Central Asia in World History

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Central Asia in World History Page 22

by Peter B. Golden


  Persian language, 61–62, 91, 98

  Peshawar, 31

  Peter the Great, 124

  pilgrimages, 33, 48

  Pingcheng, 35

  poetry, 6, 72–73

  Poland, 84

  political organization

  Avars, 35–36

  Baatur Khungtaiji, 117–18

  Bukhara, 131

  Central Asia, 137–38

  Graeco-Bactria, 25–26

  Kazakhs, 117

  Khwarazm, 24–25, 53

  Mongol Empire, 77, 83

  Mongolia, 102, 139

  Mongols, 77, 104

  nomads, 15

  Northern Wei Dynasty, 35

  oasis city states, 17–18

  Qarakhanid Dynasty, 70–71

  Russia, 126, 127, 131, 133

  Sâmânids, 68

  Shibanids, 114

  Sogdia, 53

  Tamerlane, 96

  Timurids, 99–100

  Torghuts, 117

  Turk Empire, 39, 43

  Uighurs, 44

  Uzbeks, 113–15

  Xiongnu, 30–31

  Polo, Marco, 88

  Pompeii of the Desert, 46

  Ponto-Caspian steppe, 10

  precious stones, 33

  produce, 19

  Pugachov, Emelian, 120

  Punjabi language, 6

  Puntsog, 117

  Qabul Khan, 79

  Qaghanate rulers, 36–37

  Qaidu, 77, 85

  Qapaghan Qaghan, 43–44, 59

  Qara Khitai, 75, 78, 82–83

  Qarakhanid dynasty, 70, 72–75

  Qaraqorum, 83–84

  Qarluqs, 47, 60, 63, 66

  Qasar, 79

  Qâsim Khan, 105

  Qayyûm Nâsïrî, 130

  Qazaq, 103, 154n16

  Qi Dynasty, 39

  Qiang, 31

  Qin Dynasty, 26–27

  Qing Dynasty, 109, 113, 118, 119, 121–24, 126, 127, 138

  Qïnïq tribe, 74

  Qïpchaqs, 63, 75, 82–85, 91, 102

  Qitan, 49

  Qitan-Liao, 75

  qobïz, 89

  Qonggirad, 79

  Qubilai, 84–85, 87

  Qunanbayulï, Abay, 136

  Qungrats, 115

  Qûnqû, 82

  Quraysh, 70

  Qutadhghu Bilig, 72–73

  Qutaiba ibn Muslim, 59

  Qutlugh Bilge Kül Qaghan, 44

  Qutulun, 85

  raiding, 43, 52, 59, 66, 71–72, 96

  railroads, 129

  Rashîd ad-Dîn, 87–88

  rats, 52

  reindeer, 11

  religion. See also individual faiths; shamans

  ancestor worship, 24, 43, 57, 70

  animal sacrifice, 57

  Avars, 36

  in Central Asia, 1–3

  early settlements, 10

  fertility goddess, 54

  fire worship, 55

  Hephthalites, 36

  idol worship, 57–58, 70, 121

  Iranians, 18, 22

  Judaism, 23, 61, 65, 125, 135

  Khazar Qaghanate, 65

  Kushan Empire, 32

  Manichaeism, 36, 44–45, 46, 47, 55

  Mongol Empire, 86–87, 91–92, 110–11

  Nestorians, 58, 75, 77

  Qara Khitai, 75

  rat worship, 52

  Scythians, 24

  Sogdia, 54, 55, 57

  sun worship, 46

  Tabghach (Tuoba), 35

  Türk Empire, 42–43

  Uighurs, 47

  Zoroastrianism, 22–23, 32, 36, 52, 55, 57–58

  Roman Empire, 30, 33–34

  Rouran, 36, 43

  Roxane, 25

  Rûm, 74

  Rus’, 83

  Russia

  armament manufacture, 122

  Bolsheviks, 131–32

  Christianity, 125

  Civil War, 139

  Cyrillic, 135

  education reform, 136

  expansion of, 108–9

  famine, 133

  February Revolution, 131

  Great Horde, 120

  invades Afghanistan, 125

  and Islam, 126–28

  Jadîdism, 132

  Judaism, 125

  and the Kalmyks, 117

  and the Kazakhs, 124–25

  linguistic history, 6

  map, 113

  migration from, 128

  and the Mongol Empire, 83, 86

  National Delimitation, 134

  Orthodox Christianity, 108

  political organization, 126, 127, 131, 133

  Russo-Japanese War, 130–31

  Sâmânid coinage, 69

  and the Soviet Union, 1, 132–37, 133, 139

  stagnation period, 136

  Sûfîsm, 128

  trade with, 114, 116, 118

  Treaty of Kiakhta, 139

  Treaty of Nerchinsk, 109–10

