Greater Grand Crossing, 102
Great Fire (1871), 22–23
Great Railroad Strike (1877), 28
Great Recession, 323–324
Great Society project, 196, 209–210
Greek community, 18, 23, 114, 295, 345n13
“Greek Delta/Greektown,” 24
Green, Adam, 117, 118–119, 137
Green, Dwight, 57
Gregory School (Garfield Park), 179
Grimshaw, William, 244
Grossman, James, 40, 79
Group of Eight (G8) meeting, 330
Gutiérrez, Luis, 256, 334
Guy, Buddy, 118, 119
Habitat Company, 310
Hairston, Eugene, 196
Haley, Bill, “Rock Around the Clock,” 119, 166
Haley, Margaret, 50–51, 328
Half-Century Magazine, 85
Hall, Stuart, 177
Hamburg Athletic Club (gang), 41–42, 134, 150, 151
Hamburg neighborhood, 40, 41–42, 43–44
Hampton, Fred: assassination by police, 12, 184, 215–217; as “Chairman Fred,” 214; and FBI informants/infiltrators, 215, 217; as leader of Illinois Black Panther Party, 214–215; “rainbow coalition” work of, 12, 214–215, 217, 221
Hanrahan, Edward, 215, 216, 218
Harlem Renaissance, 61
Harris, “Duck” James, 194
Harrison, Carter II, 15
Harrison-Halsted Community Group, 155–157
Harrison High School, 221–222, 297
Harris, R.H., 116
Harvey, David, 8, 148, 225, 226
Harvey, IL, 310
Harvey, William, 189
Haussmann, Baron, 16
Hawkins, Coleman, 121
Haymarket bombing (1886), 18, 28, 30
health department, and growth of tenements, 19
Heath, Monroe, 28
heat wave (1995), 260–264, 366n4
Hebdige, Dick, 304
Hefner, Hugh, 229, 231
Heimoski, Frank J., 212
Helgeson, Jeffrey, 84, 87
high schools: college prep magnet schools, 270; corporate-style reforms of RMD, 269–273; Mexican community pressuring for, 297; military high schools and programs, 272, 368n32; national rankings, 269–270; school protests, 169–170, 221–222, 250; vocational, for tourist services sector, 286–287; white resistance to integration and, 124. See also schools (Chicago Public Schools, CPS)
highways. See streets/highways/expressways
Hill, T. Arnold, 79
Hines, Earl “Fatha,” 66
hippie scene, 205
Hired Truck Program scandal, 279–280, 281, 284
Hirsch, Arnold, 40, 45, 52, 128; Making the Second Ghetto, 173
Hispanic Democratic Organization (HDO), 280
Hodes, Barnet, 55
Hoffman, Nicholas von, 161, 162, 164
Holliday, Billie, 89–90; “Strange Fruit,” 89–90
Holman, Claude, 189
Holman, Lucien, 177
Holy Family Church, 165
homeowners and homeownership: cheap credit for rehabilitation of homes, 159; minority homeowners, 13–14, 85–86, 288–289, 361n71; mortgage rip-offs, 361n71; neoliberalism and transformation to financial investment, 86–87, 307–308; and political power, 311; suburbanization following federal subsidies for, 127, 140, 222–223; white homeowner associations, 46, 78; and white identity, formation of, 46; white ownership and fear of black invasion, 87. See also gentrification; restrictive covenants
home sphere, 85, 350n51
homicide rates: early-20th century, 16–17, 25; in early 2000s, 265, 279, 366n14; of Englewood, 122; gang-motivated, 268; immigrants blamed for, 29; in 2016, 337. See also crime rates
homophobia, 275–276
Honeywell, 233
Hoover, Herbert, 53
Hoover, J. Edgar, 98, 213–214, 215. See also countersubversion, state-sponsored; FBI
Hoover, Larry, 277–278
Hope IV program, 310
Horner, Henry, 55
Hot Doug’s, 304
Hotel Grand, 61
House of Blues, 118
housing: affordable housing movement, 301, 302; Section 8 vouchers, 310, 372n110; shortage of, WWII and, 104, 108–109, 112. See also Chicago Housing Authority (CHA); housing developments (middle class); housing segregation; public housing; renters and rent increases
Housing Act (1949), 126, 139, 142
Housing Act (1954), 142
housing developments (middle class): overview, 227–229; as barrier to encroaching ghetto, 149–150, 154, 228, 234–235, 301; and civic pride, 227; Dearborn Park, 234–236; federal funding and, 227; “mixed income,” 234–236, 309, 310–312; urban renewal and creation of, 144–146, 227–228. See also gentrification; public housing
housing segregation: blockbusting tactics, 76, 87, 110, 160; block-by-block implementation of (1917), 46; catering to middle class as de facto, 154; dissimilarity index of, 78, 313–314, 350n37; gang violence reinforcing, 46; gentrification and, 311–312; “kitchenette” apartments resulting from, 76; open-housing marches to protest, 12, 47, 161, 193–195, 200–202, 208; public housing, 124–127, 125; Puerto Ricans and, 174; restrictive covenants and homeowners associations, 46, 51, 78, 131; white identity and whiteness and, 47, 58; and WWII housing shortage, 104, 108–109, 112
