2. “The Commercial Crisis of 1857,” Hunt’s Merchants’ Magazine and Commercial Review 10 (November 1857): 533.
3. Quoted in Long, Revival, 52.
4. Walt Whitman, “Song of Myself,” in Leaves of Grass, ed. Harold W. Blodgett and Sculley Bradley (New York: New York University Press, 1965), 36.
5. Harper’s New Monthly Magazine 13 (July 1856): 272; George Templeton Strong, The Diary of George Templeton Strong, ed. Allan Nevins and Milton Halsey Thomas, (New York: Macmillan, 1952), October 27, 1850, 2:24.
6. Quoted in Sean Wilentz, Chants Democratic: New York City and the Rise of the American Working Class (New York: Oxford University Press, 1984), 108.
7. Quoted in Stuart M. Blumin, The Emergence of the Middle Class: Social Experience in the American City, 1760–1900 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 14.
8. Quotes in David Goldfield and Blaine A. Brownell, Urban America: A History (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1990), 145.
9. Harper’s Weekly 11 (July 1855): 272.
10. Quoted in Goldfield and Brownell, Urban America, 173.
11. Quoted in ibid.
12. Quoted in Heather D. Curtis, “Views of Self, Success, and Society Among Young Men in Antebellum Boston,” Church History 73 (September 2004): 629–30.
13. Quoted in Gunther Barth, City People: The Rise of Modern City Culture in Nineteenth-Century America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1980), 123.
14. On department stores and suburban development, see Goldfield and Brownell, Urban America, 117–28.
15. On urban reform and innovation in the 1850s, see ibid., chapter 6.
16. Walt Whitman, “Pioneers! O Pioneers!” Leaves of Grass, 229–230.
17. “Self Reliance,” in Ralph Waldo Emerson: Essays and Lectures, ed. Joel Porte (New York: Literary Classics of the U.S., 1983), 270.
18. For biographical material on Whitman, I have relied on Philip Callow, From Noon to Starry Night: A Life of Walt Whitman (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1992); Roy Morris Jr., The Better Angel: Walt Whitman in the Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000); and David S. Reynolds, Walt Whitman’s America: A Cultural Biography (New York: Knopf, 1995).
19. See Tyler Anbinder, Five Points: The 19th-Century New York City Neighborhood That Invented Tap Dance, Stole Elections, and Became the World’s Most Notorious Slum (New York: Free Press, 2001).
20. “Self-government in Large Cities,” Harper’s, November 20, 1858, 738; Nevins and Thomas, Diary of Strong, October 22, 1857, 2:357.
21. Quoted in Reynolds, Whitman’s America, 109.
22. “Questionable Progress of the Age,” De Bow’s Review 16 (April 1854): 369; George Fitzhugh, Sociology for the South: or, The Failure of Free Society (Richmond: A. Morris, 1854), 201.
23. J. D. B. De Bow, “Cannibals All, or Slaves without Masters,” De Bow’s Review 22 (May 1857): 546.
24. Quoted in Reynolds, Whitman’s America, 140.
25. Malcolm Cowley, ed., Walt Whitman’s Leaves of Grass (New York: Viking, 1959), 16; Tocqueville quoted in Aurelian Craiutu and Jeremy Jennings, “The Third Democracy: Tocqueville’s Views of America After 1840,” American Political Science Review 98 (August 2004): 399.
26. Quoted in R. Kent Newmyer, The Supreme Court Under Marshall and Taney, 2nd ed. (Wheeling, Ill.: Harlan Davidson, 2006), 93.
27. On the Dred Scott case, see Don E. Fehrenbacher, The Dred Scott Case: Its Significance in American Law and Politics (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978).
28. Dred Scott v. Sandford, 60 U.S. 404–5 (1857).
29. Richmond Enquirer, March 10, 1857.
30. CG, 35th Congress, 1st Session (March 3, 1858): 941.
31. New York Tribune, March 11, 1857.
32. Ibid.
33. Quoted in Carwardine, Evangelicals and Politics, 280.
34. Quoted in David M. Potter, The Impending Crisis, 1848–1861 (New York: Harper & Row, 1976), 281.
35. Quoted in Vincent Harding, There Is a River: The Black Struggle for Freedom in America (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1981), 203.
36. Quoted in ibid.
37. Quoted in John Sherman, John Sherman’s Recollections of Forty Years in the House, Senate and Cabinet (Chicago: Warner, 1895), 1:149.
38. Quoted in Thomas E. Schott, Alexander H. Stephens of Georgia: A Biography (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1988), 245.
