Stardust Revolution, defined, 28–35,
stars
AGB-type stars, 155
as ancestors, 11, 15, 183, 293, 306–307,
barium, 99
Barnard's Star, 248
binary, 255–56, 264–65,
biology and, 293
birth of, 151–55, 179, 206, 208
classification of, 56–59, 278
core evolution, 96
CW Leonis, 178–79,
death of, 155, 179, 183–84, 206, 239
dust created by, 149–50,
elements forged in, 75
55 Cancri, 259
fingerprints, 37–65,
first created, 153
forging of molecules in, 183
formation of, 282
Gamma Cephei, 251, 253–54,
habitable zone, 271
main sequence in stars, 96, 183
maturation of, 99
movement of, 245
newborn, 304
nuclear reactions in, 92–96, 215
orbits, 245
rotation of, 245
small, 153–54,
stages of, 96, 183–85, 216
Sun-like, 155
temperature of, 83–84,
variable S-Stars, 61–65,
Star Wars (film), 23, 245, 264
static, electrical, 163
stellar classification system, 59, 278
stellar fusion, 82
stellar nucleosynthesis, 35, 101
sterilization, 117
Steward Observatory, 21, 22, 160
stony iron meteorites, 203
stony meteorites, 203
Struve, Friedrich, 141, 246
Struve, Otto, 246
Study of Stellar Evolution (Hale), 42
Suess, Hans, 99–100,
sugars, 116, 117, 124, 162, 187, 291
sulfur, 74, 101, 109, 120, 230, 293, 302
sulfur dioxide, 129
Sun
age of, 76–78,
atmosphere, 54
elemental composition of, 293–94,
energy produced by, 76–82,
formation of, 206
gravitational heating model, 77–80,
as red giant, 184
as a star, 42–44,
sunshine, 76–82,
sunspots, 38–39, 43, 164
Sun-like stars
binaries, 255
habitable zone, 275
planets of, 262–63,
super-Earths, 261–63, 274, 275
supernovas, 91, 101, 206, 216, 303, 304
in first stars, 153
fusion reactions, 92
production of dust, 155
radio waves from, 164
silicon carbide stardust grains, 218
Type 1a, 213
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, 287
“Synthesis of the Elements from Carbon to Nickel” (Hoyle), 95
“Synthesis of the Elements from Hydrogen” (Hoyle), 92
“Synthesis of the Elements in Stars” (B2FH), 100
synthetic biology, 287, 288
Tagish Lake meteorite, 238–39,
Tang Ming, 212
technetium, discovery of, 63–65, 95, 99
“Technetium in Stars” (Merrill), 104
tektites, 198, 233
telescopes
advances in, 32–33,
Arecibo radio telescope, 161
Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope, 249–50,
cold temperatures for, 148–49,
Darwin telescope, 298, 302
Gaia telescope, 298, 302
Hale Telescope, 41, 62–63,
Herschel space telescope, 178
High Accuracy Radial Velocity Planet Searcher (HARPS), 258
Hooker telescope, 60, 61
Hubble Space Telescope, 148, 260, 272, 300, 302
infrared, 147–49, 152–53, 260
Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS), 153
Keck Telescope, 273
Kepler Space Telescope, 262–63, 266–67, 271–76, 302, 307
Kitt Peak radio telescope, 22
largest, 41
radio, 160–67, 170, 177
Shuttle Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF), 148
space-based, 148–49, 260, 298, 300, 302
Spitzer Space Telescope, 33, 146, 148–49, 151, 157, 260, 302
Terrestrial Planet Finder, 298
12 Meter Telescope, 160–62, 181
Teller, Edward, 125
temperatures
of newborn universe, 281
scales used, 17
in space, 148–49,
Teotihuacán, Mexico, 306
Teton Mountains, 241–42,
thallium (element), discovery of, 73
Thomson, J. J., 76
Three Marys (a.k.a. Orion's sword), 304
