At 4:30 a.m., after learning: TTU/OH, Richard Carey, 500.
Knowing that his transmission: Engelmann, Tears Before the Rain, 131–32.
Kean walked downstairs: Butler, Fall of Saigon, 446.
He had already received: FLOHP, Nessen, 21.
Replying to Kean: Butler, Fall of Saigon, 446.
Moorefield volunteered to replace him: Moorefield, interviews.
“Mr. Ambassador, they say”: Ibid.; Snepp, Decent Interval, 559.
“I’m not leaving”: Madison, interview; Herrington, interview; Herrington, Peace with Honor?, 185–86.
Madison went from one man: Madison, interview; Herrington, interview; Herrington, Peace with Honor?, 185–86.
Herrington briefly considered: Herrington, interview; Herrington, Peace with Honor?, 186.
A plaque in the lobby: Herrington, Peace with Honor?, 186.
Herrington saw the abandoned: Herrington, interview; Herrington, Peace with Honor?, 187.
There was architecture student: Wallace, River of Destiny, 31.
She had been at the top: Baker, “Remembering the Fall of Saigon and Vietnam’s Mass ‘Boat People’ Exodus.”
Also left behind: Hoang, Boat People, 100–101.
“You may hear after you leave”: Reporting Vietnam, 728.
Stuart Herrington struggled to find: Herrington, Peace with Honor?, 187.
“the faces of those”: Herrington, interview.
EPILOGUE
“Do you know what”: Engelmann, Tears Before the Rain, 103.
“They lied to us”: Reporting Vietnam, 746.
“If I had known that”: Madison, interview.
“The fleet thought”: LDE, “Harry Summers Remembers the Fall of Saigon.”
“We’ve got to get this betrayal”: Madison, interview.
In a 2003 report commissioned: “The Fight for the High Ground: The U.S. Army and Interrogation During Operation Iraqi Freedom,” May 2003–April 2004.
In 1996, Henry Kissinger watched: Kissinger, Ending the Vietnam War, 552–53.
Bill Bell was posted: Bell, interview.
Walter Martindale spent the next seven months: Martindale, interviews and email correspondence.
“There was so much life”: Santoli, To Bear Any Burden, 334–35.
He wrote an account: McNamara, Escape with Honor, dedication page.
“You know, who the hell am I”: Ryder, interview.
After returning to Washington: Rounsevell, interview.
Martin had interrupted and said: DBC, box 4, file 7–9.
During a 1976 congressional hearing: VCE, Part III, 610.
Martin told an oral historian: Willenson, Bad War, 334.
Four months after leaving: Bong-Wright, interview; Bong-Wright, Autumn Cloud, 230.
The Communists arrested: Truong, interview and unpublished memoir.
According to a handsome: Wallace, River of Destiny, flap copy.
“I still grieve over those”: Douglas Brinkley, “Of Ladders and Letters,” Time, April 24, 2000.
Henry Kissinger held a press conference: “Excerpts from News Briefing by Kissinger,” New York Times, April 30, 1975, 17.
A Gallup poll released: William Greider, “Enmity to Refugees Puzzling,” Washington Post, May 3, 1975, 1.
“an extraordinary callousness”: Ibid.
Several days after the fall: Associated Press, “Refugee Return Urged by McGovern,” Washington Post, May 4, 1975, A19.
“a last poisonous convulsion”: Greider, “Enmity to Refugees Puzzling.”
Nathan Glazer, the co-author: Ibid.
“The administration believes”: Lawrence Meyer, “U.S. to Accept All 70,000 of Self-Evacuated Refugees,” Washington Post, May 2, 1975, A1.
“What’s he studying?”: Jackie Bong-Wright, interview.
“Henry spent twenty-five of those minutes”: DBC, box 4, files 7–9.
Martin told a congressional committee: VCE, Part III, 544.
“During the last couple of weeks”: Willenson, Bad War, 325.
Twelve hours before Martin left: Sources for Martin and the Saigon embassy papers: Gregory F. Rose, “The Stolen Secrets of Vietnam,” New York, Nov. 27, 1978, 73–79; George McArthur, “Bonanza of Secrets in Files on Saigon,” Los Angeles Times, Sept. 17, 1978, 2; Charles R. Babcock, “Graham Martin Won’t Be Prosecuted,” Washington Post, March 31, 1979, A3.
Martin never received: Martindale, interviews and email correspondence with author.
Duc Van Mai was one of the news agency: Ellis, interview; Ellis, unpublished manuscript.
