Journey, 21; John Randolph quoted in J. Quincy, Figures of the Past, 178.
10 D. B. Davis, Problem of Slavery, 173–79; L. K. Ford, Deliver Us from Evil, 46–47; Wolf, Race and Liberty, 87, 102–3; Patrick Henry quoted in W. D. Jordan, White over Black, 544; J. Taylor, Arator, 127; Jefferson, Notes on the State of Virginia, 128.
11 Thomas Jefferson to John Holmes, Apr. 22, 1820, in P. L. Ford, Works of Thomas Jefferson, vol. 12:158–59.
12 William Duane to Thomas Jefferson, Aug. 11, 1814, in Looney, PTJ-RS, vol. 7:533.
13 Oakes, Freedom National, 17–99.
CHAPTER ONE: REVOLUTION
1 St. G. Tucker, Dissertation on Slavery, 1.
2 Henry Tucker to St. George Tucker, July 31, 1774, quoted in P. Hamilton, Making and Unmaking, 30–31. For Richard Henry Lee’s parade, see Van Cleve, Slaveholders’ Union, 38.
3 Drescher, Abolition, 124; Pearson, Remaking Custom, 113.
4 St. George Tucker to Richard Rush, Oct. 27, 1813, in Coleman, “Randolph and Tucker Letters,” 212–13; Coleman, St. George Tucker, 28–29; Cullen, St. George Tucker, 3–8; P. Hamilton, “Revolutionary Principles,” 533.
5 McColley, Slavery and Jeffersonian Virginia, 9–10; R. B. Davis, Jeffersonian America, 128–32; Morgan, Slave Counterpoint, 29–33; Schermerhorn, Money over Mastery, 6–7.
6 Darrell, “Diary,” 144 (“its disk”); Morgan, Slave Counterpoint, 32; Roberts and Roberts, Moreau de St. Mery’s American Journey, 52; Sobel, World The
y Made Together, 131; John Randolph to James M. Garnett, Aug. 21, 1812, John Randolph Papers, box 3, SSCL-UVA. For the story of Colonel Randolph, see Fedric, Slave Life, 9 (“Bring in”).
7 Carter, Virginia Journals, vol. 1:78; Roberts and Roberts, Moreau de St. Mery’s American Journey, 47–53; Janson, Stranger in America, 333–34; [G. Tucker], Letters from Virginia, 18–19.
8 Morgan, Slave Counterpoint, 34; Sobel, World They Made Together, 100–104.
9 Kulikoff, Tobacco and Slaves, 131; Carter, Virginia Journals, vol. 1:127 (“the shabbiness”); Ball, Fifty Years in Chains, 47, 51; D. P. Jordan, Political Leadership, 6-7; Morgan, Slave Counterpoint, 39, 45; Samuel Mordecai to R. Mordecai, Sep. 11, 1814 (“miserably poor”), Mss, 2, M 8114, a2, VHS.
10 D. P. Jordan, Political Leadership, 8; Kulikoff, Tobacco and Slaves, 141–53; Morgan, Slave Counterpoint, 30–33.
11 Birkbeck, Notes on a Journey, 19–21; Wyllie, “Observations,” 393–96; Darrell, “Diary,” 147; R. B. Davis, Jeffersonian America, 133–34, 152; D. P. Jordan, Political Leadership, 9; Lowrey, James Barbour, 63–64; McColley, Slavery and Jeffersonian Virginia, 12–18; Morgan, Slave Counterpoint, 34.
12 W. C. Bruce, John Randolph, vol. 2:158; Carter, Virginia Journals, vol. 1:5, 85; Darrell, “Diary,” 144 (“Now & then”); Roberts and Roberts, Moreau de St. Mery’s American Journey, 69; Jefferson quoted in Sobel, World They Made Together, 117; Schermerhorn, Money over Mastery, 37.
13 Carter, Virginia Journals, vol. 1:102, 127, 140; Wyllie, “Observations,” 391; Darrell, “Diary,” 146; Edward Ross to David Parish, Oct. 10, 1813 (“the very worst”), Parish-Rosseel Papers, St. Lawrence University Archives, Owen D. Young Library, Canton, NY; Augustus Foster in R. B. Davis, Jeffersonian America, 131, 135; McColley, Slavery and Jeffersonian Virginia, 37–38.
