by Georges Roux
Shamshi, 309
Shamshi-Adad I (Samsi-Addu), 189, 190 – 91, 192, 193 – 4, 198, 219, 220, 241, 289, 299, 338
Shamshi-Adad V, 299, 300, 303, 340
Shamshi-ilu, 302
Shanidar, 33, 35, 37 – 9, 40 – 41
Shapur I, 421
Shar-kali-sharri, 158, 159, 176
Shara*, 131, 142
Shatt el-Gharraf, 6, 122
Shatt-el-'Arab, 5, 95
Shattuara, 263
Shaushatar, 256
Shehrizor, 156
Sherif Khan, 339
Shibanniba, 419
Shibtu, 198, 370
Shilak-In-shushinak, 277, 278
Shimshara, Tell, 45, 50, 53, 208
Shipak*, 247
Shiraz, 383
Shitti-Marduk, 277 – 8
Shu-ilishu, 182
Shu-Sin, 175, 176, 186
Shubat-Enlil, 14, 198, 219
Shulgi, 162, 168 – 70, 174, 176, 182, 383
Shumalia*, 247
Shumuqan*, 99
Shuqamuna*, 247
Shuriash* (Surya), 247
Shuruppak, 6, 109, 111, 112, 113, 131, 132 – 3, see also Fara, Tell
Shush, 15, see also Susa
Shushtar, 141
Shutarna I, 256, 257
Shutarna II, 259
Shutruk-nahhunte, 264 – 5
Sialk, Tepe, 78
Sib'e, 312
Sicily, 271
Sidka, 320
Sidon (Sidunu), 269, 270, 279, 298, 309, 320, 326, 379
Siduri, 120
Sil-bêl, 24
Silli-Adad, 184
Simalites, 188 – 9
Simanum, 175
Simirria, Mt, 313
Simurrum, 169
Sin*, 87, 115, 250, 275, 356, 382, 384, see also Nanna
Sin-muballit, 24, 194, 197
Sin-shar-ishkun, 373, 374, 375, 376
Sin-shum-lishir, 373
Sinai, 238, 267, 268, 328
Sinidinnam, 183 – 4
Sinjar, Jabal, 10, 79, 125, 192, 198, 199
Sippar, 6, 14, 94, 109, 131, 182, 209, 281, 322, 333, 387, 400, 416
Sivas, 232
Sogdia, 385
Solomon, 268, 269, 274 – 5, 379 – 80
Sotto, Tell, 51
Spain, 13, 226, 227, 271
Subarians, see Assyria
Subartu, 155, 200
Subat-Enlil, 190
Suhu, 279
Suleimaniyah, 33, 37, 38, 289
Sulili, 187
Sultan Tepe, 356
Sumer-and-Akkad, see Babylonia
Sumerians agriculture and industry, 9, 83, 168, 172 – 5
culture, 29, 75 – 82,
passim, 124 – 30,
passim, 142, 151, 158 – 9, 162, 164, 169, 182, 196, 251, 271, 276, 355, 358 – 9, 417, 420, 426
history, 66, 67, 77 – 80, 122 – 8, 138 – 46
passim, 152 – 3, 155, 159, 161, 169 – 70, 176 – 8, 179, 241, 244, 248, 298, 334
origins, 9 – 12, 61, 80 – 84, 104 – 5, 165
religion, 85 – 103, 105, 107, 166, 180, 209, 249, 275, 308, 382
ruling system and King List, 107 – 8, 114, 115, 123 – 5, 130 – 8, 142, 158, 160, 161, 171, 181, 205
Sumu-Ebuh, 190
Sumu-El, 183, 184
Sumu-Iaman, 190
Sumuabi, 24
Sumuabum, 184
Sumulail, 24
Suppiluliumas, 257, 260 – 61, 272
Sûri (Sûr), 269, see also Tyre
Sûru, 289
Susa culture, 78, 157, 167, 249, 265
history, 15, 153, 169, 170, 176 – 7, 183, 185, 263, 334 – 5
Sutaeans, 243
Sutû, 193, 267, 278, 280, 281
Syria archaeology, 31, 41, 46, 48, 50, 124 – 5, 271
culture, 9, 53, 65, 78, 218, 233, 235, 236 – 7, 322, 353 – 4
geography, 2, 10, 34, 148, 175, 191, 234, 237, 261, 270, 273
history (to 12th C. B.C.), 144, 150, 156, 158, 180, 190, 200 – 201, 238 – 9, 241, 253, 255, 258, 260 – 61
(from 12th C. B.C.), 267, 269, 279, 289 – 90, 296 – 9, 302, 304, 312, 378 – 80, 403, 410, 413
Tabal, 272, 304, 314, 320, 326, 332
Tadmar, see Tidmur
Tadu-Hepa, 257, 258
Taha Baqir, Tell, 30
Taharqa, 328 – 9, 330, 331
Taliya, 340
Tammaritu, 333
Tammuz*, 92 – 3, 119, see also Dumuzi
Tanuatamûn, 331, 332
Tarbisu, 339
Tarsus, 230
Taurus mountains geography, 5, 10, 13, 14, 34, 36, 64, 153 – 4 history, 156, 267, 272, 285 – 6, 304
Taya, Tell, 125, 126
Tayanat, Tell, 272
Tebiltu river, 323 – 4
Teisbaini, 304
Teispes, 383
Telloh, see Lagash
Telul ath-Thalathat, 31,51
Temâ (Teima), 386
Tept-Humban (Teumman), 332 – 3
Terqa, 189, 219
Teshup*, 185, 234, 235
Teushpa, 326
Teye, 258
Thebes (Egypt), 256, 257, 282, 331
Thebes (Greece), 427
Thrace, 266, 413
Tiamat*, 95 – 6, 97, 108, 397