39. Both quotes in Robert W. Johannsen, Stephen A. Douglas (New York: Oxford University Press, 1973), 590–91, 586.
40. Quoted in Schott, Stephens, 251.
41. Quoted in Ernest Lee Tuveson, Redeemer Nation: The Idea of America’s Millennial Role (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968), 71.
42. Quoted in Jan C. Dawson, “The Puritan and the Cavalier: The South’s Perception of Contrasting Traditions,” Journal of Southern History 44 (November 1978): 600.
43. Bangs quoted in Mark A. Noll, America’s God: From Jonathan Edwards to Abraham Lincoln (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), 344; Hildreth quoted in Allen C. Guelzo, “‘The Science of Duty’: Moral Philosophy and the Epistemology of Science in Nineteenth-Century America,” in Evangelicals and Science in Historical Perspective, ed. David N. Livingstone, D. G. Hart, and Mark A. Noll (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 281.
44. Quotes from Long, Revival of 1857–58, 36.
45. Quotes from ibid., 33.
46. Quoted in ibid., 44.
47. Quoted in ibid., 105–6.
48. Quoted in ibid., 48.
49. Quoted in Richard Carwardine, Evangelicals and Politics in Antebellum America (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993), 293.
50. Quoted in Schott, Stephens, 255.
51. Douglas quoted in David Herbert Donald, Lincoln (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995), 209; platform quoted in William E. Gienapp, “Nativism and the Creation of a Republican Majority in the North Before the Civil War,” Journal of American History 72 (December 1985): 548.
52. CW 2:461–62.
53. See Allen C. Guelzo, Lincoln and Douglas: The Debates That Defined America (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2009).
54. Quoted in Hans L. Trefousse, Carl Schurz: A Biography (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1982), 71.
55. Quoted in Donald, Lincoln, 214. Donald has an excellent discussion of the debates, 211–27.
56. Quotes in William S. McFeely, Frederick Douglass (New York: Touchstone, 1992), 188.
57. CW 1:369.
58. Harold Holzer, ed., The Lincoln-Douglas Debates (New York: Fordham University Press, 2004), 258.
59. CW 3:220.
60. Holzer, Lincoln-Douglas, 35.
61. Quoted in Craiutu and Jennings, “The Third Democracy,” 401, 402.
62. Quoted in Eugene D. Genovese, “Religion in the Collapse of the American Union,” in Religion and the American Civil War, ed. Randall M. Miller, Harry S. Stout, and Charles Reagan Wilson (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), 74.
CHAPTER 7: THE BOATMAN
1. Quoted in William S. McFeely, Frederick Douglass (New York: Touchstone, 1992), 197; see also Frederick Douglass, Admiration and Ambivalence: Frederick Douglass and John Brown (New York: Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History, 2005).
2. See Catherine Clinton, Harriet Tubman: The Road to Freedom (Boston: Little, Brown, 2004).
3. Brown quote in Jean M. Humez, Harriet Tubman: The Life and the Life Stories (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2003), 32; Mary Thacker Higginson, ed. Letters and Journal of Thomas Wentworth Higginson, 1846–1906 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1921), 81.
4. See Stephen B. Oates, Our Fiery Trial: Abraham Lincoln, John Brown, and the Civil War Era (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1979); David S. Reynolds, John Brown, Abolitionist: The Man Who Killed Slavery, Sparked the Civil War, and Seeded Civil Rights (New York: Knopf, 2005).
5. Quoted in Reynolds, John Brown, 354.
6. Quoted in Steven Mintz, Moralists and Modernizers: America’s Pre–Civil War Reformers (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Universit
y Press, 1995), 139.
7. George Templeton Strong, The Diary of George Templeton Strong, ed. Allan Nevins and Milton Halsey Thomas, (New York: Macmillan, 1952), December 2, 1859, 2:473; Edward Arlington Robinson, “John Brown,” Collected Poems (1921), http://www.bartleby.com.
8. “Insurrection at Harper’s Ferry,” Harper’s, October 29, 1859, 690.
9. CW 3:503, 541.
10. Quoted in Clinton, Harriet Tubman, 134.
11. Raleigh Register, December 3, 1859, Secession Era Editorial Project, Furman University, http://history.furman.edu/editorials.
12. Frankfort Yeoman quoted in Oswald Garrison Villard, John Brown: A Biography, 1800–1859 (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1929), 502.
13. Both quotes in David M. Potter, The Impending Crisis, 1848–1861 (New York: Harper & Row, 1976), 383, 384.
14. Charleston Mercury, November 1, 1859, Secession Era Editorials Project, Furman University, http://history.furman.edu/editorials.
