by Josh Levin
587 Golddust…got its name: Chipman, Gold Dust Tennessee, pp. iii–iv.
588 Lydia arrived in Golddust: Helms examination, November 12, 1964, Wakefield estate.
589 when she was fifteen years old: Although Sarah Jane testified in 1964 that she would soon be turning eighty-four, the Social Security Death Index lists her birth date as November 21, 1882. The 1900 U.S. population census also lists her birth year as 1882. Social Security Death Index for Sarah Mooney; and U.S. census worksheet for Baileyton, Cullman County, Alabama, 1900.
590 owned some land in Blount County: Boaz Mooney certificate of the Register of the Land Office, March 1858, U.S. General Land Office Records, Ancestry.com.
591 lynched in 1861: “Bullet-Riddled Hat Hints Old Tragedy,” Decatur Daily (Decatur, AL), July 12, 1964.
592 owner of eight slaves: U.S. census worksheet for Franklin County, Tennessee, 1830.
593 Her maternal grandfather: Civil War prisoner-of-war record for Alfred Rutledge, Ancestry.com; entry on Confederate Mound memorial plaque via Find a Grave.
594 “eighty acres of hell”: “Chicago’s forgotten Civil War prison camp,” WBEZ, March 11, 2015.
595 Martha Louise Rutledge Brown: Tombstone image via Find a Grave.
596 She’d given birth to Mary Jane: Sarah Jane Mooney examination, November 13, 1964, Wakefield estate.
597 just one rainy weekday: U.S. Daily Weather Maps, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Central Library.
598 “Marv White”: Examination, November 13, 1964, Wakefield estate.
599 “any white person and any negro”: Richter, “Alabama’s Anti-Miscegenation Statutes,” p. 346.
600 That law had been upheld: Pace v. Alabama, January 1883.
601 in Osceola, Arkansas: “Negro Lynched for ‘Attacking’ Child He Only Startled,” St. Louis Argus, June 8, 1926; DuRocher, Raising Racists, pp. 146–147.
602 In October 1926: Marriage license, State of Illinois exhibit, Wakefield estate.
603 “Old Man Joe Miller”: Sarah Jane Mooney examination, November 13, 1964, Wakefield estate.
604 a Ford truck: Hubert Mooney examination, November 13, 1964, Wakefield estate.
605 As of the 1930 U.S. census: U.S. census worksheet for Hector Township, Arkansas, April 1930.
606 wolves, bobcats, and bears: “Hometown—Dell, Arkansas,” Village News (Blytheville, AR), March 28, 1979.
607 drainage ditches…shored up levees: Whayne, Delta Empire, p. 146.
608 “greatest cotton producing county”: Blytheville Chamber of Commerce pamphlet, c. 1936.
609 The front of the Stacy family’s residence: Photograph of Stacy Brothers residence west of Wilson Junction, c. 1935, Central Arkansas Library online.
610 a ceaseless drought: Whayne, Delta Empire, p. 163.
611 “how hard it was”: Woodruff, “The Failure of Relief During the Arkansas Drought of 1930–1931,” p. 311.
612 “eating watermelons”: Hubert Mooney examination, November 9, 1964, Wakefield estate.
613 “the star plantation of the South”: Hutchinson, Lowden of Illinois, p. 220.
614 “not only delighted”: Ibid., pp. 710–711.
615 According to the 1940 census: U.S. census worksheet for Burdette Township, Arkansas, April 1940.
616 $298…$1,001: Ducoff, Wages of Agricultural Labor, p. 96.
617 U.S. Census Bureau had distinguished: “Personal description” in Instructions to Enumerators, 1920 U.S. census.
618 “Be particularly careful”: “Special Instructions: Color, Sex, and Age” in Instructions to Enumerators, 1890 U.S. census.
619 “very nature of things”: Smith-Pryor, Property Rites, p. 107.
620 prohibited the act of “concubinage”: Murray, States’ Laws on Race and Color, p. 39.
621 “There are lots of them”: Hubert Mooney examination, November 10, 1964, Wakefield estate.
622 “no school I went to”: Helms examination, November 12, 1964, Wakefield estate.
623 “they wouldn’t allow”: Blount examination, November 13, 1964, Wakefield estate.
624 would later estimate: White, A Man Called White, pp. 48–49.
625 “Why, Mister, you’re leaving”: White, “I Investigate Lynchings.”
626 would introduce into evidence: Barry statement, November 13, 1964; and State of Illinois exhibit, Wakefield estate.
Chapter 13
Author interview with Jean Harbaugh.
627 “the vilest the health department”: “Filth, Rent Gouging Laid To Landlord: 18-Count Complaint Arrests Owner of ‘Vilest Apartments,’” Oakland Tribune, August 4, 1942.
628 front-page spread: “Tenants Join City Health Officials In Charges Against Landlord Here,” August 5, 1942.