Tidmur (Tadmar), 14, 279, see also Palmyra
Tidnum (Amurrum), 175
Tiglathpileser I, 274, 278 – 80, 285
Tiglathpileser II, 280
Tiglathpileser III, 303, 305 – 11, 314
Tigris river geography, 2, 4 – 8, 10, 11 – 12, 16, 31, 36, 187, 244, 322, 423
trade and settlement, 13, 14, 53, 61, 64, 129, 169, 187, 318, 415, 416, 425 – 6
Til-Barsip, 272, 275, 297, 302, see also Ahmar, Tell
Tiriqan, 161
Tishpak*, 185
Toprak Kale, 304, 353
Trajan, 418, 421
Troy, Trojan War, 78, 230, 231, 266
Tudia, 187
Tudkhaliyas II, 256
Tukulti-Ninurta I, 263 – 4, 274, 285
Tukulti-Ninurta II, 283
Tulliz, 333
Tummal, 140
Tûr-‘Abdin mountain, 280, 283, see also Kashiari mountains
Turkestan, 266, 385, 418
Turkey, 2, 34, 39, 48, 50, 78, 84, 175, 230 – 32, 304, see also Anatolia
Turukkû, 193
Tushamilki, 332
Tushhan, 290
Tushpa, 309
Tushratta, 235, 257, 259 – 60, 368
Tut-ankh-Amôn, 260
Tuthmosis I, 254
Tuthmosis III, 255, 256
Tuthmosis IV, 256
Tutub, 126, 186, see also Khafaje
Tutul, 153, see also Hit
Tyre, 269, 270, 298, 309, 326, 328, 331, 335, 379, 380
Uabu (Wahab), 328
Uate', 334
Ubaid, al-, 30, 48, 54 – 5, 57, 59 – 65,67 – 8, 70, 82 – 3, 123, 131, 230
Ubar-Tutu, 109
Ugarit, 50, 215, 239, 256, 258, 261, 269, 353, 427, see also Ras-Shamra
Ukin-zêr, 310
Ulaia river, 278
Ulamburiash, 248
Ulysses, 427
‘Umar, Tell, see Seleucia
Umm Dabaghiya, 31, 51, 53, 83
Umma, 131, 140, 141 – 2, 143 – 3, 152
Umman-menanu (Humban-nimena), 322
United Arab Emirates, 15
Untash-napirisha, 263
Unzi, see Zuzu
Upâ (Opis), 322, 387, 415
Upêri, 314
‘Uqair, Tell, 30, 69 – 70, 77, 127
Ur archaeology, 18, 21, 27, 30, 31, 68, 71, 163, 208 – 9, 220 – 21
culture, 65, 77, 129, 131, 136 – 8, 140, 153, 163 – 5, 169, 171 – 2, 195, 220 – 24, 248, 369 – 70, 382
dynasties, 13, 60, 79, 123, 140, 162, 172, 180 – 81, 204, 235, 249
geography, 4 – 5, 6, 15, 64, 111 – 12, 131, 140
history, 3, 141, 143 – 4, 152, 161 – 7
8, 179, 182, 183, 243, 410, 416
Ur-Nammu, 68, 71, 161 – 3, 165, 168, 170, 177, 185, 202
Ur-Nanshe, 135, 140, 141
Ur-Ninurta, 183
Ur-Zababa, 152
Urartu, 234, 263, 282, 287, 296, 300 – 305, passim, 308, 309, 311, 313 – 14, 319, 374, 411, see also Armenia
Urbêl, 194, see also Arba‘il; Erbil
Urfa, 289, 419
Urmiah, Lake, 14, 266, 296, 303, 313
Urshanabi, 120
Urshu, 245
Urtaki, 327, 332
Uruadri, 263, see also Urartu
Uruinimgina (Urukagina), 138, 143, 202
Uruk, see also Gilgamesh archaeology, 21, 22, 30, 31, 61, 68 – 9, 163, 416, 419, 421
culture, 68 – 76, 77, 78, 82 – 3, 86, 88, 92, 126, 127, 129, 131, 248, 358, 401, 402, 409, 416 – 17, 420
geography, 6, 125, 131
history, 3, 48, 68, 82, 115 – 16, 117 – 20, 123, 140, 141, 144, 152, 158, 161, 183, 243, 410
ruling system, 134, 135, 140, 143
Ushanaharu, 328
Ushpia, 187
Ut-napishtim, 109 – 11, 119 – 20
Utu*, 88, 89, 101, 116, see also Shamash
Utuhegal, 161, 162
Van, Lake, 5, 279, 296, 303, 313
Varuna* (Arunasil), 235
Vindafârna, 407 – 8
Wadi al 'Arish, 327
Warad-Sin, 184 – 5
Warahshe, 153, 169
Warka, 68, 69, 117, 350, see also Uruk
Washukkanni, 255, 256, 258, 259
Xenophon, 27, 410
Xerxes, 408 – 10, 411, 412, 421
Yaba, 340
Ya'diya, 272, 308
Yarim Tepe, 31, 50 – 51, 53, 55, 56
Yemen, 148
Zab rivers, 11, 33, 36, 37, 45, 141, 156, 194, 291
Zababa*, 152
Zabalam, 131
Zabibê, 308
Zagros mountains geography, 11, 13, 14, 15, 34, 36, 64
history, 146, 158, 175, 229, 279, 282, 285 – 6, 309, 314
Zakir, 343 – 4
Zakkalas, 267
Zamua, 289
Zanqu, 283
Zarzi, 38
Zawi Chemi Shanidar, 40 – 41
Zedekiah (Mattaniah), 379
Zencirli, 272, see also Sam'al
Zikirtu, 266, 312
Zimri-Lim, 90, 198, 199, 200, 217, 218, 219 – 20, 238, 370