15. Quoted in Potter, Impending Crisis, 390.
16. Whitman, “Rulers Strictly out of the Masses,” http://www.bartleby.com.
17. Quoted in David Herbert Donald, Lincoln (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995), 235.
18. Much of the foregoing biographical material on Lincoln derives from Donald, Lincoln. Other helpful Lincoln biographies include Richard Carwardine, Lincoln: A Life of Purpose and Power (New York: Knopf, 2006) and Allen C. Guelzo, Abraham Lincoln: Redeemer President (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans, 1999).
19. Quoted in Donald, Lincoln, 239.
20. “The Great Union Meeting at New York,” Harper’s, January 7, 1860, 2.
21. CW 3:550.
22. CW 4:25.
23. Quoted in Donald, Lincoln, 247.
24. Quoted in Thomas E. Schott, Alexander H. Stephens of Georgia: A Biography (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1988), 289.
25. “The Wide-Awake Parade,” Harper’s, October 13, 1860.
26. Quotes in Richard Carwardine, Evangelicals and Politics in Antebellum America (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993), 301, 302.
27. Quotes in Robert P. Swierenga, “Ethnoreligious Political Behavior in the Mid-Nineteenth Century: Voting, Values, Cultures,” in Religion and American Politics: From the Colonial Period to the 1980s, ed. Mark A. Noll (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), 159.
28. Quoted in Guelzo, Redeemer President, 247.
29. Quoted in Charles B. Dew, Apostles of Disunion: Southern Secession Commissioners and the Causes of the Civil War (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 2001), 53.
30. First quote in Guelzo, Redeemer President, 250; Charleston Mercury, January 21, 1861.
31. Quotes in Guelzo, Redeemer President, 247.
32. Quotes in Schott, Stephens, 299, 301.
33. Lincoln used this phrase in his inaugural address on March 4, 1861.
34. Quoted in C. C. Goen, “Broken Churches, Broken Nation: Regional Religion and North-South Alienation in Antebellum America,” Church History 52 (March 1983): 33
35. Lucretia Mott, “Righteousness Exalteth a Nation,” June 6, 1860, http://www.qhpress.org/quakerpages/qhoa/mott.htm. The quote is from Proverbs 14:34.
36. “The Relative Political Status of the North and South,” De Bow’s Review 22 (February 1857): 119.
37. “Editor’s Table,” Southern Literary Messenger 31 (July 1860): 70; L. W. Spratt of South Carolina, quoted in New York Times, March 14, 1861.
38. First quote in Dew, Apostles of Disunion, 43; second quote in William W. Freehling, The Road to Disunion, vol. 2, Secessionists Triumphant, 1854–1861 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), 267.
39. First quote in John B. Adger and John L. Girardeau, eds., The Collected Writings of James Henley Thornwell, vol. 4 (Richmond: Presbyterian Committee of Publication, 1873), 550, available on Google Books; second quote in James O. Farmer Jr., The Metaphysical Confederacy: James Henley Thornwell and the Synthesis of Southern Values (Macon, Ga.: Mercer University Press, 1999; first published in 1986), 182.
40. Washington, “The Races of Men,” Southern Literary Messenger 30 (April 1860): 254.
41. See, for example, “The Relative Political Status of the North and South,” De Bow’s Review 22 (February 1857): 114–29; “The South and Progress,” ibid. 26 (February 1859): 214–16.
42. “The Great Issue: Our Relations to It,” Southern Literary Messenger 32 (March 1861): 173.
43. “Progress of the Republic,” De Bow’s Review 17 (August 1854): 129.
44. First quote in “Disfederation of the States,” Southern Literary Messenger 32 (February 1861): 119; second quote in “The Difference of Race Between the Northern and Southern People,” ibid. (June 1861): 401, 404.
45. Quoted in Schott, Stephens, 296.
46. Quoted in Eric Foner, Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party Before the Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1970), 41.
47. Quoted in Doris Kearns Goodwin, Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005), 274.
48. Quoted in Thomas B. Alexander, “The Civil War as Institutional Fulfillment,” Journal of Southern History 47 (February 1981): 16.
49. “The Late Election,” Douglass’ Monthly, December 1860, in FD:SSW, 415.
CHAPTER 8: THE TUG COMES
1. Quoted in David S. Reynolds, Walt Whitman’s America: A Cultural Biography (New York: Knopf, 1995), 406.
2. James Buchanan, “Fourth Annual Message to Congress on the State of the Union,” December 3, 1860, American Presidency Project, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu; Stephens quoted in Thomas E. Schott, Alexander H. Stephens of Georgia: A Biography (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1988), 316.
