Buckingham as focus of 40–45, 47
as partisan 449–51
in print see pamphlets/tracts: political in public domain see public opinion; public disorder
on religious/secular authority xxiii, xxiv, xxv, 10–11, 12, 15–16, 35, 125–6, 459
two kingdoms theory 15, 19, 21
Pontefract Castle, siege of, 1648 542, 543, 548
Poole, Elizabeth 410, 566–7
the poor 57–8, 59, 61
employment for 455, 456
in local communities 428, 429
in London 184, 483
relief for 102, 236, 400, 483, 485
Poor Laws 102, 400
popish plots 201, 223
pamphlets/tracts on 196–200, 324–5, 449
as source of public disorder 158, 171–2, 174–5, 177–8, 181, 184
See also Catholicism
population levels/migration 57, 114–15
Portland, Richard Weston, 1st Earl 587
Portsmouth 172, 182, 191, 216
Buckingham assassinated in 40, 41, 46
C’s failure to control 191, 215, 216, 222
Powell, Alexander 81, 105
Povey, Thomas 403
Poyer, Colonel John 538
Poyntz, Sydenham 374, 498, 499, 502, 545
in York 493, 498
Prayer Book 17, 23, 27, 475, 500, 580
attacks on 247, 152, 153, 155, 185, 201, 202, 536
defence of 148, 151, 152–4, 155, 158, 201, 204; by clubmen 418; Commons refusal to 186; petitions on 152–3, 161, 178, 205, 212, 228
Directory of Worship intended to replace 343, 354
See also Scottish Prayer Book
Prayer Book rebellion, 1637–40
background/causes 6–27, 31, 36–9, 106–11
C and 38, 39, 83–4, 87, 89, 90
England (north), invasion of 3–6
English troops in 4, 19, 81, 83, 84, 85, 87–8, 89; funding of 85, 87
James Hamilton and 36–7, 38, 39, 83
Irish troops in 39, 83, 84, 96
negotiated settlement (Pacification), 1639 88
opposition to 81–2, 85, 91
second campaign 89, 96–100, 104–6; casualty figures 105
support for 82–3
See also Covenanter army; Covenanters
preaching 24, 71, 72, 81, 276, 312–13, 314
lay preachers 107, 344–5
lectureships 73
licensing of 72; in Scotland 24
‘mechanic preachers’ 344, 424
outside the church 74, 108
shortage of preachers 73, 277
subject matter 75, 76, 337, 340, 531
by women 344-5, 409, 410
predestination theology 7, 8, 11, 18–19, 71
Calvinist belief in 20, 21, 47–8
opposition to 22, 47–8
Preece, William (‘Scogan of Goblin Hole’) 389, 406, 408
Presbyterianism 314, 343, 466, 527
aims/beliefs 337–8, 340
as anti-monarchical 467
C receives instruction in 471
Thomas Edwards on 445–8
Independent churches and 339, 345–6, 354, 466, 467–8, 486, 504–6
influence of 354, 440–41, 442, 445, 446–7, 473, 490, 491–2;in Parliament 477–8, 480–81, 492–3;
on Parliamentary troops 440–42, 445, 446–7, 491–2
New Model Army, Presbyterian distrust of 466, 480–81, 492–3, 497–503, 507
Protestantism and 347
Puritanism and 445
in Scotland see Scottish Reformed Church
Preston, battle of, 1648 544–5, 547, 553
price levels/controls 57, 59, 61, 400–401, 483
Pride, Colonel Thomas 488, 561
Prideaux, Edmund 381
print licensing 153, 172–3, 294–5, 338, 342, 487, 582
lapse of 459; Licensing Ordinance 1643 459–60; new restrictions, 1647 510
printing
growth/spread of 50–54, 172–3, 279, 365, 367–9, 380–81, 583
of official documents 272–3
of petitions 173
power/influence 173-4, 188, 195, 282–4, 411–12, 440, 441–8, 458, 459, 466, 462–4
underground/seditious 108–9
See also books/reading; pamphlets/tracts
The Privileges of the Commons, 1642 258
Privy Council 38, 85, 96, 117, 168
Books of Orders 59, 60, 65
John Felton and 42, 44
militia reform and 64, 65
Irish Rebellion and 161–2
Long Parliament and 126–7, 140, 183
membership 61, 140
See also Scottish Privy Council
property rights 48, 59, 119, 516–17
prophecies 205–6, 368, 410, 566–7
See also astrology
