22.Briggs et al, 1996, p. 75.
23.Ibid.
24.McLynn, 1898, p. 263.
25.Briggs et al, 1996, p. 24.
26.Pettifer, 1939, p. 102.
27.Acts 16, v. 24.
28.Pettifer, 1939, p. 109.
29.Ibid., p. 124.
30.Ibid., p. 125.
31.A tour thro’ the whole island of Great Britain, divided into circuits or journies, vol. 2, letter 5.
32.Dobb, 1964, p. 89.
33.Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2008.
34.Bassett, 1944, p. 394.
35.Allen, 1829, p. 149.
36.Dobb, 1964, p. 90.
37.Bassett, 1943, p. 233.
38.Ibid., p. 236.
39.Ibid., p. 239.
40.Riley, 1868, p. 677.
41.Barron, 2005, p. 166.
42.Leonard, 1965, p. 99.
43.Ungerer, 2002, pp. 182–91.
44.Brodie et al, 2002, p. 17.
45.Neild, 1812, p. 603.
46.Pugh, 1968, p. 59.
47.Tower of London Press Office, 2008.
48.Bassett, 1943, p. 240; Pugh, 1968, p. 189.
49.Shaw, 1947, p. 371.
50.Pugh, 1968, p. 191.
51.Webb, 1922, pp. 6–7.
52.Dobb, 1964, p. 95.
53.Webb, 1922, p. 25.
54.Dobb, 1964, p. 96.
55.Langley, 1724, p. 42.
56.The Gentleman’s Magazine, 1804, p. 199.
57.Ibid., p. 5.
58.Bassett, 1944, p. 396.
59.Dobb, 1964, p. 96.
60.Acts of the Privy Council, 1592, p. 306.
61.Dawson, 1597, p. 3.
62.Grey, 1653, p. 83.
63.Ibid., p. 89.
64.Langley, 1724, p. 11.
65.Dobb, 1964, p. 96.
66.Harding, 1985, p. 89.
67.Webb, 1922, p. 11.
68.Stow, 1603, p. 392.
69.Jones, 1979, p. 9.
70.Pugh, 1968, p. 357.
71.Langley, 1724, p. 44.
72.Ibid., p. 45.
73.Pitcher, 2003, p. 168.
74.Webb, 1922, p. 21.
75.Howard, 1784, p. 9.
76.Penny Cyclopaedia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, 1835, p. 477.
77.Veall, 1970, p. 144.
78.Cry of the Oppressed: Being a True and Tragical Account of the Unparallel’d Sufferings of Multitudes of Poor Imprison’d Debtors.
79.An Essay Towards the Reformation of Newgate and Other Prisons in and about London, 1702.
80.Pitofsky, 2000, p. 97.
81.Brodie et al, 2002, p. 79.
82.Howard, 1929, p. 15.
83.Howard, 1777, p. 8.
84.Ibid., p. 206.
85.Norgate and Lee, 2004.
86.The Gentleman’s Magazine, 1804, p. 801.
87.Zedner, 1995, p. 298.
88.De Haan, 2004.
89.39 Elizabeth I, c4.
90.Harding, 1985, p. 65.
91.Ekirch, 1985, pp. 184, 188.
92.Ibid., p. 184.
93.Ekirch, 1987, p. 90.
94.Ibid., p. 100.
95.Campbell, 2001, p. 8.
96.16 George III, c43.
97.19 George III, c74.
98.Campbell, 2001, p. 33.
99.Ibid., p. 20.
100.Howard, 1784, p. 466.
101.Ellis, 1750, p. 202.
102.Campbell, 2001, p. 35
103.24 George III, c56.
104.Mellick, 2000, p. 877.
105.Adapted from Corke, 1986.
106.Crosby, 2004, p. 205.
107.Griffiths, 1900, p. 27.
108.PP, 1838, Report from the Select Committee on Transportation, p. vi.
109.Campbell, 2001, p. 62.
110.PP, 1812, Third Report from the Committee on the Laws Relating to Penitentiary Houses, p. 139.
111.Quoted in Hughes, 1988, p. 265
112.PP, 1812, Third Report from the Committee on the Laws Relating to Penitentiary Houses, p. 139.
113.PP, 1831–2, Report from Select Committee on Secondary Punishments, pp. 12–15.
114.PP, 1847, Inquiry into the state of the convict establishment at Woolwich, p. xvii.
115.Brodie et al, 2002, p. 54.