629 “filth and rubbish”: “Landlord Faces $1200 in Fines,” Oakland Tribune, August 27, 1946.
630 On February 4: “City Police Study Child Abandonment,” Oakland Tribune, February 5, 1948.
631 “received information”: Arrest and booking report, Oakland Police Department, State of Illinois exhibit, Wakefield estate.
632 “any house of prostitution”: California Welfare and Institutions Code, sections 700 and 702.
633 As many as 21 percent: Holley, “Leaving the Land of Opportunity,” pp. 250–252.
634 Between 14 and 18 percent: Ibid., p. 250.
635 “rotten dead Negro”: Angelou, Collected Autobiographies, p. 153.
636 “go to the same schools”: June 1949 issue quoted in Johnson, The Second Gold Rush, p. 54.
637 stayed open twenty-four hours: Johnson, The Second Gold Rush, p. 143.
638 featured a young black woman: Dorothea Lange collection, Oakland Museum of California, the city of Oakland.
639 passed over black women: Ibid., p. 48.
640 Between 1940 and 1947: Self, American Babylon, p. 68.
641 rented out chairs: Johnson, The Second Gold Rush, p. 85.
642 “such a small part of the city”: Ibid., p. 51.
643 As of 1950, 85 percent: Murch, Living for the City, p. 26.
644 shook all day long: Angelou, Collected Autobiographies, p. 158.
645 “dusty bars and smoke shops”: Ibid., p. 159.
646 “colored dances” on Monday nights: Johnson, The Second Gold Rush, p. 169.
647 “the influx of what might”: Quoted in Bagwell, Oakland: The Story of a City, p. 240.
648 responded to this influx: Ibid., p. 169; Self, American Babylon, p. 57.
649 enlisted in the navy: “Seventeen Are Accepted For Navy Service,” Jackson Sun (Jackson, TN), July 16, 1942.
650 Two months after: Report of changes, USS Portland, September 1942, U.S. Navy/National Archives Catalog; Generous, Sweet Pea at War, pp. 85–86.
651 Mooney went AWOL…bad conduct discharge: Reports of changes, USS Portland, February and March 1943.
652 ads for white-only positions: 10th Street Market ads, Oakland Tribune, June 27 and September 22, 1944.
653 “never thought about”: Hubert Mooney examination, November 9, 1964, Wakefield estate.
654 The night’s revelry began: Hubert Mooney examination, November 10, 1964, Wakefield estate.
655 “intended to hold”: Arrest and booking report, August 4, 1945, Oakland Police Department, Wakefield estate.
656 “The landlord came into my apartment”: Constance Wakefield examination, November 10, 1964, Wakefield estate.
657 “because that’s useless”: Hubert Mooney examination, November 10, 1964, Wakefield estate.
658 In January 1943: Docket sheet, Seattle Municipal Court/Seattle Municipal Archives.
659 A year and a half later: Booking card, October 24, 1944, Kitsap County Sheriff’s Office/Washington State Archives, Puget Sound.
660 Less than a month: Docket sheet, Seattle Municipal Court.
661 more than 250,000…165,000 cases: “Appendix D: A Summary of Venereal Disease Statistics” in U.S. Army Medical Department, Preventive Medicine in World War II.
662 “loose women”: “Loaded? Don’t take chances with pick-ups,” poster, c. 1943.
663 published a two-part series: “Seattle Wages Relentless War on Organized Vice,” April 1, and “Crackdown on Vice Scatters Disease-Bearers,” April 2, 1943.
664 “chief source of infection”: “Monthly Venereal Disease Index of Seattle, Washington,” August 1943, Seattle Municipal Archives.
665 unsanitary, overcrowded facility: “Kimsey Wants Action on Jail,” Seattle Times, June 27, 1943.
666 “unfortunate unmarried mothers”: Florence Crittenton Home described in Seattle Juvenile Court Report for 1928, King County Superior Court/Kingcounty.org.
667 “nothing to remind the girls”: “New Treatment Center Praised,” January 23, 1944.
668 17 percent…“large proportion”: Hegarty, Victory Girls, Khaki-Wackies, and Patriotutes, p. 76.
669 Orchard Heights, a temporary housing project: Jones, Bouillon, Thiry, and Sylliaasen, Architects, “Orchard Heights, Washington.”
670 At 4 a.m. on April 25, 1946: Arrest and booking report, Oakland Police Department, Wakefield estate.
671 arrested 753 people: Johnson, The Second Gold Rush, p. 159.
672 “laundry”: Arrest for malicious mischief, August 4, 1945, Oakland Police Department, Wakefield estate.
673 usherette: Arrest on suspicion of venereal disease, April 25, 1945, Oakland Police Department, Wakefield estate.
