It was one of the occasions when the normally smooth-working pieces of Corrigan's mind grated and jammed. First, after the success with Pinocchio One, Pinocchio Two had been enthusiastically pushed as the next logical step: extension of the existing system into the pons, in preparation for going further to the thalamus and hence being able to add DNC vision and acoustic. Then SDC had come along, offering a quicker fix through a hybrid approach using VIV technology, and that had become the mainline thrust in the form of EVIE, with P-Two relegated to longer-term, secondary status. But now, suddenly, EVIE was obsolete. What did it mean? Were the original priorities being reinstated?
"Everything, via direct neural?" Corrigan repeated. "That's what Evelyn's work is aimed at. So what are you saying? P-Two is on track again, after all?"
Pinder shook his head. "Fooling around at the pons—it's still years away from going to vision."
"What, then?"
"We can DNC to the thalamus right now. Scrub P-Two. Forget messing around with hybrids. Full DNC with vision in under a year."
"How?" Corrigan asked, nonplussed. This was obviously the whole point that Pinder had been leading up to.
Pinder sat forward to rest his arms on the desk, fixing Corrigan with a direct stare. He held a breath for a second or two, then exhaled heavily. "Frank Tyron has drawn our attention to some recently declassified work that has been going on in SDC for some time, which changes the picture considerably. Basically, they already have a working method that couples to synapses in the thalamus. It's called DIVAC: DIrect Vision and ACoustics. He's put a proposal to the Board for going straight to a combined Pinocchio/DIVAC system now, rather than Pinocchio combined with VIV, and shooting for a full direct-neural system in half to a quarter of the time you're talking about. The Board's reaction is extremely favorable. Ken Endelmyer's with it all the way."
Pinder sighed and made an open-handed gesture that seemed meant to indicate that it was all as much a surprise to him as to Corrigan. But Corrigan didn't believe it. This kind of thing was not hatched overnight, without the involvement of somebody in Pinder's position. Shipley, he remembered, had seen something like this coming. At his house, Shipley had voiced his suspicion that EVIE was falling into disfavor, and putting Corrigan in charge of it was not necessarily to his advantage. Meanwhile, Tyron had been talking directly to the Board. The straws that Shipley had glimpsed had been in the wind for months.
Suddenly, a lot of things came back to Corrigan that he should have seen the significance of immediately, long ago. Hans Groener, in California, had talked about thalamus-level research going on there, and had mentioned the Air Force's involvement. But Corrigan had been so immersed in his own, self-centered universe that it had barely registered.
"So . . ." Corrigan waved a hand meaninglessly while he struggled to collect his thoughts. "What about Evelyn and the pons interface that she's working on? We brought her in with the aim of eventually setting up a neurophysiology group. What happens to that?"
Pinder nodded sympathetically. "I hear what you're saying, Joe. But the corporation has to take account of developments in other parts of the world. Not all of anyone's plans always work out as hoped. The decision is made: further major funding, either for EVIE or for further pons work, is out. But we would be prepared to keep it going in a low-key mode in case the DIVAC-based approach runs into snags—if that's something you'd be interested in doing." It didn't need Pinder's tone to convey that it equated to consignment to oblivion. Corrigan's expression said that he would not be interested. "Alternatively," Pinder said, coming to what was effectively the only option, "you could move into the mainline operation."
Just for a second, Corrigan had thought Pinder was about to offer him the job of heading it, but his use of the word "into" promptly scotched that.
"Naturally, positions will be available for you—yourself and Evelyn," Pinder said.
Corrigan swallowed dryly. His gut-feel already told him what the answer to the only outstanding question had to be, but there was no way around it.
"Who'll be running this operation?" he asked.
At least Pinder had the decency not to try to pretend that he hadn't been expecting it. It was, after all, as Corrigan could see by now, the whole point of the interview.
"Frank Tyron originated the proposal," he reminded Corrigan. "His contacts and experience are right for this kind of work. And the Board were very insistent that a program that will involve a lot of coordination outside of CLC, and especially liaison with government departments, requires someone with his kind of background. I'm sorry, Joe. I know you've done some good work, but that's the way it is." He placed his hands palms-down on the desk and concluded briskly, before Corrigan could react, "The project will be designated COmbined Sensory and MOtor Stimulation: COSMOS. We're at the beginning of a new year, and we want to get as much mileage out of that as possible. I'd like the current projects tidied up and loose ends cleared by the end of the week. There will be a meeting next Monday to brief everyone on the goals and tentative organizational structure for the new program."
Even with it spelled out like that, Corrigan couldn't bring himself to capitulating ignominiously to instant acceptance. "I'll have to think it over," he replied, too numbed for the moment to be capable of responding more effectively.
Pinder nodded. "I understand. Tomorrow morning will be fine."
Corrigan left in a daze shortly after. He didn't feel like a person at all, but more a financial statistic or a function in an organization chart, whose feelings and self-esteem faceless people in five-hundred-dollar suits and limousines could trample on at will. The indignation came later.