Houston, service industries and, 225
Howard, Betty, 132
Howlin’ Wolf, 118
HUD (Department of Housing and Development), 309, 310
Hughes, Langston, 65, 88
Hull House settlement, 16, 18, 19, 24, 31
Humboldt Park neighborhood: African American population in, 300, 371n90; Division Street riot (1966), 219, 250, 296–297; gentrification and, 300–301, 302, 303; Mexican population in, 300, 313–314, 371n90; mural movement and, 220, 362n18; physical landmarks built to identify “Paseo Boricua,” 294–295, 303; police brutality in, 297; Puerto Rican community and, 174, 214, 219, 252, 254, 296, 297, 300–301, 302, 303, 372n98; rainbow coalition and, 214
Humphrey, Hubert, 207
Hungarian community, and whiteness/white identity, 114
Hunter, Alberta, 89
Hunter, Robert, 18
Hutchinson, Charles, 31, 50
Hyde Park: racial tensions during WWII, 102–103; urban renewal resistance in, 155, 161
Hyde Park Neighborhood House, 102–103
hyperghettos: Chicago Housing Authority contributing to, 127; commercial activity of, 222; R.J. Daley and, 137; definition of, 354n52; deindustrialization and, 222; recession of 1970s and, 223; white flight and, 222–223. See also black ghettos
Ice Cube, 276
Ida B. Wells Homes (public housing), 112
identity. See politics of identity
Igoe, Michael, 48
Illinois (state): Arab and Assyrian immigration to, 373n123; bailout of Chicago Transit Authority, 291; charter school funding by, 330; charter school rules, 367n26; Chicago schools handed to RMD, 269; death penalty halt in, 279; defense contract losses (1960s-70s), 224–225; eminent domain powers granted by, 143; Great Depression and, 53; John F. Kennedy election, 158; minimum wage of, 292; no state funds to be used to subsidize public housing, 144; and Plan of Chicago funding, 34; and privatization of schools, 326; urban renewal subsidy funds, 143
Illinois Bankers Association, 75–76
Illinois Central Railroad, 147
Illinois Federation of Colored Women’s Clubs (IFCWC), 84
Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT), 144
Illinois Steel, 21, 175
immigrants and immigration: anti-immigrant rhetoric of restrictionists and Prohibitionists, 45, 51, 52; and binary racial order, development of, 45–46, 173; and ethnoracial community growth and formation (post-1970), 313–318, 316, 373nn121,123; ethnoracial enclaves (post-1970), and lack of political power, 318–320; foreign-born population, 23, 313, 320; percentage of population as, 313; physical markings of population of, 313, 315, 317; T
hompson’s anti-immigrant stance, 52; and urban crisis, RMD and avoidance of, 290; and WWII, 95. See also southern and eastern European immigrants; specific communities
Immigration and Nationality Act (1965), 172, 313
income: median (2000 census), 266; median black income, 117, 266; per capita, the 1970s and, 223; for service jobs vs. industrial jobs, 287
income inequality: census of 1980 and poorest neighborhoods, 223; census of 2000 and white/black disparities, 286–287; and spatial proximity of extremes, 222
Industrial Areas Foundation (Alinsky), 159
industrial sector: defense contracts and, 97–98, 224–225; as key driver of growth in early 20th century, 19–21; nostalgia for, 2; and “the city that works” as nickname, 2. See also deindustrialization
infrastructure: funding for Plan of Chicago (1909), 34–35; gentrification and, 305, 308; Great Fire of 1871 and destruction of, 22–23; and patronage rewards via TIF funds, 282, 287, 289; upgrade by end of 1970s, 231–232. See also streets/highways/expressways
Inland Steel, 283
Insull, Samuel, 49, 84
insurance: burial/funeral in black community, 71, 74–75; as sector of service industries, 225–226; white-owned companies, 74, 75
integration: of construction industry, 236, 364n46; Edward J. Kelly and, 113–114; Martin Luther King and open-housing marches, 12, 47, 161, 193–195, 200–202, 208; of leisure activities for workers in WWII, 104–105; as threat to machine politics, 130–132; of war industries in WWII, 104–105. See also housing segregation; school desegregation