674 apartment manager: Arrest for contributing to delinquency of minor, March 18, 1948, Oakland Police Department, Wakefield estate.
675 temperature taker: Michael Gamache forensic evaluation of Linda Springer, May 10, 1994, USA v. Springer, BOP/FOIA.
676 “If I accepted this offer”: Quoted in Hobbs, A Chosen Exile, p. 259.
677 Two weeks after that arrest: Marriage license, March 31, 1948, Alameda County Clerk-Recorder’s Office.
678 “no license may be issued”: California Civil Code, section 69.
679 declare the state’s miscegenation ban unconstitutional: Perez v. Sharp, October 1, 1948.
680 Joseph Harbaugh Sr. had been killed: “Grief Welds Mather Hearts into One,” Pittsburgh Press, May 22, 1928.
681 As a teenager, Paul had worked: Paul Stull Harbaugh World War II registration card, Ancestry.com.
682 Harbaugh spent six weeks: Paul Stull Harbaugh military records, National Archives/National Personnel Records Center.
683 ferried personnel and supplies: “General A. E. Anderson (AP-111),” Naval History and Heritage Command online, July 10, 2015.
684 two days before he sailed: Cruise number 31, April 2 to June 1, 1948, www.ussgeneralanderson.com (accessed October 2017).
685 His petition: Petition for adoption, Alameda County Superior Court, VA/FOIA.
686 “would be sorry”: Bill for divorce, May 18, 1951, Paul Stull Harbaugh v. Connie Martha Louise White Harbaugh, circuit court of Shelby County, Tennessee.
687 In January 1952: Decree of divorce, January 4, 1952, Paul Harbaugh v. Connie Harbaugh.
688 California’s strict divorce laws: Hayes, “California Divorce Reform,” p. 660.
689 At one thirty on a Monday morning: “Staying In New Home Despite Bombing, Negro Family Says,” Jackson Sun, June 29, 1953; Dowdy, Crusades for Freedom, p. 35.
690 “I guess they meant”: “Negroes To Stay In All-White Area,” UP/Pampa Daily News (Pampa, TX), June 30, 1953.
Chapter 14
Author interviews with Bobbie Moore Lanier, MaLoyce Bell, Justine Oliver, Johnnie Harbaugh, Joan Shefferd, Betty Hudson, Shelby Tuitavuki, Jimmy Fulton, Clark Forrest Jr., Jim Ralph.
691 “I think that has been verified”: Hubert Mooney examination, November 10, 1964, Wakefield estate.
692 August 1952…marriage license: State of Illinois exhibit, Wakefield estate.
693 In court in 1964: Lydia Blount and Hubert Mooney examinations, November 12 and 13, 1964, Wakefield estate.
694 “white children or Negro children”: Blount examination, November 13, 1964, Wakefield estate.
695 “the world belongs to the colored races”: “Filipino’s ‘Movement’ Going Strong Until Officers Arrive,” Blytheville Courier News (Blytheville, AR), August 22, 1934.
696 at least eight times: Court transcript, November 6, 1950, State of Louisiana v. Golda Forrest McDonald, Supreme Court of Louisiana.
697 In 1950, she was convicted: “Slayer Is Given 10 Years: Mrs. McDonald Of Holden Area Must Go To Prison,” Enterprise-Journal (McComb, MS), March 7, 1950; State of Louisiana v. Golda Forrest McDonald.
698 “houses of vice are padlocked”: “Now They’re Proud of Peoria,” Reader’s Digest (condensed from Redbook), August 1955.
699 “They called Peoria”: Pryor and Gold, Pryor Convictions and Other Life Sentences, p. 15.
700 “Peoria wasn’t any better”: John Gwynn quoted in “The View From Peoria: It’s Not Playing Well,” Washington Post, June 30, 1974.
701 In 1962, six members: “Negroes File Civil Rights Damage Suit,” AP/Journal Gazette (Mattoon, IL), October 25, 1962.
702 brimming with job prospects: “Segregation and Desegregation,” Richard Pryor's Peoria online.
703 any blacks on the payroll: “Change and the Community Conscience,” InterBusiness Issues, February 2015.
704 two full-time black workers: “Gwynn Attacks Mayor Day Statement, Says There IS Racial Tension in Peoria,” Peoria Journal Star, June 22, 1963.
705 “nasty work”: Pryor and Gold, Pryor Convictions and Other Life Sentences, p. 53.
706 At 11:30 a.m. on December 21, 1959: “Leak in Gas Main Triggers School Blast; 2 Men Hurt,” Peoria Journal Star, December 22, 1959.
707 “mother said he had blood on his shirt”: “Webster School Blast Burns 2, Knocks 28 Kids, Teacher Down,” Peoria Journal Star, December 21, 1959.
708 The adults at Webster School: “Leak in Gas Main Triggers School Blast; 2 Men Hurt”; “Webster School Blast Burns 2, Knocks 28 Kids, Teacher Down.”