14 Carter, Virginia Journals, vol. 1:127 (“I felt”); R. B. Davis, Jeffersonian America, 134; John Randolph to Josiah Quincy, Mar. 22, 1814, in E. Quincy, Life of Josiah Quincy, 352.
15 Kulikoff, Tobacco and Slaves, 128–30 (Jefferson quote on 129); Holton, Forced Founders, 46–47, 66; George Washington to Bryan Fairfax, Aug. 24, 1774, quoted in Chernow, Washington, 111.
16 Dunn, “After Tobacco,” 344–45; Morgan, Slave Counterpoint, 59–62, 81, 90–95. For the vetoed legislation, see Holton, Forced Founders, xix–xx, 66–73; Wolf, Race and Liberty, 23–24.
17 D. B. Davis, Problem of Slavery, 471–501; C. L. Brown, Moral Capital, 96–100; Drescher, Abolition, 98–105; Schama, Rough Crossings, 427n16; Van Cleve, Slaveholders Union, 17, 31–36.
18 Drescher, Abolition, 103–5; Van Cleve, Slaveholders’ Union, 31–38; C. L. Brown, Moral Capital, 118–26 (Ambrose Serle quote on 120), 134; Blumrosen and Blumrosen, Slave Nation, 15, 20, 30–38; Waldstreicher, Slavery’s Constitution, 39–42.
19 Schama, Rough Crossings, 16–18 (Virginia Gazette advertisement quote on 18); Morgan, Slave Counterpoint, 461.
20 C. L. Brown, Moral Capital, 134–43; Drescher, Abolition, 109; R. G. Parkinson, “‘Manifest Signs of Passion,’” 53–55, 57 (Jefferson quote); Van Cleve, “Founding a Slaveholders’ Union,” 120–21.
21 Schwarz, Twice Condemned, 175; James Madison to William Bradford, Nov. 26, 1774, quoted in Frey, “Between Slavery and Freedom,” 376; Madison to Bradford, June 19, 1775, quoted in Pybus, Epic Journeys, 8; Holton, Forced Founders, 137–40, 151; McDonell, Politics of War, 22–23, 47–49. For the Virginia code of silence regarding slave plots, see Aptheker, American Negro Slave Revolts, 67; Wolf, Race and Liberty, 115.
22 Lord Dunmore quoted in Mullin, Flight and Rebellion, 131; Frey, “Between Slavery and Freedom,” 377; Holton, Forced Founders, 141–48; McDonell, Politics of War, 49–65; Schama, Rough Crossings, 70; Schwarz, Twice Condemned,181–83.
23 Frey, “Between Slavery and Freedom,” 378; Holton, Forced Founders, 157–89; McDonell, Politics of War, 134–39; Schama, Rough Crossings, 67–69; R. G. Parkinson, “‘Manifest Signs of Passion,’” 57.
24 Holton, Forced Founders, 153–56; McDonell, Politics of War, 140–44, 152–59; Pybus, Epic Journeys, 10–11; Pennsylvania Gazette, July 17, 1776, quoted in Schama, Rough Crossings, 8, see also 77.
25 Aptheker, American Negro Slave Revolts, 79–80; Schama, Rough Crossings, 5, 69 (“alter the World”); McConville, King’s Three Faces, 175–82. For peasant revolts in the name of an idealized king, see Emmanuel LeRoy Ladurie, The Peasants of Languedoc, John Day, trans. (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1974), 265–86.
26 Virginia Gazette, Nov. 24, 1775, quoted in R. G. Parkinson, “‘Manifest Signs of Passion,’” 57; Lund Washington to George Washington, Dec. 3, 1775, quoted in Pybus, Epic Journeys, 19–20.
27 Frey, “Between Slavery and Freedom,” 394–95; McDonell, Politics of War, 139–40n7; Mullin, Flight and Rebellion, 136; Pybus, Epic Journeys, 11; Pybus, “Jefferson’s Faulty Math,” 249; Robert Carter quoted in Morton, Robert Carter, 55–56.
28 Frey, “Between Slavery and Freedom,” 383–85; Hoffman, Spirit of Dissension, 185; McDonell, Politics of War, 176, 438; Morgan, Slave Counterpoint, 342; Mullin, Flight and Rebellion, 134–35.
29 Virginia Gazette, Nov. 24, 1775, quoted in R. G. Parkinson, “‘Manifest Signs of Passion,’” 57; Pybus, Epic Journeys, 30–31.