Bibliography
BOOKS
Appy, Christian G. Patriots: The Vietnam War Remembered from All Sides. New York: Viking Penguin, 2003.
Arnett, Peter. Live from the Battlefield: From Vietnam to Baghdad—35 Years in the World’s War Zones. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994.
Baker, Mark. Nam: The Vietnam War in the Words of the Men and Women Who Fought There. New York: Morrow, 1981.
Bamford, James. Body of Secrets: Anatomy of the Ultra-secret NSA. New York: Doubleday, 2001.
Bell, Garnett “Bill.” Leave No Man Behind: Bill Bell and the Search for American POW/MIAs from the Vietnam War. With George J. Veith. Madison, Wis.: Goblin Fern Press, 2004.
Berman, Larry. No Peace, No Honor: Nixon, Kissinger, and Betrayal in Vietnam. New York: Free Press, 2001.
Bissell, Tom. The Father of All Things: A Marine, His Son, and the Legacy of Vietnam. New York: Pantheon Books, 2007.
Bong-Wright, Jackie. Autumn Cloud: From Vietnamese War Widow to American Activist. Sterling, Va.: Capital Books, 2001.
Brinkley, Douglas. Gerald R. Ford. New York: Times Books, 2007.
Browne, Malcolm W. Muddy Boots and Red Socks: A Reporter’s Life. New York: Times Books, 1993.
Butler, David. The Fall of Saigon. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1985.
Camp, Dick. Assault from the Sky. Havertown, Pa.: Casemate, 2013.
Cannon, James. Gerald R. Ford: An Honorable Life. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2013.
———. Time and Chance: Gerald Ford’s Appointment with History. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1998.
Caputo, Philip. Means of Escape. New York: HarperCollins, 1991.
Clark, Allen B. Valor in Vietnam, 1963–1977: Chronicles of Honor, Courage, and Sacrifice. Havertown, Pa.: Casemate, 2012.
Clark, Cherie. After Sorrow Comes Joy: One Woman’s Struggle to Bring Hope to Thousands of Children in Vietnam and India. Westminster, Colo.: Lawrence and Thomas, 2000.
Colby, William. Lost Victory: A Firsthand Account of America’s Sixteen-Year Involvement in Vietnam. With James McCargar. Chicago: Contemporary Books, 1989.
Corn, David. Blond Ghost: Ted Shackley and the CIA’s Crusades. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994.
Dawson, Alan. 55 Days: The Fall of South Vietnam. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1977.
DeForest, Orrin, and David Chanoff. Slow Burn: The Rise and Bitter Fall of American Intelligence in Vietnam. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1990.
DeFrank, Thomas M. Write It When I’m Gone: Remarkable Off-the-Record Conversations with Gerald R. Ford. New York: Putnam, 2007.
Do, Kiem, and Julie Kane. Counterpart: A South Vietnamese Naval Officer’s War. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1998.
Doland, Gil. Legacy of Discord: Voices of the Vietnam War Era. Washington, D.C.: Potomac Books, 2001.
Dougan, Clark, and David Fulghum. The Fall of the South. Boston: Boston Publishing Group, 1985.
Drury, Bob, and Tom Clavin. Last Men Out: The True Story of America’s Heroic Final Hours in Vietnam. New York: Free Press, 2011.
Dung, Van Tien. Our Great Spring
Victory: An Account of the Liberation of South Vietnam. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1977.
Dunham, George R., and David A. Quinlan. U.S. Marines in Vietnam: The Bitter End, 1973–1975. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2013.
Emerson, Gloria. Introduction to War Torn: Stories of War from the Women Reporters Who Covered Vietnam. New York: Random House, 2002.
Engelmann, Larry. Tears Before the Rain: An Oral History of the Fall of South Vietnam. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990.
Esper, George. Eyewitness History of the Vietnam War, 1961–1975. New York: Ballantine Books, 1986.
Feltham, Dan E. When Big Blue Went to War: The History of the IBM Corporation’s Mission in Southeast Asia During the Vietnam War (1965–1975). Bloomington, Ind.: Abbott Press, 2012.
Fenton, James. All the Wrong Places: Adrift in the Politics of the Pacific Rim. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1988.
———. The Fall of Saigon. New York: Granta, 1985.
Ford, Gerald R. A Time to Heal: The Autobiography of Gerald R. Ford. New York: Harper & Row, 1979.
Gayler, Noel. The Reminiscences of Admiral Noel A. M. Gayler, U.S. Navy (Retired). Annapolis, Md.: U.S. Naval Institute, 2012.