709 “injured and became ill”: Complaint at law, Paul and Sandra Harbaugh v. Peoria Board of Education, circuit court of Peoria County.
Chapter 15
Author interviews with Johnnie Harbaugh, Jean Harbaugh, Ron Huber, Bob Vogler, Ted Amlong, Larry Sorrell, Bobbie Moore Lanier, MaLoyce Bell, Ron Cooper, Bernard Carey, Jimmy Fulton.
710 “possibly due to school explosion”: Medical record, July 28, 1960, VA/FOIA.
711 “nearly total loss of hearing”: Williams AFB to Walter Reed Hospital, January 26, 1961, VA/FOIA.
712 “permanent impairment of eyesight”: Answer of plaintiff, March 2, 1964, Harbaugh v. Peoria Board of Education.
713 letter from President John F. Kennedy: Motion to produce documents, May 20, 1966, Harbaugh v. Peoria Board of Education.
714 had been injured in the fiery episode, too: Answers to interrogatories, December 1, 1965, Harbaugh v. Peoria Board of Education.
715 eight medical professionals…Grant Sill: Ibid. and answers to interrogatories, February 29, 1964, Harbaugh v. Peoria Board of Education.
716 Four months later: Order of dismissal, March 20, 1967, Harbaugh v. Peoria Board of Education.
717 Two years after that: Answers to interrogatories, April 18, 1966, Harbaugh v. Peoria Board of Education.
718 “keep him and send him to school”: VA/FOIA.
719 The Veterans Administration had gotten word: Lancaster (adjudication officer) to VA Chicago regional office, June 5, 1961, VA/FOIA.
720 blood pressure of 220 over zero: August 1958 hospitalization noted in Paul Stull Harbaugh disability appeal, March 8, 1960, VA/FOIA.
721 “refuse to support”: Insurance claim, November 10, 1958, VA/FOIA.
722 $14.10 for each: Summary of payments and addresses, Chicago office memo, June 25, 1975, FBI/FOIA.
723 “shortly after her husband’s death”: Interview on March 6, 1975, FBI/FOIA.
724 2020 North Cleveland Avenue: Summary of payments and address changes, FBI/FOIA.<
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725 “had deserted”: Lancaster to VA Chicago regional office, June 5, 1961, VA/FOIA.
726 placed under the custodianship: Department of Public Welfare to VA Chicago regional office, April 26, 1961, VA/FOIA.
727 praying “to the Good Lord”: VA/FOIA.
728 “We are sorry, but”: Williams (adjudication officer) to C. Wakefield, April 14, 1965, VA/FOIA.
729 opened its doors in 1869: “ISSCS—Proof of State Concern,” Pantagraph, October 20, 1954.
730 close to three hundred children: “Altered Climate Marks Home for 270 Children,” Pantagraph, December 12, 1965; Cobb, A Place We Called Home.
731 “emotionally disturbed”: “Children Older, Problems Different, Officials Say,” June 1, 1958.
732 invitational track meet in 1964: “ISSCS 1st In Own Track Meets,” Pantagraph, May 21, 1964.
733 In September 1964, a supervisor: Dewett to VA, September 9, 1964, VA/FOIA.
734 “as indicated by our records”: Williams to Illinois Department of Children and Family Services, October 2, 1964, VA/FOIA.
735 On April 17, 1964: “The Policy Plot Thickens Around $760,000 Trove.”
736 “declined prosecution”: Memo, February 24, 1965, FBI/FOIA.
737 “kidnapped by two white men”: “Dead Policy King’s $763,000 Demanded By His ‘Daughter.’”
738 “first unoccupied service station”: Chicago bureau memo, August 19, 1965, FBI/FOIA.
739 “staying with relatives”: Chicago bureau memo, September 22, 1965, FBI/FOIA.
740 “In view of background”: Chicago bureau memo, August 19, 1965, FBI/FOIA.
741 on February 23, 1966: Chicago bureau memo, FBI/FOIA.
742 “Sandra Stienberg…has been missing”: “Seen This Girl?,” March 3, 1966.
743 “charged with being a runaway”: Chicago bureau memo, April 25, 1966, FBI/FOIA.
744 Railroad firms had shipped: “Chicago Snow Is Shipped to Dixie: Hundreds of Freight Cars Used,” Chicago Tribune, February 11, 1967.
745 “caused snow-fighting crews”: “3d Storm Blowing in Zero: Wind Sweeps 8-Inch Snow Into Drifts,” February 6, 1967.
746 A few hours later: Chicago bureau memo, February 9, 1967, FBI/FOIA.
747 the girl’s name was Lena: George Bliss and William Griffin, “Hint aid queen, baby-buying tie,” Chicago Tribune, March 24, 1975.