* * *
"Christ, Eric, they're just sweeping the two of us aside, putting us under this outsider that we don't even know." Corrigan turned and flung his hands out appealingly to Shipley, who was watching from a stool at a bench in the DINS lab. Evelyn sat listening from a paper-strewn desk to one side. "I mean, if we'd nothing of any note to show after these years, I could understand it. But there wouldn't be any plans for them to be making, without us. . . . You and I, we made this project. It's ours. They can't just hand it over like this."
"A lot of things have been going on that we don't know about," Shipley said. "Things that go back to before Tyron even joined the company."
"Oh? Like what?"
"I'd bet that Tyron had a lot to do with that information at SDC not being made public. He had some kind of deal worked out before he left the SDC—that he'd bring it with him into an area where it can be exploited commercially. Some people are going to make a lot of money out of this, Joe. But it won't be us."
It took a moment for Corrigan to see fully what Shipley was saying. "Surely not," he protested.
Shipley shrugged. "Why do you say that? It wouldn't exactly be the first time something like that has happened. As a matter of fact, I did some quiet checking on the side while you and Evelyn were away. There are no licenses payable for using the VIV technology that was pioneered at SDC, and I'm pretty sure the same is true for DIVAC. That means that the information can be used freely by anyone now, without restrictions. So Tyron can bring his know-how into CLC and earn himself a lot of gratitude. That's what it's all about."
Evelyn sat back in her chair. "What can you do?" she said. "I guess we're just a different kind of people. That's the way things have always been with half the world. Probably they always will."
Corrigan snorted. "Are you saying we should lie back and enjoy it? Well, you can if you want. But I'll be hanged if I will."
"What do you propose?" Shipley asked, not bothering to disguise his skepticism.
Corrigan turned away and banged the side of a steel electronics cubicle with the flat of his hand. "Right now, Eric, I don't know," he muttered. "But dammit, I'll think of something."
* * *
The den of Evelyn's apartment at Aspinall was darkened, lit only by the green-shaded lamp on the desk. Corrigan stood by the window, brooding to himself as he sta
red out at the lights of the city. So what, exactly, was Tyron proposing to deliver that was generating so much excitement and attention? he asked himself. Functionally it would still be EVIE. For anyone using the system, the fact that a different behind-the-scenes technology was supporting the vision and acoustics would make only a marginal difference. It was still what Victor Borth had called a "toy": something that played at imitating the world. That would be of interest to some enterprises, and no doubt Tyron and whoever he was in league with had identified some potential—possibly some quite substantial potential. But Corrigan knew that what the people with the real money wanted was something else. Okay, he thought to himself, so those were the rules, were they?
"Joe, are you coming to bed?" Evelyn's voice said from the doorway behind him.
"Not really sleepy."
"It wasn't really sleep that I was thinking about."
He turned and smiled tiredly in the light at the window. "I have to say my prayers first. You know how the Irish are."
She came in and moved close to him. He slipped an arm around her. "Still letting it eat away at you?" she said.
"Oh . . . just thinking."
"You can't change anything. Start thinking about moving to another job if it'll help. We'll manage."
"Just walk away? Wouldn't some people like that!"
"I know that the Irish are fighters, too. But you can't fight this."
"Well, maybe you're being just a little bit too quick on handing down that verdict."
She turned her head and looked at him uncertainly. "Why? What have you got in mind?"
He thought for a second, then said, "Let me check on a few things first, before I start going into it. Okay?"
"If you say so."
He squeezed her waist and patted her behind through her robe. "Go and get warm, then. I'll be through in a minute."
"Hurry up," she whispered, kissing him on the cheek, and left the room.
It would still be before eleven in California. Corrigan went over to sit down at the desk and called Hans Groener's personal record onto the terminal's screen. He selected the phone number and pressed a key to initiate auto-call. Moments later, Hans's features greeted him. They talked for most of the next hour about thalamus-level interfacing. The next morning, Corrigan extended his leave by a few days and caught a noon flight to San Francisco. He and Hans spent the rest of the afternoon talking in Hans's lab at Stanford, and afterward into the early hours at Hans's apartment, going through research notes and generating reams of charts and diagrams.
On returning to Pittsburgh, Corrigan went straight over to see Jason Pinder.
Chapter Twenty-five
Corrigan's manner had changed since his last interview with Pinder. Although it had never come close to anything that could be called servile, common sense had always caused him to hold his opinions unless they were asked for, and then to couch them with a restraint appropriate to Pinder's position. Now, however, the words poured forth as from an inspired evangelist. Pinder, aware that Corrigan was neither naive nor new to the business, listened with intrigued curiosity.
"Before the company leaps into putting up a lot of money and committing itself for years ahead, it ought to ask one last time what it stands to get in return for the investment," Corrigan said. "When you sit down and analyze it, all that COSMOS is really promising is a more sophisticated version of what we've already got in the lab down there: a full-sensory interface. The only difference is that EVIE uses VIV for its vision and voice, whereas COSMOS will shift everything to the thalamus. But essentially it's still the same thing. And that same thing is what the people from Feller and Faber told us they didn't want—what Borth described as a `toy.' What they do want, and what there's still a huge market for out there if someone can come up with a way to achieve it, the thing that the industry has been after for decades, is true AI." Corrigan drew a long breath as he came to the point that he was preparing to stake his future on. "Well, I think that I can deliver it."