3. “Editor’s Table,” Southern Literary Messenger 31 (December 1860): 468.
4. Holcombe, “The Alternative: A Separate Nationality, or the Africanization of the South,” ibid. 32 (February 1861): 81.
5. Both quotes in Charles B. Dew, Apostles of Disunion: Southern Secession Commissioners and the Causes of the Civil War (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 2001), 12.
6. Quoted in ibid., 29.
7. Quoted in David M. Potter, The Impending Crisis, 1848–1861 (New York: Harper & Row, 1976), 549–50.
8. CW 4:149–50.
9. First quote in CG, 36th Congress, 2nd Session (January 21, 1861): 487; second quote in A Belle of the Fifties: Memoirs of Mrs. [Virginia] Clay [-Clopton], of Alabama, Covering Social and Political Life in Washington and the South, 1853–66 (New York: Doubleday, Page, 1905), 147–48, http://docsouth.unc.edu/fpn/clay/clay.html#clay138.
10. Quoted in Schott, Stephens, 308, 309.
11. Quoted in ibid., 321.
12. Quoted in ibid., 326.
13. Quoted in Carol K. Bleser, “The Marriage of Varina Howell and Jefferson Davis: ‘I gave the best and all my life to a girdled tree,’” Journal of Southern History 65 (February 1999): 18.
14. Quoted in Gary W. Gallagher, ed., Lee the Soldier (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1996), 302.
15. Quoted in Marc Egnal, “Rethinking the Secession of the Lower South: The Clash of Two Groups,” Civil War History 50 (September 2004): 288.
16. The full text of the “Cornerstone” speech may be found in Henry Cleveland, Alexander H. Stephens, in Public and Private: With Letters and Speeches, Before, During, and Since the War (Philadelphia: National Publishing, 1866), 717–29.
17. Quoted in Schott, Stephens, 334.
18. James D. Richardson, ed., A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Confederacy (Nashville: U.S. Publishing, 1905), 1:67.
19. See Schott, Stephens, 317.
20. Both quotes in Potter, Impending Crisis, 506.
21. Quoted in ibid., 511.
22. Both quotes in Bertram Wyatt-Brown, “Church, Honor, and Secession,” in Religion and the American Civil War, ed. Randall M. Miller, Harry S. Stout, and Charles Reagan Wilson (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), 100.
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23. Both quotes in Potter, Impending Crisis, 508.
24. Quoted in Schott, Stephens, 310.
25. “The Non-Slaveholders of the South: Their Interest in the Present Sectional Controversy Identical with That of the Slaveholders,” De Bow’s Review 30 (January 1861): 73. Italics in original.
26. Ibid., 76.
27. Quoted in Leon F. Litwack, Been in the Storm So Long: The Aftermath of Slavery (New York: Random House, 1979), 3.
28. Quoted in David B. Chesebrough, Clergy Dissent in the Old South, 1830–1865 (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1996), 16.
29. Quoted in Mitchell Snay, Gospel of Disunion: Religion and Separatism in the Antebellum South (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 173.
30. For the full text of Palmer’s sermon, see http://www.civilwarcauses,org/palmer.htm. For a discussion of the impact of the sermon, see Snay, Gospel of Disunion, 177–79, and Richard T. Hughes, “A Civic Theology for the South: The Case of Benjamin M. Palmer,” Journal of Church and State 25, no. 3 (1983): 447–67.
31. Quoted in Snay, Gospel of Disunion, 179.
32. “Reconstruction,” Harper’s, March 9, 1861, 146.
33. Ibid.
34. Wendell Phillips, Speeches, Lectures, and Letters (Boston: Lee and Shepard, 1894), 1:374.
35. Quoted in Richard Carwardine, Evangelicals and Politics in Antebellum America (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993), 311.
36. CG, 37th Congress, 1st Session, Appendix (July 4, 1861): 2–3.
37. Ibid.
38. Quoted in David Herbert Donald, Lincoln (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995), 269.
39. First quote in ibid.; second quote, CW 4:149–50.
40. Quoted in Donald, Lincoln, 272.
41. CW 4:192.
42. CW 4:192, 195–96, 237.
43. CW 4:240.
44. “The City of Washington and the Capitol,” Harper’s, December 15, 1860, 786.
45. Quoted in Doris Kearns Goodwin, Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005), 319.
46. CW 4:271.
47. Quotes in Donald, Lincoln, 284.
48. “The Prayer at Sumter,” Harper’s, January 26, 1861, 49.
49. “Wanted—A Policy!” New York Times, April 3, 1861.
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