International Amphitheater, 207
International Harvester, 21, 55, 97, 262
International Longshoremen’s and Warehousemen’s Union, 123
International Style, 232
Interstate and Defense Highway Act (1956), 150–151
Interstate Iron and Steel Company, 21
Investigative Committee of the City Homes Association, 18–19
Invisible Institute, 335
Iraqi immigrants, 317, 373n123
Irish community: and Americanization, 27, 40, 42, 43, 44–45; and anti-Catholicism, 41, 43; as “aristocracy of gangland,” 27; and Bungalow Belt, 47; domination of Democratic Party by, resentment of, 51, 52; and Englewood, 121–122; ethnoracial hierarchy and, 27, 40, 43, 114, 173; in heterogeneous neighborhoods, 24; and 1919 race riot, 38, 40, 43, 45; size of, 23; and Harold Washington election, 245; white-collar work, movement toward, 43. See also white gangs and athletic clubs; whiteness and white identity
Iroquois Steel, 21
Italian community: antiblack violence and, 111–112; and Bungalow Belt, 47; ethnoracial hierarchy and, 27, 40, 45, 114, 173; gangs, 175; and Near West Side, 176; and 1919 race riot, 40; and Puerto Ricans, 175; relative segregation of, 24, 155; settlement house movement and, 18; size of, 23; and urban renewal, 154–155; and Harold Washington, 245; and whiteness/white identity, 114, 173
Jackowo neighborhood, 317–318
Jackson, Dan, 71, 75
Jackson, Jesse, 190, 200–201, 236, 251, 253, 334
Jackson, Joseph H., 178, 189
Jackson, Maynard, 249
Jackson Park, 23
Jackson, Robert, 77
Jane Addams Homes (public housing), 154. See also ABLA (public housing)
Janitors International Union, 228
Japanese community, 228
Jarrett, Valerie, 265
Jet magazine, 137
Jewish community: anti-Semitism, 208, 275–276; ethnoracial hierarchy and, 27, 40, 45, 55; Jesse Jackson and, 253; Kelly-Nash machine and, 55, 113–114; and labor organizing, 123–124; location of, 24; and Logan Square neighborhood, 302; and 1919 race riot, 40; settlement house movement and, 18; size of, 23, 345n13; and West Devon Avenue, 315, 319; and white flight, 153; and whiteness/white identity, 114
“Jew Town,” 24
Jimenez, Jose “Cha-Cha,” 214, 218, 252
jitney cabs, 129–130
Joe’s DeLuxe, 118
John F. Kennedy Expressway (Northwest Expressway), 231–232
John Hancock Center, 9, 223, 225–226, 286
John Hancock Mutual Life Insurance Company, 13, 226
Johnson, Bruce and Eugenia, 218
Johnson, Charles S., 88
Johnson, Eddie, 337
Johnson, Eudora, 71
Johnson, Jack (boxer), 46, 245
Johnson, James Weldon, 88
Johnson, John Jr., 117
Johnson, John “Mushmouth,” 71
Johnson, Lyndon B., 196; affirmative action requirements by, 236, 363n45; ties of RJD to, 138; War on Poverty, 201, 209, 263
Jones Act (1917), 358n16
Jones brothers (syndicate kingpins), 60
Joravsky, Ben, 282
Jordan, Louis, 120
Jordan, Michael, 289
Jordanian immigrants, 317, 373n123
Jordon, Lewis, 312
Judd, Dennis, 286
juvenile court, 19
juvenile delinquency: cultural fascination with, 166; CYDP prevention and research program, 165–166; World War II and issues of, 98–99
Kahan, Paul, 304–305
Kansas City, MO, 181
Katz, Michael, 288, 289
Keane, Thomas, 189, 238
Kelley, Robin D.G., 107, 276
Kelly, Edward J.: background of, 112–113; and black policy wheel (illicit lotteries), 105; and black submachine, 105; and federal work relief funds, 57; and fisticuffs, 17; and labor relations, 56–58, 96, 106; and multiethnic political machine (Kelly-Nash machine), 55, 57–58, 112–114; and organized crime, tolerance of, 96, 105; and patronage, 57; progrowth, antilabor agenda of, 9–10, 56–58; and race relations, 102, 103–104, 105–106, 111–114; and Roosevelt 1936 election, 57, 113; scandals and, 56, 113; and WWII black veterans, 106, 112; and WWII contracts/labor, 95–96, 97, 99; and WWII mobilization, 96–97, 99, 105
Kennedy, John F.: and civil rights, 131; ties of RJD to, 138, 158
Kennedy, Robert, 209
Kennelly, Martin H.: anticorruption campaigns of, 140; and Dawson, 129–130, 133; and the Democratic machine, 133, 134; independent mayoral bid against RJD, 134; Kelly replaced by, 114; progrowth, antilabor agenda of, 9–10; reform crusade of black underground economy, 129–130, 133; and segregation of public housing, 126; and urban renewal, 145, 146