  World War I, 131

  World War II, 135

  Sa’îd Khan, 107

  Saka, 26, 52

  Salafiyya movement, 129

  Sâmânids, 64–70, 73

  Samarkand, 2, 16, 18–20, 40, 42, 53–55, 58–60, 82, 95–96, 98, 99, 112, 114, 127

  Sanskrit, 72

  Saray, 83, 86, 92, 96

  Sarmatians, 24

  sartapao, 50

  Sasanid Empire, 23, 33, 36, 38, 40

  satrapies, 25

  Satuq Bughra Khan, 70

  Saudi Arabia, 137

  Sayf ad-Dîn al-Bâkharzî, 91–92

  Sayyid Muhammad Rahîm, 123

  Scandinavia, 69

  Schuyler, Eugene, 122–23, 129

  Scythians, 22, 23, 24–25, 54

  Sebük Tigin, 71–72

  Secret History of the Mongols, 77

  Selenge River, 4, 77, 110

  Seljuks, 74–75, 84, 86, 89

  serfdom, 54

  Shah Kavad, 58

  Shâhnâma, 72

  Shâhrukh, 98

  shamans, 7, 36–37, 65, 69–70, 73, 75, 92, 96, 102–3, 111, 116, 118, 124

  sheep, 11

  Shelun, 36

  Shi shu, 57

  Shibanids, 114

  Shihâbaddîn Marjânî, 129–30

  Shikür-Daiching, 117

  Siberia, 3, 11, 21, 44, 47, 49, 63, 77, 83, 101–2, 108–9

  Sïghnaq, 103

  silk, 4, 28, 30, 38, 44, 52

  Silk Road

  Arab conquests, 44, 60

  and Buddhism, 35

  and China, 16, 31, 38

  golden peaches of Samarkand, 16

  Greece, 30

  and the Han Dynasty, 30

  Iran, 16

  Kushan Empire, 33

  Kyrgyz, 64

  Mogao Caves, 48

  oasis city states, 19–20, 50

  Qarakhanid dynasty, 73

  Roman Empire, 30

  silk diplomacy, 38

  Tang Dynasty, 41

  trade goods, 50

  Uighurs, 47

  Sima Qian, 24–27, 149n15

  Sintashta-Arkaim-Petrovka, 11

  Sir Yabghu Qaghan, 38

  Sïrïm Batï, 120

  Siyâh Qalam, 98

  Siyâvûsh, 57

  slavery, 12, 38, 50, 53, 64–66, 79, 84–85, 95–96, 109, 116, 122, 124

  Slavs, 64, 65

  smallpox (the Red Witch), 109, 120

  socialism, 132

  Sogdia, 16–17, 24–25, 36, 38, 41–45, 50, 51, 53–55, 57–61

  soma, 22

  Sonam Gyatso, 110

  Soviet Union. See Russia

  spices, 90

  Stein, Aurel, 4

  steppes. See also Mongol Empire; nomads

  bows and arrows, 11–12

  Darius I conquest, 25

  diplomacy, 15–16

  famine, 41, 47, 74, 132

  geography of, 3–4

  head-binding, 37

  horses, 10, 13, 29–30, 84

  H
uns and, 33

  and Islam, 70, 100–101

  Jin Dynasty, 75

  Kazakhs, 124

  Northern Wei Dynasty, 35

  Qâsim Khan, 105

  and Russia, 120

  Silk Road, 19–20

  taxation, 41

  Turk Empire, 38

  women warriors, 17

  writing, 22

  Xiongnu, 27, 29

  Strabo, 24, 27

  succession systems, 70–71, 98, 101

  Sûfîsm. See Islam

  Sui Dynasty, 39, 41

  Sükhe Bator, 139

  Sulu, 60

  Sumeria, 9, 10

  Sunnîs. See Islam

  Surkh Kotal, 33

  Suyâb, 40, 41

  Syr Darya River, 4, 63, 74

  Syria, 84–85

  Tabghach (Tuoba), 35

  Taizong, 41

  Tajik language, 6, 134

  Tajikistan, 1, 2

  Taklamakan Desert, 3, 40

  Talas River, 60, 71

  Taliban, 54, 137

  Tamerlane. See Mongol Empire

  Tamîm ibn Bahr, 45

  Tang Dynasty, 41, 44, 51, 60

  Tang shu, 55

  Tanguts, 62, 81, 83

  Taoism, 43

  Taraghay, 94

  Taraz, 19, 71

  Tardu, 39

  Ta’rîkh-i Rashîdî, 103, 107

  Tarim Basin, 42, 52

  tarîqas, 99–100

  Tashkent, 2, 18, 40, 112, 114, 125, 127, 129, 138

  Tatars, 63, 77, 93, 101, 108, 124, 129–30, 131

  Tatarstan, 2

  Tatpar Qaghan, 39, 43

  taxation, 41, 49, 71, 87, 100, 118, 126

  Tehran, 2

  Tekish, 75

  Temüjin. See Chinggis Khan

  Temür. See Tamerlane

  Tengri, 42–43

  textiles, 4, 19, 42. See also silk

  Tibet, 2, 3, 42, 47, 52, 59–60, 62, 87, 105, 110–12, 113, 118–20