Protestantism 8, 29–30, 108, 197, 337, 338
Bible, importance of 7–8, 9, 227
bishops, attitude to 21, 107
Calvinism and 18–22
discipline and 11, 17, 151, 343–4
forms of worship 6, 7, 8, 9, 11–12, 16–18, 20–21, 22, 23, 47–8, 54, 71
in France 40, 44, 46
Samuel Hartlib on 454, 455–6
in Ireland xxiii, 162–3, 164–7, 469; See also Church of Ireland
predestination theology 7, 8, 11
Presbyterianism and 347
secular authority, relationship with 10–11, 35
tensions within 8, 108, 454, 455
as the true religion xxiii, 11–12, 17, 22, 23, 34–5, 196–7, 200
See also Reformation
Protestation, 1641 137, 143, 144, 180–81, 298
contents 143, 144, 149, 151, 186
as divisive 143–4, 147, 153
requirements of 143, 183, 200–201
support for 144, 149, 155, 200–201; by clubmen 417–18
Providence Island Company 69,
providentialism 453
See also monsters/monstrous births; supernatural phenomena; wonders
Prynne, William 77, 120, 121, 343, 359, 441, 463
attacks on 278, 442
on deposition of the king 257, 451
A Fresh Discovery… 442
Histrio-Mastix, burning of 278
John Lilburne and 441, 442–3
as an MP 560–61
on Newport negotiations 560–61
The Soveraigne Power… 257
Truth Triumphing… 343–4, 441–2
public disorder 98–9, 463, 531–4
apprentices involved in 103, 116, 136, 178, 407, 482–3, 496, 533
attitudes to 130–31, 236
enclosure riots 234–5, 418, 420–21
on excise tax 483, 484–5
grain riots 61, 236, 483–4
in London see London: public disorder
on peace negotiations 234–5 293, 479, 500–502
popish plots as cause of 158, 171–2, 174–5, 177–8, 181, 184
pro-royalist 531–42
on Strafford’s impeachment/execution 135–7, 138
on religious issues 100–103, 293
purgation of churches 274–6, 281, 313–14, 406, 427–8, 433
See also iconoclasm
Puritan calendar 482–3, 485
Puritan martyrs 77–8, 120–21, 257
Puritan preachers/clergymen 81, 125, 137, 204
Puritanism 54, 62–3, 165, 230, 351, 579
aims/beliefs 21, 48, 49, 79, 337
among English troops 99–102, 101
anti-Puritanism 42, 72, 79, 146, 152, 177, 178, 204
Church of England and 21, 48–9
definition 49
Presbyterianism and 445
religious holidays, suppression of 204, 482
Putney debates, 1647 508, 512–19
William Clarke’s notes on 515, 517, 584
Cromwell’s part in 514–15, 516, 517–18
effects of 587–93
John Pym 69, 92, 97, 106,
120, 157, 173, 174, 194, 195, 230, 322, 419
attacks on/opposition to 179, 181, 183, 229, 298, 323, 356
in Civil War 267-8, 269-70
Essex and 210, 288
and Grand Remonstrance 169–71
Denzil Holles and 252–3
influence/importance 253, 323
as ‘King Pym’ 183, 204–5
in Long Parliament 125, 126–7, 131, 133, 139, 148, 160–61, 161, 169, 177, 183–4, 186, 189
plague sore dressing sent to 160–61, 160, 174
his speeches 195, 323
Vow and Covenant proposed by 288, 293–4
death 323, 324, 325, 356–9; autopsy 369, 459; cause of 356, 357–8; burial 358; news coverage of 357–8
Quakers 345
Radcot Bridge engagement, 1645 374
radicalism 195, 297, 443, 445, 457, 486, 549
deposition of kings 257, 451, 474
growth of 106–12, 205, 257–9, 261, 303
in London 292–3, 458
See also Levellers
Rainborough, Colonel Thomas 384–5, 516, 558
in Doncaster, 1648 548–9
at Putney debates 518, 519
as Vice-Admiral in command of navy 541
death 548–9, 550, 559; funeral 549; seen as a martyr 549
Ratcliffe, Sir Alexander 217
Reading 374, 395
surrender to parliamentarians, 1643 280, 287; retaken by royalists 322
Reasons Why this Kingdom ought to adhere to the Parliament 194–5
recreations/sports, allowed on Sundays 279–80
recusants 74, 171–2, 197–8, 199
See also Catholicism
Reformadoes (disbanded parliamentarian troops) 477, 496, 499, 500, 501