They both knew enough of what Corrigan was talking about to make questions unnecessary. All he needed was a cue. Pinder nodded. "Go on, Joe. How?"
Corrigan moistened his lips. "The top-down, analytical approach doesn't work. Everyone in the field agrees. The only way it's going to happen is by getting some kind of initially simple system to evolve."
"Which has been tried in enough places too," Pinder observed. "And the results have all been equally modest, to say the least."
"Agreed. But they've all been tries at equipping computers with sensory apparatuses like TV cameras, arms, legs, and wheels, and letting them loose to explore some kind of environment. But you don't realize how good biological nervous systems are until you try copying them. They were shaped by a billion years of evolution to interact with the real world. Computers weren't."
Which exhausted what everyone in the trade knew were the two acknowledged theoretical approaches. "So are you saying you know another way?" Pinder asked.
"Yes, I think so."
"What?"
"Computers do interact extremely well with their own, internal worlds. . . . So what you do is, invert the conventional approach." Corrigan spread his hands. "If training a machine intelligence in our world isn't effective, let's try doing it the other way around: by going into its world and doing it there."
Pinder frowned. "Sorry, I'm not quite with you, Joe. Doing what, exactly? Where?"
"People interfacing via EVIE interact with a machine-created version of the real world through the surrogates that they control. But the machine could also put pseudopeople of its own in there too—`animations.' You design the system to be goal-directed to make the behavior of its animations converge to that of the real-people surrogates."
Pinder sat back, seeing the implication at once and staring at Corrigan thoughtfully. "So its success would be measured through a kind of Turing test," he said.
"Yes, exactly."
"This is certainly a new one on me, Joe. I've never heard the like of it."
"What do you think?"
"It's intriguing."
Corrigan could see that he was making an impression and pursued his point further. "The system wouldn't need to know why the individuals that it was trying to imitate were doing whatever they did. Its brief would be simply to make its animations behave similarly, which it could accomplish from external observables. And that's what's different about this approach. In the past, we've always tried to press into service existing processing methods and associative structures—tools that were developed for other purposes. Well, very possibly they're inherently unsuitable for this kind of job and can never work. But the way I'm talking about, the system will be free to create its own organization of associations and linkages in a way that's appropriate to its goals."
"Information-processing architecture is appropriate to what information-processing systems do. Whatever it is that has evolved inside cerebral cortexes is appropriate to what cerebral cortexes do," Pinder summarized.
"That's it. And we don't need to know in advance what the final organization will be, any more than the first protoplasm needed to know the wiring for a mammalian brain. The system would learn the way children do: by trying to imitate `adults' who already understand the way the world works, and making its own connections and associations accordingly.
"And we've got all the pieces needed to do it. Pinocchio provides the basics of a suitable vehicle for driving both the surrogates and the animations. EVIE, with the all-neural package that we're talking about for COSMOS, gives us a mechanism for coupling in the surrogates. A multitasking expansion of Jenny Leddell's Perseus system from MIT could drive the animations."
Corrigan judged this a good place to stop at for a response, and waited. Pinder stroked his chin and stared down at the desk. What Corrigan was proposing was clear enough. He was searching for the flaws. Finally he looked up.
"A world to support that kind of evolution needs to be context-rich," he said, meaning the degree of detail a
nd its variability that the system would have to support. "The look-ahead for sudden context changes and recomputing SDVs still hasn't been solved satisfactorily. And it would get a hell of a lot worse with this."
It was an objection that Corrigan had expected. Now he could offer a radical departure from anything that had been considered so far. "COSMOS only gives us a bit sooner what EVIE would have led to anyway, eventually," he said again. "But why get involved with the primary sensory system at all? If we are set on going straight to the thalamus, we can take advantage of new effects that operate beyond that level, that will crack that whole set of problems."
Pinder looked surprised. "Effects? What effects are you talking about?" he asked.
"When I was in California last month, it wasn't just for a romantic interlude and to get married," Corrigan replied. "I also wanted to update myself on some work going on out there that I'd been following." Not quite true, but it sounded better that way. "A group at Stanford is deep-coupling to the thalamus too. One of the people involved is called Hans Groener—I worked with him at MIT. His particular angle is dream research."
"So how does it affect us?"
"Input compression. One of the things they've learned to do is to use a high-level code to activate percepts already stored in the nervous system. I think it could solve the details problem."
"Dreams?" Pinder repeated. He thought about it and frowned. "But wouldn't that make it all subjective? Everyone would experience their own world."
"To some degree, maybe. But apparently there's a commonality to the coding that has surprised everyone. So, yes, in a sense the participants would be experiencing what's partly an induced dream; but—down to any level of detail likely to matter, anyway—the same dream. So the contextual environment would be much richer than anything we've' ever contemplated before—and getting better all the time. The environment and the animations would stimulate each other into coevolving: one of the most powerful evolutionary mechanisms there is."
Realtime Interrupt Page 19