Threshold Crossing Event (TCE), 273
time
beginning of, 14, 280–81,
deep time, 18
Time magazine, 272
Timiryazev, Kliment A., 113
titanium-44, 218
Tohono O’odham, 160
Townes, Charles Hard, 168–76, 185, 190–91, 305
toxic chemicals, 187, 247
Trinity College, 72
triple-alpha process, 93–94,
Trumpler, Robert Julius, 139–41,
Tucson, AZ, 159
12 Meter Telescope, 160–62, 181
“Two-Color Photometric Method for Detection of Extra-Solar Planetary Systems” (Rosenblatt), 269
Two-Micron Survey, 152
unified theory of physics, 29
United States Department of Defense, Project A119, 132
United States Department of Energy, 83
United States National Academy of Sciences, 64, 132
United States National Bureau of Standards, 64
United States National Institutes of Health, 287
United States National Radio Astronomy Observatory, 164
United States National Research Council, 35, 41, 252, 288
United States Space Studies Board, 23–24, 109–12, 132
universe
chemical nature of, 161–62,
elemental nature of, 170
expansion of, 60–61, 86, 140–41, 281
origins and structure of, 29, 87, 281
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 111
University of Arizona, 160, 181
University of Breslau, 49
University of British Columbia, 245, 252
University of California at Berkeley, 169, 173, 256
University of Chicago, 41, 125, 126, 129, 207, 218, 223
University of Guanajuato, 303
University of Moscow, 121
University of Victoria, 252
Upsilon Andromedae (star), 259
uranium, 101, 282
uranium-lead dating, 204–205,
Uranus, 144, 220, 257
urea, 116
Urey, Harold, 99–100, 125–29, 132, 207, 223, 233, 288, 289
USSR. See Soviet Union
U2 research planes, 197
vacuum tube, 75
valine, 227
van de Hulst, Hendrik, 165, 173
van de Kamp, Peter, 248–49,
Vega (star), 57
Venus, 303–304,
Vesta (asteroid), 220
Victoria (Queen), 72–76,
vinegar, 227
von Helmholtz, Hermann, 77
Vulcan (robotic system), 272
Wacker, John, 212
Wald, George, 277
Walker, Gordon, 245–57,
Wallace, Alfred Russel, 104
Washington University (St. Louis, MO), 197
water
in atmospheres, 123, 147, 300
cosmic
abundance of, 176–80,
delivery of, 234
discovery of, 167–76, 185–86,
formation of, 176–80,
oldest, 177
&nb
sp; experiments with, 126–27, 222
formation of, 120
liquid, 271
microwave signal, 172
Watson, James, 128, 289
wavelengths and energy, 146
weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs), 137
Weinreb, Sandy, 173
Welch, Jack, 174
Werner, Michael, 146–50,
W5 (area in Cassiopeia), 151
white dwarf stars, 183–85, 213, 237
Wickramasinghe, Chandra, 142–43, 158
Wild 2 (comet), 26, 196, 224–25,
Wilson, Robert, 29, 164–65,
WIMPs (weakly interacting massive particles), 137
“wobble method,” 246
Wöhler, Friedrich, 116–17, 128
Wollaston, Francis, 53
Wolszczan, Alexander, 254
women astronomers, 21–22, 58, 98, 278
Woods Hole, MA, 109
World War II, 82, 125, 147
radar used in, 163–64, 170–71,
See also Nazi Germany
Würzburg Riese antennae, 164
xanthine, 230
xenon (element), 209–13,
x-ray diffraction, 212
x-rays, 145–46,
Yang, Stephenson, 250, 252–53,
Yellowstone National Park, 242
Yerkes Observatory, 41
Yucatán Peninsula, 233
Yukon, Canada, 238
Ziurys, Eugene Julius, 181–82,
Ziurys, Lucy, 21–23, 25, 27, 35, 181–85, 237
The Stardust Revolution Page 39