Ziusudra, 111
Ziwiyeh, 353
Zophyrus, 408
Zuzu (Unzi), 142
* The fact that all the ancient capital cities of Sumer, Babylonia and Assyria are in Iraqi territory and that Iraq covers about three-quarters of the Tigris-Euphrates valley justifies the title of this work. It must be clearly understood, however, that several important sites mentioned are, in fact, situated in Syria or Turkey. I apologize to the Syrians and Turks and hope that they will feel no more offended than would the Belgians if part of their country was included in a history of Gaul entitled ‘Ancient France’.
* The figures in this list were compiled from damaged inscriptions and are often erroneous. The correct figures are given in brackets.
* One of Dumuzi's names.
* All these priestesses were forbidden to bear children.
* The word ‘dynasty’ in Mesopotamian history should not be taken as meaning a royal family, but a succession of kings ruling over the same city-state for a period of time. The Sumerian King List mentions only the dynasties which ruled, over the whole country of Sumer.
* Me-barage-si, for instance, means: ‘the me (powers inherent in nature and human institutions) fill the throne’.
* E-anna-tum: ‘worthy of the E-anna’ (temple of Inanna in Lagash).
* En-temena: ‘lord of the (temple) platform’.
* Lugal-zage-si: ‘king who fills the sanctuary’.
* ‘Warrior of the goddess Nammu’.
*‘the one called (to power)’
* This name, which probably means ‘noble young man’, was formerly read Dungi.
* The name, formerly read Bur-Sin, is sometimes transcribed Amar-Su'en. It means ‘bull calf of (the god) Sin’.
† It must be noted that neither the word nor even the concept of ‘empire’ has ever existed in the ancient Near East.
* Or Shu-Su'en, ‘The one of (the god) Sin’.
* ‘Sin has called’.
* In ancient texts the city, the kingdom and their god are all called Ashshur. To avoid any ambiguity we have used throughout this work the spellings Assur for the city and Ashur for the god, keeping the traditional Latin name Assyria for the kingdom.
* ‘The god Adad (the rain-god) is my sun’.
* The name – which should be written Hammurapi – probably means ‘the god Hammu (a western Semitic god) is a healer’.
* Zimri-Lim: ‘(the god) Lim is my protection’.
* The term Syria is taken here in its broadest sense and includes Syria proper, Lebanon, Palestine and Transjordan.
* Nabû-kudurri-usur: ‘O Nabû, protect my offspring’.
* Tiglathpileser is the Hebraic form of Tukulti-apil-Esharra: ‘My trust is in the son of Esharra (i.e. the god Ashur)’.
* The exact spelling of the name is Ashshur-nâsir-apli, meaning ‘the god Ashur is guardian of the heir’.
* Shulanu-asharedu, ‘the god Shulmanu is pre-eminent’.
* ‘The god Marduk has given me an heir’.
* Ashur-aha-iddin, ‘The god Ashur has given a brother’.
* Ashur-ban-apli, ‘The god Ashur is the creator of the son’.
* The goddess Ninlil, originally the female counterpart of Enlil, was the spouse of the god Ashur.
* Most tablets found in Sennacherib's palace, belonged in fact, to Ashurbani-pal, this monarch having used his grandfather's residence in his earlier years.
* ‘Ashur, hero of the gods.’
† ‘The god Sin has appointed the King.’
* ‘O Nabû, protect (my) son!’
* ‘The god Nabû has exalted' (the king).
* Respectively the temples of Marduk in Babylon and his son Nabû in Barsippa.
* Small balls of clay attached by a string to official documents on papyrus or parchment.
* Classically, the Neo-Assyrian period begins with the reign of Ashurnasirpal II (883 – 859) noted on table VI.