Kenwood neighborhood: gangs and, 190; mural movement and, 219–220
Kenwood-Oakland Community Organization (KOCO), 328
Kerner Commission, 122
Kerouac, Jack, 212
Keynesianism, 149, 225, 226, 240
Kimpton, Lawrence, 211–212
King, Martin Luther Jr.: assassination of, riots following, 138, 198, 208–209; black opposition to, 188–189, 201; CCCO and, 184, 188; and gangs, attempt to enlist help of, 188, 189–195, 200; and March on Washington, 180; open-housing marches in Chicago, 12, 47, 161, 193–195, 200–202, 208; residence in Chicago, 190; and state-sponsored countersubversion, 12; and summit with RJD, 200, 201–202, 208; and trust for RJD machine, 188; viewed as center of civil-rights story, 169; Wall of Respect as not including, 220; and white violence, 193
“kitchenette” apartments, 73, 73, 76, 84–85, 87
Klein, Naomi, The Shock Doctrine, 327, 328
Klinenberg, Eric, 8, 261–263
Kluczynski Federal Building, 232
Kohl, Helmut, 264
“Korea Town” (Seoul Drive), 315, 317, 318, 319, 373n126
Kramer, Ferd, 144, 145, 146, 149
“L” (elevated municipal railway), 22, 222, 280
labor force: black population statistics, 63; heavy industries, 21; job losses between 1955 and 1963, 172; job losses due to deindustrialization, 147, 172, 222, 223, 225, 286; job losses in Great Recession, 323; manufacturing, 20–21; meatpacking sector, 20; skyscraper construction, 22; steel workers, 21. See also deindustrialization; economy; labor unions and unionization; service economy; service industries (global city); unemployment
labor strik
es: Chicago Teachers Union (2012), 326, 332, 333, 336; hate strikes by white workers, 104, 110; Memorial Day massacre (1937), 56–57, 94, 96, 212; Pinkerton thugs hired to attack, 18; strikebreakers and antiblack violence, 25–26, 27–28, 29, 110; violence and, 18; wildcat strikes to protest racial discrimination, 105–106; World War II and, 96, 212
labor unions and unionization: Alinsky and limitations of, 160–161; Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters (BSCP), 79–85, 87–88; Catholic Church support for, 121–122; company unions, 80, 83; R.M. Daley austerity measures and, 325; deindustrialization and difficulty of joining, 172; Landis Award limiting, 49–50; living wage ordinance activism, 292–293; opposition to RMD, 292–293; Bill Thompson and, 48–49; work stoppages to demand more black participation in, 236, 364n46. See also labor strikes; specific unions
—ANTIUNIONISM: black capitalism and, 79–83; black church and, 80–82; William Dever and, 49–50; Employers Association of Chicago and, 26, 28–29; Edward J. Kelly and, 56–57; Landis Award contractors, 49–50; Taft-Hartley Act (1947), 161
lakefront: beautification and tourism infrastructure improvements, 266, 285–286; filling and landscaping, 35; as reserved for the public, 34, 36
Lakefront neighborhoods and Harold Washington, 249, 256
Lake Meadows (housing complex), 144–145, 146
Lake Point Tower, 223, 228–229
Lakeview neighborhood, 153, 173, 280, 295, 320, 370n80
Landesco, John, 42
Landis, Kennesaw Mountain, 49
Landry, Lawrence, 181, 182, 183, 184–185
Laos, immigrants from, 315
latchkey children, WWII and, 98–99
Latin American Defense Organization (LADO), 362n18
Latin Kings (gang), 267–268, 302, 303
Latino community: black-Latino dissimilarity index (segregation), 313–314; black-Latino social distance, 336–337; cabinet of RMD including, 288; charter schools for, 330–331; immigrants, percentage of total immigration, 313; lack of support for Black Lives Matter, 336–337; and Lakeview, 320; Latinismo, 254; Latino-Asian dissimilarity (segregation), 314; and Logan Square neighborhood, 302–304, 305, 372n97; median income (2000 census), 266; Mexican-Puerto Rican dissimilarity index (segregation), 314; migration to Chicago, 172–173; nationwide, 172; school protests and, 221–222; school reforms as leaving behind, 272–273; service economy and, 286–287; support for R.M. Daley, 7, 273, 278, 280–281, 287–289; and Harold Washington, 252–254. See also Mexican community; minority-owned businesses; Puerto Rican community
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