Reformation xxiv, 3–30
aims/beliefs 7–8, 9, 10–11, 19, 76–7, 109–10, 453
in England 19–20, 26, 107–8, 111–12, 113, 124, 199, 294, 456–7, 463, 590, 591; See also Church of England
in Scotland 12–18, 30; See also Scottish Reformed Church
See also Protestantism
religious authority 147–8, 590–91
Bible as central to 3, 7–8, 9, 227, 451
collapse of 451–3
secular authority and xxiii–xxiv, xxv, 10–11, 12, 35, 125–6, 459
See also bishops; pamphlets/tracts: religious
religious freedom/toleration xxv, 340, 341, 343, 442, 443, 490, 500, 521, 590–91
religious pluralism see sectarianism
religious reform/settlement 274–82, 294, 309, 312–15, 322, 337–46, 471–2, 499–500
church unity 311–12
Long Parliament’s attempts at 113, 125–31, 143–8, 149, 261, 185–6, 193
Newcastle Proposals on 466, 467–8
Solemn League and Covenant 310–13, 319, 320, 321, 323
Westminster Assembly as instrument for see Westminster Assembly
Remarkeable Passages 357, 358
The Remonstrance of the Army, 1648 556–9, 560, 561
Remonstrants see Arminiansm
rent rises 404
republicanism 55, 60, 79
revolution/rebellion 431, 433, 514–15, 517
Rich, Colonel Nathaniel 549, 567
Richmond and Lennox, James Stuart, Duke 228, 564
Ricraft, Josiah 453, 583
England’s Champions 499–500
Rinuccini, Cardinal, Papal Nuncio 470–71, 530
Ripon, Treaty of, 1640 105–6, 112, 113, 118, 122
Roe, Alban 199–200
Rollock, Henry 29
Root and Branch proposals, 1640 128–31, 143, 145, 147, 151, 153, 178, 226, 228
contents 128–9
local petitions based on 129–30
second petition, 1641 178
Rossingham, Edward 97
Roundheads
etymology of 407
first use of term 178, 204
Roundway Down, battle of, 1643 288, 289
Rous, Francis 49, 97, 120, 125
Rowe, Owen 458
Rowton Heath, battle of, 1645 386
Roxburgh, Robert Kerr, 1st Earl 29
Royal Exchange, London 52, 93, 587
royal prerogative 47, 237
C’s use of 45–6, 48, 54, 67–8, 69, 71, 78–9; for military mobilization 81–2, 83, 84, 86, 106
Rubens: Apotheosis of James I 577
Rudyerd, Sir Benjamin 91
Rupert, Prince 228–9, 266, 284, 287, 288, 318–19, 326, 328, 433, 376
astrological prediction of his death 365, 366
at Brentford 248, 286
at Bristol 386
C’s banishing of, to France 386, 388
George Digby and 229, 347–8
disagreements with other commanders 284, 290, 329, 347, 374, 375
at Edgehill 244, 245, 246
at Gloucester 290–91
at Marston Moor 329, 347–8
military experience/reputation 228–9, 241, 242, 286
at Naseby 376, 377–8
as ‘Prince Robber’ 397
at Worcester 241
at York 328; C’s letter to, on importance of 328–9
Rushworth, John 119, 172, 584
Historical Collections 584
Ruthven, William, see Gowrie, William Ruthven, 1 st Earl
Ruthven Raid, 1582 15
Rutland 254
Rutland, John Manners, 8th Earl 105
Rye 396
Ryves, Bruno 231, 283–4, 303, 354, 450, 515, 583
on John Pym 358
[George Wharton]: Micro-chronicon, publisher of 450
See also Mercurius Rusticus
sacking/firing, of captured towns 248, 266, 286
See also plunder
Saffron Walden, New Model Army in 488, 489, 492
St Albans 559, 560
St Fagan’s (Wales), battle of, 1648 539
St George’s Fields 93
St Ives 462
St James’s Palace 93, 138
St John, Oliver 69
St John, Sir Rowland 86
St Mary Woolchurch, London 313
St Paul’s Cathedral 587
St Stephen’s church, London 345
Saltmarsh, John 297
saltpetre 455–6
Salusbury, Thomas 224
Sancroft, William 473
Sandys, Edwin 215
satire/satirists 196, 206–7
Saye and Sele, William Fiennes, 1st
Viscount (father of Nathaniel Fiennes) 68–9, 83, 105, 555
Scarborough 386, 543, 548
Scarborough Castle 297
schism 312, 337, 343, 446, 523, 536
God’s FURY, England’s FIRE Page 108