116.Johnson, 1957, p. 51.
117.Ibid., p. 55.
118.PP, 1780, Report from Committee Appointed to Enquire into the State of the Health of the Prisoners Consined in the King’s House, at Winchester, p. 5.
119.Bradley, 1762, p. 271.
120.Glasse, 1758, p. 239.
121.PP, 1818, Select Committee on State of Prisons in the City of London and Borough of Southwark, and on Dartmoor Prison, p. 237.
122.Thomson, 1907, p. 48.
123.Ibid., p. 54.
124.Ibid., p. 18.
125.Ibid., p. 59.
126.Brodie et al, 2002, p. 38.
127.Ibid., pp. 44–52.
128.Bentham, 1830, p. 133.
129.Brodie et al et al, 2002, p. 60.
130.Griffiths, 1884, p. 27.
131.Ibid., pp. 49–50.
132.PP, 1862, General report on the Convict Prisons, p. 62.
133.The Times, 28 November 1843, p. 4.
134.PP, 1849, Seventh report of the Commissioners for the Government of the Pentonville Prison, p. 4.
135.Harding, 1985, p. 153.
136.55 George III, c50.
137.4 George IV, c64.
138.County gaols plus those in London, Westminster, Bristol, Hull, Norwich, Canterbury, Leicester, Nottingham, Chester, Lichfield, Portsmouth, Coventry, Lincoln, Worcester, Exeter, Liverpool, York, Gloucester and Newcastle upon Tyne.
139.PP, 1841 RIP I. Home District, p. 168.
140.Edwards & Hurley, 1981, p. 33.
141.Brodie et al, 2002, pp. 98–9.
142.Mayhew, 1862, pp. 331–5.
143.Anonymous, 1832, p. 526.
144.PP, 1840, Reports Relating to Parkhurst Prison, p. 4.
145.Ibid., 1844, p. 5.
146.Good Words, 1866, p. 283.
147.PP, 1800, Papers Presented to House of Commons, Relating to His Majesty’s Prison in Cold Bath Fields, p. 86.
148.PP, 1812–3, Report from Commissioners Appointed to Enquire into … His Majesty’s Prison the Castle of Lancaster, p. 22.
149.PP, 1818, Select Committee on State of Prisons in the City of London etc., p. 197.
150.Ibid., Second Report, p. 260.
151.PP, 1837, RIP I. Home District, pp. 482–91, table 22.
152.PP, 1837, RIP II. N & E District, p. 9.
153.Johnston, 1985, pp. 158–9.
154.PP, 1837, RIP II. N & E District, p. 46.
155.PP, 1842, RIP II. N & E District, p. 51.
156.PP, 1843, RIP. Relative to the System of Prison Discipline, p. 3.
157.For example, Gilbert Blane, Observations on the Disease Incident to Seamen, 1785, p. 57.
158.Lancet, vol. II, p. 789, 3 September 1842.
159.London Medical Gazette, 1843, pp. 699–703.
160.Priestley, 1985, p. 155.
161.Carpenter, 2006, p. 2.
162.Chapman, 1967, p. 14.
163.Smith, 1864, p. 218.
164.Smith, 1859, p. 287.
165.Guy, 1863, p. 258.
166.Ibid., pp. 266–8.
167.PP, 1863, Select Committee of the House of Lords, on the Present State of Discipline in Gaols and Houses of Correction, p. iii.
168.28 & 29 Victoria, c126.
169.Morris, 1995, p. 94.
170.PP, 1864, Report of Committee to inquire into Dietaries of County and Borough Prisons, p. 28.
171.Ibid., p. 72.
172.PP, 1864, Dietaries of County and Borough Prisons, p. 75.
173.Brodie et al, 2002, p. 146.
174.PP, 1887, RCP, p. 61.
175.PP, 1878, Report of Committee to inquire into Dietaries of Prisons in England and Wales, p. 9.
176.Ibid., p. 7.
177.Tempest, 1950, p. 203.
178.PP, 1878–
9, Report of Commissioners Appointed to Inquire into Working of the Penal Servitude Acts, p. xxxvii.
179.Ibid., p. 355.
180.Priestley, 1985, pp. 160–1.
181.Drummond, 1939, p. 494.
182.WBN, 1903, p. 111.
183.Mitchell, 1968, p. 148.
184.PP, 1878–9, Report into Penal Servitude Acts, p. 352.
185.Brocklehurst, 1898, pp. 123–4.
186.Foote, 1886, p. 130.