  Tiele, 37, 39, 44

  Timurids, 98–100, 102, 105–7

  Tirig Beg, 47

  Toghon, 102

  Toghrul, 74

  Toghrul III, 75

  Tokharians, 21, 52–53, 65

  Tokharistan, 59

  Tolui, 83, 85

  Toluids, 87

  Tomyris, 25

  Tong Yabghu, 40–41

  Tonyuquq, 42–43

  To’oril, 77, 79

  Toqay Temürid, 114–15

  Toqtamïsh, 93, 96

  Toquz Oghuz, 44

  Torghuts, 117

  Touman, 27

  trade. See also Silk Road

  Achaemenids, 16, 25

  agrarian states, 14

  caravansary, 19, 116

  early settlements, 10

  horses, 116

  and the Iranians, 24–25

  Islam conversion, 92–93

  Kazakhs, 124

  Khazar Qaghanate, 65

  Kushan Empire, 33

  maritime trade, 100, 115–16

  and the Mongol Empire, 82, 89

  nomads, 14, 17

  oasis city states, 53, 61

  Persian Empire, 16

  Qarakhanid Dynasty, 71

  with Russia, 114, 116, 118

  Sâmânids, 68–69

  slaves, 124

  spices, 90

  Tang Dynasty, 42

  Treaty of Kiakhta, 110

  Türk Empire, 49

  Volga Tatar merchants, 108

  Transcaucasia, 83–84, 86

  Transoxiana, 17–18, 38, 50, 53, 60–61, 66, 71, 75, 93, 100, 105–7, 114, 124

  Treaty of Kiakhta, 110, 139

  Trotter, John Moubray, 122

  Tsedenbal, 139

  Tsewang Rabtan, 118–20

  Tsongkhapa, 110, 155n14

  Tughshâda, 53

  Tumshuk, 56

  Tun Bagha Tarqan, 45

  Turfan, 3, 16, 40, 46, 52, 103

  Türgesh tribe, 60

  Türk Empire, 37–39, 40, 41–43, 53, 58–60, 63, 70, 74

  Turkestan, 31–33, 70, 75, 82, 121, 125–26, 127, 128, 132

  Turkey, 84, 134

  Turkic language, 6, 22, 37, 62, 64, 72–75, 91, 98, 100, 148n12, 149n4

  Turkic-Slavic language, 65

  Turkistan, 62

  Turkmenistan, 1, 2, 10, 13, 16, 134–35, 137–38

  Turko-Persian culture, 1

  Turko-Persian language, 107

  Turks, 94

  Tuva, 47

  ‘Ubaydâllah Ahrâr, 100, 114

  Ugric languages, 148n12

  Uighur Qaghanate, 46

  Uighurs, 1, 44–45, 47, 60, 62–63, 81–82, 138

  Ukraine, 2, 83, 86

  Ulan Bator, 3

  Ulugh Beg, 98

  Ulus of Chaghadai, 86, 98

  Ulus of Chaghatay, 93–94, 102

  Ulus of Jochi (Golden Horde), 86, 100–101

  Umayyad caliphs, 58–59, 66

  Ural Mountains, 10, 33

  Uralic peoples, 21

  urban culture, 10–11, 25, 45–46, 54–55, 71

  Urga, 111

  Urgench, 95

  Ustrushâna, 59

  Uwais Khan, 103

  Uzbekistan, 1, 2, 24, 93, 100, 107, 113–15, 130, 134, 136–37

  Valentinus, 39

  Valikhanov, Choqan, 126

  vertical nomadism, 13, 14

  Vietnam, 41, 90

  viticulture, 71

  Volga River, 2, 33, 64–65

  Volga-Urals, 108

  von Kaufman, P. K., 125–26, 128–29

  Vytautas, 100–101

  Wahhâbis, 137

  warfare

  Arab conquests, 59

  armament manufacture, 122

  Avars, 36

  blood-sweating horses, 29–30

  bows and arrows, 11–12

  cannons, 118

  Chinggis Khan, 79

  combat elephants, 72, 74

  flintlock rifles, 105

  gunpowder weapons, 104, 116

  horse culture, 11

  Kamikaze, 85

  Ming dynasty, 104

  Moghulistani, 103

  Mongol Empire, 81, 84, 89–90

  nomads, 22, 97

  Qara Khitai, 78

  slave trade, 64, 66

  Sogdia, 53–54

  Tamerlane, 95–96

  Türk Empire, 43–44

  Turkic slaves, 64

  Uighur qaghanate, 47

  war-chariots, 11, 22

  Xiongnu, 26–27

  Weijie, 57

  Wendi, 28–29

  Western Regions, 29–30

  William of Rubruck, 88

  women, 17, 24, 36–37, 45, 50–51, 54, 71, 85, 93

  World War I, 131

  World War II, 135

  writing, 10, 22

  Wudi, 29–30

  Wuhuan, 31

  Wusun people, 29

  Xianbei, 31, 36

  Xiao Wen-ti, 35

  Xieli, 41

  Xinjiang