Greene, Graham. The Quiet American. New York: Viking Press, 1956.
———. Ways of Escape: An Autobiography. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1980.
Haley, P. Edward. Congress and the Fall of South Vietnam and Cambodia. Rutherford, N.J.: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1982.
Harnage, Oren B. A Thousand Faces. Victoria, B.C.: Trafford, 2002.
Hartmann, Robert T. Palace Politics: An Inside Account of the Ford Years. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1980.
Henderson, Charles. Goodnight Saigon: The True Story of the U.S. Marines’ Last Days in Vietnam. New York: Berkeley, 2005.
Herman, Jan K. The Lucky Few: The Fall of Saigon and the Rescue Mission of the USS Kirk. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 2013.
Herrington, Stuart. Peace with Honor? An American Reports on Vietnam, 1973–75. Novato, Calif.: Presidio, 1983.
———. Stalking the Vietcong: Inside Operation Phoenix: A Personal Account. New York: Ballantine Books, 1987.
Herschensohn, Bruce. An America Amnesia: How the U.S. Congress Forced the Surrenders of South Vietnam and Cambodia. New York: Beaufort Books, 2010.
Hoang, Carina, ed. Boat People: Personal Stories from the Vietnamese Exodus, 1975–1996. New York: Beaufort Books, 2013.
Hoffmann, Joyce. On Their Own: Women Journalists and the American Experience in Vietnam. New York: Da Capo Press, 2008.
Hosmer, Stephen T., Konrad Kellen, and Brian M. Jenkins. The Fall of South Vietnam: Statements by Vietnamese Military and Civilian Leaders. New York: Crane, Russak, 1980.
Hung, Nguyen Tien. The Palace File. New York: Harper & Row, 1986.
Isaacs, Arnold. Without Honor: Defeat in Vietnam and Cambodia. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1983.
Isaacson, Walter. Kissinger: A Biography. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992.
Kassebaum, Cary. I Never Pushed a Cookie: The Foreign Service You Never Knew. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 1996.
Kennerly, David Hume. Extraordinary Circumstances: The Presidency of Gerald R. Ford. Austin: Center for American History, University of Texas at Austin, 2007.
———. Photo Op: A Pulitzer Prize–Winning Photographer Covers Events That Shaped Our Times. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1995.
———. Shooter. New York: Newsweek Books, 1979.
Kimball, Jeffrey. The Vietnam War Files. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2004.
Kissinger, Henry. Crisis: The Anatomy of Two Major Foreign Policy Crises. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2003.
———. Diplomacy. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994.
———. Ending the Vietnam War: A History of America’s Involvement in and Extrication from the Vietnam War. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2003.
———. Years of Renewal. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1999.
Ky, Nguyen Cao. Twenty Years and Twenty Days. New York: Stein and Day, 1976.
Lee, J. Edward, and H. C. “Toby” Haynsworth. Nixon, Ford, and the Abandonment of South Vietnam. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland, 2002.
———, eds. White Christmas in April: The Collapse of South Vietnam, 1975. New York: Peter Lang, 1999.
Leeker, Joe F. Air America in South Vietnam III: The Collapse. Dallas: University of Texas ebook, 2008.
LeGro, William E. Vietnam from Cease-Fire to Capitulation. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Army Center of Military History, 1981.
Loescher, Gil, and John A. Scanlan. Calculated Kindness: Refugees and America’s Half-Open Door, 1945–Present. New York: Free Press, 1986.
Mann, James. Rise of the Vulcans: The History of Bush’s War Cabinet. New York: Viking, 2004.
Manyon, Julian. The Fall of Saigon. London: Rex Collings, 1975.
Maurer, Harry. Strange Ground: Americans in Vietnam, 1945–1975, an Oral History. New York: Henry Holt, 1989.
McNamara, Francis Terry. Escape with Honor: My Last Hours in Vietnam. Washington, D.C.: Brassey’s, 1997.
Nessen, Ron. It Sure Looks Different from the Inside. Chicago: Playboy Press, 1978.
Oberdorfer, Don. Tet! Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1971.
Parker, James E., Jr. Last Man Out. New York: Ballantine Books, 1996.
———. The Vietnam War: Its Ownself. N.p.: James E. Parker Jr., 2015.
Peck-Barnes, Shirley. The War Cradle: Vietnam’s Children of War: Operation Babylift—the Untold Story. Denver: Vintage Pressworks, 2000.
Pilger, John. The Last Day. New York: Vintage Books, 1976.
Porter, D. Gareth. A Peace Denied: The United States, Vietnam, and the Paris Agreement. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1975.