187.WBN, 1903, p. 111.
188.Dr Alexander McCook Weir, quoted in Priestley, 1985, p. 151.
189.Priestley, 1985, p. 152.
190.Brocklehurst, 1898, p. 119.
191.Cooper, 1897, chapter 22.
192.WBN, 1902, p. 106.
193.Lovett, 1876, p. 227.
194.Priestley, 1985, p. 289–90.
195.PP, 1863, Discipline in Gaols, p. 360.
196.Balfour, 1907, p. 191.
197.Priestley, 1985, pp. 169–75.
198.Ibid., p. 152.
199.Housden, 2006, para. 8.
200.Blom-Cooper, 1987, p. 291.
201.PP, 1895, Departmental Committee on Prisons, p. 1.
202.Ibid., pp. 16–8.
203.Ibid., p. 42.
204.PP, 1899, Report of Departmental Committee on Prison Dietaries, p. 3.
205.Ibid., p. 10.
206.PP, 1895, Departmental Committee on Prisons, p. 35.
207.PP, 1899, Departmental Committee on Prison Dietries, p. 34.
208.PP, 1878, Dietaries of Prisons, p. 32.
209.The Manual of Workhouse Cookery, 1902, Local Government Board.
210.1899, RCP, p. 22.
211.PP, 1900, RCP for 1899–1900, p. 23.
212.Report of the Committee of the Society for the Improvement of Prison Discipline, 1820, p. 8.
213.PP, 1902, RCP for 1900–1, pp. 62–5.
214.Ibid., pp. 6–8.
215.PP, 1819, Report from the Select Committee on Criminal Laws, p. 127.
216.PP, 1902, RCP for 1900–1, p. 6. PP, 1945–6, RCP for 1939–41, p. 27.
217.PP, 1922, RCP, 16, 72.
218.Brodie et al, 2002, p. 173.
219.Ibid., p. 196.
220.Ibid., p. 227.
221.Ibid., p. 212.
222.House of Commons Library note SN/G/4334 Prison Population Statistics, 2009.
223.Report of Departmental Committee on Diets, 1925, p. 1.
224.Ibid., p. 6.
225.PP, 1945–6, RCP for 1939–41, p. 62.
226.PP, 1946–7, RCP for 1942–4, pp. 69–71.
227.PP, 1952–3, RCP for 1951, p. 120.
228.PP, 1950–1, RCP for 1949, p. 65.
229.PP, 1962–3, Report of an Inquiry held by the Visiting Committee into Allegations of Ill-treatment of Prisoners in HMP Durham, Appendix B.
230.PP, 1971–2, Report on the Work of the Prison Department, 1971, p. 53.
231.PP, 1931–2, Report on the circumstances connected with the recent disorder at Dartmoor Convict Prison, p. 12.
232.Brown, 2007, p. 282.
233.Erwin James, http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/wordofmouth/2008/jul/07/prisonfood1
234.PP, 1990–1 Prison Disturbances, April 1990. Report of Inquiry by Rt Hon. Lord Justice Woolf & His Honour Judge Stephen Tumim, p. 398.
235.Ibid., p. 452.
236.PP, 1989–90 Report of Her Majesty’s Chief Inspector of Prisons 1989, p. 13.
237.Ibid., p. 24.
238.PP, 1997–8 NAO: HM Prison Service: Prison Catering. Report by Comptroller and Auditor General, p. 27.
239.PP, 1990–1 Prison Disturbances report, p. 399.
240.PP, 1997–8, NAO, Prison Catering, p. 29.
241.Ibid., p. 30.
242.Prison Services Catering Manual, 2008, p. 4.
243.PP, 2006, NAO, Serving Time: Prisoner Diet and Exercise, p. 1.
244.Ibid., p. 14.
245.Ibid., p. 13. Table reproduced by kind permission of NAO.
246.PP, 1906, RCP for 1905–6, p. 249.
247.PP, 1910, RCP for 1909–10, p. 340.
248.PP, 1933–4, Report of Departmental Committee. Part I. The Employment of Prisoners, p. 47.
249.PP, 1953–4, RCP for 1953, p. 96.
250.PP, 1992–3, HM Inspectorate of Prisons: Doing Time or Using Time, p. 80.
251.Prison Service News, no 242, December 2005.
252.Tempest, 1950, p. 44.
253.Prison rules and orders 323(3).
254.The Sun, 30 October 2008.
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The Prison Cookbook Page 27