  Ashina Türks, 37

  Avar conquests, 36

  Bezeklik, 46

  Chinese-Tibetan warfare, 62

  conquest of, 114

  deva, 56

  division in, 126

  Eastern Turkestan, 1

  Graeco-Bactria, 25

  Hephthalites, 36

  Holy War, 123

  Indo-Aryans, 21

  irrigation systems, 25, 26

  Jungars, 118

  Khotanese Saka, 24

  map, 3

  Ming dynasty, 102

  Moghulistani, 93

  Northern Wei Dynasty, 35

  oasis city states, 52

  paper making, 60

  population of, 138

  Qing Dynasty, 127

  Taklamakan Desert, 16

  Tang Dynasty, 41

  Tibetan incursion, 42

  Tokharians, 21

  and Touman, 27

  Türgesh tribe, 60

  Turkistan, 62

>   and the Uighurs, 44, 47

  Xiongnu conquest, 29

  Xiongnu, 26–29, 31, 33–35, 52, 149n15

  Xuandi, 31

  Xuanzang, 18, 40–41, 52, 55

  Xuanzong, 41

  Yang Guifei, 41

  Ya’qûb Beg, 126

  Yarkand khanate, 107

  Yasawiyya Sûfîs, 106

  Yazdigard III, 58

  Yellow River, 35

  Yellow Uighurs, 62

  Yelu Chucai, 87

  Yelu Dashi, 75

  Yelu Zhilugu, 75

  Yemen, 88

  Yenisei River, 47

  Yermak Timofeevich, 109

  Yinshan zhengyao, 88

  Yisügei, 79

  Yonten Gyatso, 111

  Yuan, 35

  Yuan Dynasty, 85, 86, 88–89, 102, 110

  Yuezhi, 27, 29–31

  Yûsuf Khâss Hâjib, 72–73

  Zanabazar, 111

  Zaya Pandita, 111

  Zemarchus, 39

  Zeravshan River, 4

  Zhang Qian, 29–30

  Zhengsun Sheng, 39

  Zhilugu, 82

  Zhizhi, 31

  Zhongdu, 82

  Zhonghang Yue, 28

  Zhou Dynasty, 39

  ziggurats, 10

  Zoroastrianism. See religion

  General Editors

  BONNIE G. SMITH

  Rutgers University

  ANAND A. YANG

  University of Washington

  Editorial Board

  DONNA GUY

  Ohio State University

  KAREN ORDAHL KUPPERMAN

  New York University

  MARGARET STROBEL

  University of Illinois, Chicago

  JOHN O. VOLL

  Georgetown University

  The New Oxford World History

  provides a comprehensive, synthetic

  treatment of the ‘new world history’

  from chronological, thematic, and

  geographical perspectives, allowing

  readers to access the world’s

  complex history from a variety of

  conceptual, narrative, and analytical

  viewpoints as it fits their interests.

  Peter B. Golden is Professor Emeritus of History and currently Director of the Middle Eastern Studies Program at Rutgers University, where he has taught since 1969. Golden received his Ph.D. from Columbia University. He has been a recipient of a fellowship from the National Endowment for the Humanities and has been a member of the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton. He serves on the editorial boards of the journal Archvivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi; the series Papers on Inner Asia; the monograph series Near and Middle East Monographs; as well as on the advisory boards of Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae and Turkic Languages. Among his books are Khazar Studies: An Historico-Philological Inquiry into the Origins of the Khazars,; An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples; Nomads and Sedentary Societies in Medieval Eurasia; and Nomads and their Neighbours in the Russian Steppe: Turks, Khazars and Qipchaqs. His books, articles and chapters in books have also appeared in Russian, Turkish, Kazakh, and Hungarian.

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  The World in the Eighteenth Century

 

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