38. US NARA, RG 457, 190/37/7/1, Box 1035, File NR 3324, “The Contribution of SIM to the Second Counteroffensive of Cyrenaica (January 21–February 5, 1942)”; Der Deutsche General beim Hauptquartier der Ital. Wehrmacht, IC Nr.206/42, “Deutsche Luftangriffe auf Malta,” January 29, 1942, translation of FFP, Fellers Cable 616, January 17, 1942. A redacted version appears as Appendix 1 in “Contribution of SIM to the Second Counteroffensive.” Full translation at “The Good Source,” The Crusader Project, May 10, 2009, https://rommelsriposte.com/2009/05/10/the-good-source (accessed August 30, 2015). I am grateful to Andreas Biermann for sharing the original German document.
39. Postwar interrogations of German and Italian cryptographers, and writings by them, produced a series of conflicting accounts on how their agencies obtained the codebooks and the cipher tables. The accounts have some historical value, but show the signs of compartmentalization within agencies, of blurred memory, and on occasion of boasting. I have worked on the principle that documents from the time of events, even when incomplete, provide a more accurate picture.
40. TICOM DF-187D, Army Security Agency, “Relations of OKW/Chi with Foreign Cryptologic Bureaux,” https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B_oIJ bGCCNYeeDcyZ2pIUVFRM1dURENqd2ZxRkU2Zw/edit (accessed February 11, 2018).
41. HW 40/91, ULTRA/POP/JMA/645, translated January 12, 1946, text of message from Tokyo to Hayashi, January 14, 1942. Hayashi’s message, to which this is a response, is not in the file.
42. HW 40/91, ULTRA/POP/JMA/508, translated May 11, 1945, text of message from January 22, 1942. A message to Hayashi on July 14, 1944, after his appointment as Japanese military attaché in Hungary, indicates that the tables photographed in Rome were issued in July 1941. It is not clear from the Hayashi-Tokyo exchange if these tables were still valid in January 1942, or if SIM had reconstructed the tables that replaced them. See HW 40/8, ULTRA/ZIP/SAC/R.12B., “Security of British and Allied Communications,” July 15–November 1, 1944, 7.
43. HW 40/195, “Correspondence Between OKW/Chi and Intercept Stations on the Interception of Diplomatic Traffic,” February 24, 1946, message No. 4, Kempf to FSR Station, Lauf, “Traffic Cairo-Washington,” January 19, 1942.
44. US NARA, RG 242, Records of the German Air Force (OKL), T-321, Roll 83, Item No. 270, Frame 398.
45. US NARA, RG242, Records of the German Foreign Office, T120, “Telegramm, gerichtet an das Kriegsdepartment in Washington durch die Gesandschaft in Kairo,” February 7, 1942, Roll 2484, Frame E261632–E261634, translated in FO 371/63073. Source is FFP, Fellers Cable 778, parts 1 and 2, February 7, 1942. Cf. Cavallero, Diario, 340, entry for February 10, 1942, in which he complains that he has only received three political cables from Cairo, no military material.
46. CD, February 12, 1942.
47. The clearest evidence that the Axis agencies ceased reading the code in February comes from British decrypts. In late April, German messages showed a delay of a week in decrypting current messages from Cairo, and subsequent German messages carried information from Cairo messages as far back as February 19 and possibly earlier, meaning that OKW/Chi was going through back traffic as it reconstructed the new tables. The Italian decrypt of Fellers Cable 778 covers parts 1 and 2 of the message, which Fellers dated February 7, but not parts 3 and 4, dated February 8, possibly giving a precise date for the change of tables.
48. Jenner, “Turning the Hinge of Fate,” 171.
49. HW 40/174, “Report on the Interrogation of Wilhelm Fenner,” September 17, 1946.
50. Reading did not mean understanding. The German translator took Fellers’s recommendations to be British plans.
51. US NARA, RG 457, 190/37/7/1, Box 1035, File NR 3324, “The Contribution of the Information Service to the May–June Offensive in North Africa.”
52. An exception was the Italian message, HW 5/100, CX/MSS/ZTPI/10922(1072/4), warning of the commando raids against Axis airfields. This was a rare case of information from a Fellers cable being sent in the Italian naval code, which the Naval Section at Bletchley Park tracked closely.
53. Sullivan, “Manfredi Talamo”; John Foot, “Via Rasella, 1944: Memory, Truth, and History,” Historical Journal 43 (2000): 1173–1181; Alessandro Portelli, The Order Has Been Carried Out: History, Memory, and Meaning of a Nazi Massacre in Rome (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003), 175–176; “Ardeatine Caves Massacre,” Holocaust Encyclopedia, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/ardeatine-caves-massacre (accessed January 11, 2020).