30 Drescher, Abolition, 120; Frey, “Between Slavery and Freedeom,” 387–89.
31 Frey, “Between Slavery and Freedom,” 376, 396–98; Fenn, Pox Americana, 55–62; McDonell, Politics of War, 161–62, 249; Pybus, Epic Journeys, 11–12, 17–19; Pybus, “Jefferson’s Faulty Math,” 249–50.
32 Frey, “Between Slavery and Freedom,” 379–82, 389 (Col. George Corbin to Col. William Davies, Aug. 1781, quote); McDonell, Politics of War, 292–94, 343–44, 398–400, 438–39.
33 Frey, “Between Slavery and Freedom,” 382; McDonell, Politics of War, 439; Pybus, Epic Journeys, 45–46; Pybus, “Jefferson’s Faulty Math,” 243–46.
34 Feltman, Journal, 6 (“numbers”); St. George Tucker quoted in Coleman, St. George Tucker, 74; McDonell, Politics of War, 440–43, 476–89; R. G. Parkinson, “‘Manifest Signs of Passion,’” 60; Pybus, “Jefferson’s Faulty Math,” 256–57; Carter, ed.,Virginia Journals, vol. 1:83.
35 Kulikoff, “Uprooted Peoples,” 144; McDonell, Politics of War, 476–89; R. G. Parkinson, “‘Manifest Signs of Passion,’” 60. After the war, Jefferson claimed that 30,000 slaves fled to Cornwallis but 27,000 of them died—enormous exaggerations that have long misled many historians. For the best analysis of the actual numbers, see Pybus, “Jefferson’s Faulty Math,” 243–64.
36 Pybus, “Jefferson’s Faulty Math,” 246; James Madison to (his father) James Madison, Sep. 8, 1783, quoted in Hunt, Writings of James Madison, vol. 2:15; P. Hamilton, Making and Unmaking, 62.
37 Drescher, Abolition, 126; McColley, Slavery and Jeffersonian Virginia, 85–87; Pybus, Epic Journeys, 66–70.
38 Berlin, Many Thousands Gone, 263–64; Frey, Water from the Rock, 218; Kulikoff, “Uprooted Peoples,” 144–45; McDonell, Politics of War, 490–91; Morgan, Slave Counterpoint, 384.
39 Evans, “Topping People,” 177–94; J. Lewis, Pursuit of Happiness, 1; Morton, Robert Carter, 51–53; Schama, Rough Crossings, 71.
40 Kulikoff, Tobacco and Slaves, 300–11; J. Lewis, Pursuit of Happiness, 48–50.
41 McDonell, Politics of War, 261–62, 338–39, 388–94, 486–87; Evans “Topping People,” 198; Shalhope, John Taylor, 38; Coleman, St. George Tucker, 63; D. B. Davis, Problem of Slavery, 78–80; St. G. Tucker, Dissertation on Slavery, 8.
42 Mullin, Flight and Rebellion, 134; R. G. Parkinson, “‘Manifest Signs of Passion,’” 59–65; A. Rothman, Slave Country, 8; Roberts and Roberts, Moreau de St. Mery’s American Journey, 310 (“the American people”); Furstenberg, “Beyond Freedom and Slavery,” 1295–97; Thomas Jefferson to Marquis de Chastellux, Sep. 2, 1785 (“zealous”), quoted in Waldstreicher, Slavery’s Constitution, 64.
43 St. George Tucker to Richard Rush, Oct. 27, 1813, in Coleman, “Randolph and Tucker Letters,” 213–15;
Coleman, St. George Tucker, 33–36, 49–78; Cullen, St. George Tucker, 15–23; P. Hamilton, Making and Unmaking, 44–48.
44 St. George Tucker to Richard Rush, Oct. 27, 1813, in Coleman, “Randolph and Tucker Letters,” 215–16; Coleman, St. George Tucker, 37–47; Cullen, St. George Tucker, 21–22; P. Hamilton, Making and Unmaking, 40–44, 51; P. Hamilton, “Revolutionary Principles,” 533.
45 William Allison (merchant) quoted in P. Hamilton, Making and Unmaking, 74–75; St. George Tucker quoted in Evans, “Topping People,” 196.
46 Brugger, Beverley Tucker, 5; Cullen, St. George Tucker, 38–49, 55, 63–64. P. Hamilton, Making and Unmaking, 51–59, 75.