Reporting Vietnam: American Journalism, 1959–1975. New York: Library of America, 1998.
Robbins, Christopher. Air America. New York: Putnam, 1979.
Santoli, Al. Everything We Had: An Oral History of the Vietnam War by Thirty-Three American Soldiers Who Fought It. New York: Random House, 1981.
———. To Bear Any Burden: The Vietnam War and Its Aftermath in the Words of Americans and Southeast Asians. New York: Dutton, 1985.
Schwarz, George W., Jr. April Fools: An American Remembers South Viet Nam’s Final Days. Baltimore: AmErica House, 2001.
Snepp, Frank. Decent Interval: An Insider’s Account of Saigon’s Indecent End Told by the CIA’s Chief Strategy Analyst in Vietnam. New York: Random House, 1977.
Stebbins, Tom. Hand in Glove: Memoirs of How God’s Hand in My Life Made a Difference. Deland, Fla.: Winning, 2009.
Sullivan, John F. Gatekeeper: Memoirs of a CIA Polygraph Examiner. Washington, D.C.: Potomac Books, 2007.
———. Of Spies and Lies: A CIA Lie Detector Remembers Vietnam. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2002.
Summers, Harry G. On Strategy: A Critical Analysis of the Vietnam War. Novato, Calif.: Presidio Press, 1982.
Swain, Jon. Rivers of Time: A Memoir of Vietnam and Cambodia. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1997.
Taylor, Liz. Dust of Life: Children of the Saigon Streets. London: Hamish Hamilton, 1977.
Taylor, Thomas. Where the Orange Blooms: One Man’s War and Escape in Vietnam. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1989.
Terzani, Tiziano. Giai Phong! The Fall and Liberation of Saigon. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1976.
Toai, Doan Van, and David Chanoff. The Vietnamese Gulag. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1986.
Tobin, Thomas G., Arthur E. Laehr, and John F. Hilgenberg. Last Flight from Saigon. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1978.
Todd, Olivier. Cruel April: The Fall of Saigon. New York: Norton, 19
90.
Trest, Warren A. Air Commando One: Heinie Aderholt and America’s Secret Air Wars. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institute Press, 2000.
Tull, Theresa Anne. A Long Way from Runnemede: One Woman’s Foreign Service Journey. Washington, D.C.: VELLUM/New Academia, 2012.
Turley, Gerald H. The Journey of a Warrior: The Twenty-Ninth Commandant of the U.S. Marine Corps (1987–1991): General Alfred Mason Gray. Bloomington, Ind.: iUniverse, 2012.
Utley, Garrick. You Should Have Been Here Yesterday: A Life in Television News. New York: PublicAffairs, 2000.
Veith, George J. Black April: The Fall of South Vietnam, 1973–75. New York: Encounter Books, 2012.
Verrone, Richard Burks, and Laura M. Calkins. Voices from Vietnam: Eye-Witness Accounts of the War, 1954–1975. Newton Abbot, U.K.: David & Charles, 2005.
Vien, Cao Van. The Final Collapse. Honolulu: University Press of the Pacific, 2005.
Vo, Linh Duy. To America, Love and Gratitude. Downey, Calif.: L. D. Vo, 2000.
Wallace, Kevin. River of Destiny: The Life and Work of Binh Pho. Long Beach Museum of Art, 2006.
Watts, Ralph S. Escape from Saigon: How the Church Survived the Final Days of the Vietnam War. Nampa, Idaho: Pacific Press, 2005.
Willbanks, James H. Abandoning Vietnam: How America Left and South Vietnam Lost Its War. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2004.
Willenson, Kim. The Bad War: An Oral History of the Vietnam War. With the correspondents of Newsweek. New York: New American Library, 1987.
Zabecki, David, ed. Vietnam: A Reader. New York: ibooks, 2002.
ARTICLES
Burke, Marius. “Vietnam Report: Part Two—Saigon Evacuation.” Air America Log 1, no. 1 (1996). www.air-america.org.
Butterfield, Fox. “How Vietnam Died—by the Stab in the Front.” New York Times Magazine, May 25, 1975.
Carey, Richard E., and D. A. Quinlan. “Frequent Wind.” Marine Corps Gazette, Feb.–April 1976.
Fitzgerald, Frances. “Journey to North Vietnam.” New Yorker, April 28, 1979.
Glenn, Tom. “Bitter Memories: The Fall of Saigon, April 1975.” Studies in Intelligence 59, no. 4 (Extracts, Dec. 2015).
Honorable Exit Page 46