54. HW 49/7, 26256B/April, April 26, 1945.
EPILOGUE
1. Sources from the HBF include Box 17, File 1, Military Record and Report of Separation: Certificate of Service; Box 43, File 4, For America documents; Box 36, File 9, Bonner Fellers, “Only Americans Can Defend America”; Box 6, File 10, Citizens Foreign Aid Committee; Box 37, File 8, “Foreign Aid: A Communist Plot to Bankrupt America”; Box 37, File 14, “Foreign Aid Is Financing Global Socialism.” Additional sources include NMC, Box 17, Citizens Foreign Aid Committee; “Gen. Fellers Gets ‘For America’ Post,” New York Times, November 17, 1954, 17; “M’Carthy Praises Role of M’Arthur,” New York Times, February 23, 1953, 11; Megan Rosenfeld, “Brig. Gen. Bonner Fellers, Ret., Dies” Washington Post, October 10, 1973; Richard Hofstadter, The Paranoid Style in American Politics, and Other Essays (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1952), 27–29; Randle J. Hart, “There Comes a Time: Biography and the Founding of a Movement Organization,” Qualitative Sociology 33, no. 1 (2010): 55–77.
2. Victor Hugo, Les Misérables, trans. Julie Rose (New York: New American Library, 2008; original French publication, 1862), 261–277.
3. Winston Churchill, “Speech at the Lord Mayor’s Day Luncheon at the Mansion House, London,” International Churchill Society, November 10, 1942, www.winstonchurchill.org/resources/speeches/1941-1945-war-leader/the-end-of-the-beginning (accessed April 17, 2015).
4. Benny Morris, 1948: A History of the First Arab-Israeli War (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2008), chap. 1–2.
5. Gamal Abdul Nasser and Walid Khalidi, “Nasser’s Memoirs of the First Palestine War,” Journal of Palestine Studies 2, no. 2 (winter 1973): 3–32; Mohi El Din, Memories, 41–44.
6. On the unreadiness of Arab armies in 1948, see Morris, 1948, 183–187.
7. Tom Segev, 1949: The First Israelis (New York: Metropolitan, 1998), 84–85. On the Jewish side’s greater preparedness for war, see Morris, 1948, 28, 81–88, 197–198. Morris gives a figure of “more than twenty-six thousand” Palestinian Jews having served in the British army during World War II. He notes that “more than 4,000” foreign volunteers, Jewish and non-Jewish, almost all of whom had served during World War II, joined the Jewish forces in Palestine.
8. Sadat, Revolt, 227–228.
9. Mohi El Din, Memories, 108–112; McBride, Farouk, 190–223.
10. Mosley, The Cat and the Mice.
11. Sansom, I Spied Spies, 108–132.
12. Eppler, Operation Condor.
13. Pamela Andriotakis, “The Real Spy’s Story Reads Like Fiction and 40 Years Later Inspires a Best-Seller,” People, December 15, 1980, https://people.com/archive/the-real-spys-story-reads-like-fiction-and-40-years-later-inspires-a-best-seller-vol-14-no-24 (accessed December 25, 2017).
14. Sansom, I Spied Spies, 88.
15. Mallmann and Cüppers, Nazi Palestine, 204–205; Cüppers, Walther Rauff, 394; Robert D. McFadden, “Walter Rauff, 77, Ex-Nazi, Dead; Was an Accused War Criminal,” New York Times, May 15, 1984, B8; Plan LADYSHIP Progress Report, February 3, 1954, CIA name file for Walter [sic] Rauff, CIA, www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/RAUFF%2C%20WALTER_0088.pdf. The CIA file includes an early postwar report alleging that Rauff briefly had ties with Israeli intelligence in 1949; a 1984 document refers to the allegation as “spotty, unconfirmed,” and Cüppers debunks it.
16. GC&CS Naval Sigint, Volumes I–XV, HW 43/10-25. Margaret Storey wrote Volume VI, German and Italian Naval Sigint.
&
nbsp; 17. Interviews with Nikki Swinhoe, Pauline Flemons, and Nicholas Fenn Wiggin; last will and testament of Margaret Elizabeth Storey, via the Cheltenham Local History Society.
18. Interviews with Lottie Milvain (née Dudley-Smith) and Tempe Denzer; “Death of Cdr. R. Dudley-Smith,” Gloucestershire Echo, October 3, 1967, courtesy of Lottie Milvain, page number not preserved.
19. Dermot Turing, XY&Z: The Real Story of How Enigma Was Broken (Stroud, Gloucestershire, UK: History Press, 2018), 277–281.
20. Hodges, Alan Turing, chap. 6–8; Boyle, Alan Turing, chap. 6–7.
21. “Cdr Edward Wilfred Harry ‘Jumbo’ Travis,” Bletchley Park, https://rollofhonour.bletchleypark.org.uk/search/record-detail/9170 (accessed August 31, 2015); “The End of Denniston’s Career, and His Legacy,” GCHQ, www.gchq.gov.uk/features/end-dennistons-career-and-his-legacy (accessed January 11. 2018).
22. F. W. Winterbotham, The Ultra Secret (New York: Harper & Row, 1974). On the Japanese systems, see 86–87.
23. Greenberg, Welchman, 136. Winterbotham made the claim in private correspondence with Welchman.
24. Turing, XY&Z, 279–283.
25. Greenberg, Welchman, 164–198.
26. Nigel West, The Sigint Secrets: The Signal Intelligence War, 1900 to Today, Including the Persecution of Gordon Welchman (New York: William Morrow, 1988), 25–28, 255–256.
27. Turing, XY&Z, 281.
28. “Royal Pardon for Codebreaker Alan Turing,” BBC, December 24, 2013, www.bbc.com/news/technology-25495315 (accessed January 14, 2020).
29. Haim Gouri, interview, May 6, 2015. Gouri died in January 2018 at age ninety-four.
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