Persian language, 61–62, 91, 98
Peshawar, 31
Peter the Great, 124
pilgrimages, 33, 48
Pingcheng, 35
poetry, 6, 72–73
Poland, 84
political organization
Avars, 35–36
Baatur Khungtaiji, 117–18
Bukhara, 131
Central Asia, 137–38
Graeco-Bactria, 25–26
Kazakhs, 117
Khwarazm, 24–25, 53
Mongol Empire, 77, 83
Mongolia, 102, 139
Mongols, 77, 104
nomads, 15
Northern Wei Dynasty, 35
oasis city states, 17–18
Qarakhanid Dynasty, 70–71
Russia, 126, 127, 131, 133
Sâmânids, 68
Shibanids, 114
Sogdia, 53
Tamerlane, 96
Timurids, 99–100
Torghuts, 117
Turk Empire, 39, 43
Uighurs, 44
Uzbeks, 113–15
Xiongnu, 30–31
Polo, Marco, 88
Pompeii of the Desert, 46
Ponto-Caspian steppe, 10
precious stones, 33
produce, 19
Pugachov, Emelian, 120
Punjabi language, 6
Puntsog, 117
Qabul Khan, 79
Qaghanate rulers, 36–37
Qaidu, 77, 85
Qapaghan Qaghan, 43–44, 59
Qara Khitai, 75, 78, 82–83
Qarakhanid dynasty, 70, 72–75
Qaraqorum, 83–84
Qarluqs, 47, 60, 63, 66
Qasar, 79
Qâsim Khan, 105
Qayyûm Nâsïrî, 130
Qazaq, 103, 154n16
Qi Dynasty, 39
Qiang, 31
Qin Dynasty, 26–27
Qing Dynasty, 109, 113, 118, 119, 121–24, 126, 127, 138
Qïnïq tribe, 74
Qïpchaqs, 63, 75, 82–85, 91, 102
Qitan, 49
Qitan-Liao, 75
qobïz, 89
Qonggirad, 79
Qubilai, 84–85, 87
Qunanbayulï, Abay, 136
Qungrats, 115
Qûnqû, 82
Quraysh, 70
Qutadhghu Bilig, 72–73
Qutaiba ibn Muslim, 59
Qutlugh Bilge Kül Qaghan, 44
Qutulun, 85
raiding, 43, 52, 59, 66, 71–72, 96
railroads, 129
Rashîd ad-Dîn, 87–88
rats, 52
reindeer, 11
religion. See also individual faiths; shamans
ancestor worship, 24, 43, 57, 70
animal sacrifice, 57
Avars, 36
in Central Asia, 1–3
early settlements, 10
fertility goddess, 54
fire worship, 55
Hephthalites, 36
idol worship, 57–58, 70, 121
Iranians, 18, 22
Judaism, 23, 61, 65, 125, 135
Khazar Qaghanate, 65
Kushan Empire, 32
Manichaeism, 36, 44–45, 46, 47, 55
Mongol Empire, 86–87, 91–92, 110–11
Nestorians, 58, 75, 77
Qara Khitai, 75
rat worship, 52
Scythians, 24
Sogdia, 54, 55, 57
sun worship, 46
Tabghach (Tuoba), 35
Türk Empire, 42–43
Uighurs, 47
Zoroastrianism, 22–23, 32, 36, 52, 55, 57–58
Roman Empire, 30, 33–34
Rouran, 36, 43
Roxane, 25
Rûm, 74
Rus’, 83
Russia
armament manufacture, 122
Bolsheviks, 131–32
Christianity, 125
Civil War, 139
Cyrillic, 135
education reform, 136
expansion of, 108–9
famine, 133
February Revolution, 131
Great Horde, 120
invades Afghanistan, 125
and Islam, 126–28
Jadîdism, 132
Judaism, 125
and the Kalmyks, 117
and the Kazakhs, 124–25
linguistic history, 6
map, 113
migration from, 128
and the Mongol Empire, 83, 86
National Delimitation, 134
Orthodox Christianity, 108
political organization, 126, 127, 131, 133
Russo-Japanese War, 130–31
Sâmânid coinage, 69
and the Soviet Union, 1, 132–37, 133, 139
stagnation period, 136
Sûfîsm, 128
trade with, 114, 116, 118
Treaty of Kiakhta, 139
Treaty of Nerchinsk, 109–10
World War I, 131
World War II, 135
Sa’îd Khan, 107
Saka, 26, 52
Salafiyya movement, 129
Sâmânids, 64–70, 73
Samarkand, 2, 16, 18–20, 40, 42, 53–55, 58–60, 82, 95–96, 98, 99, 112, 114, 127
Sanskrit, 72
Saray, 83, 86, 92, 96
Sarmatians, 24
sartapao, 50
Sasanid Empire, 23, 33, 36, 38, 40
satrapies, 25
Satuq Bughra Khan, 70
Saudi Arabia, 137
Sayf ad-Dîn al-Bâkharzî, 91–92
Sayyid Muhammad Rahîm, 123
Scandinavia, 69
Schuyler, Eugene, 122–23, 129
Scythians, 22, 23, 24–25, 54
Sebük Tigin, 71–72
Secret History of the Mongols, 77
Selenge River, 4, 77, 110
Seljuks, 74–75, 84, 86, 89
serfdom, 54
Shah Kavad, 58
Shâhnâma, 72
Shâhrukh, 98
shamans, 7, 36–37, 65, 69–70, 73, 75, 92, 96, 102–3, 111, 116, 118, 124
sheep, 11
Shelun, 36
Shi shu, 57
Shibanids, 114
Shihâbaddîn Marjânî, 129–30
Shikür-Daiching, 117
Siberia, 3, 11, 21, 44, 47, 49, 63, 77, 83, 101–2, 108–9
Sïghnaq, 103
silk, 4, 28, 30, 38, 44, 52
Silk Road
Arab conquests, 44, 60
and Buddhism, 35
and China, 16, 31, 38
golden peaches of Samarkand, 16
Greece, 30
and the Han Dynasty, 30
Iran, 16
Kushan Empire, 33
Kyrgyz, 64
Mogao Caves, 48
oasis city states, 19–20, 50
Qarakhanid dynasty, 73
Roman Empire, 30
silk diplomacy, 38
Tang Dynasty, 41
trade goods, 50
Uighurs, 47
Sima Qian, 24–27, 149n15
Sintashta-Arkaim-Petrovka, 11
Sir Yabghu Qaghan, 38
Sïrïm Batï, 120
Siyâh Qalam, 98
Siyâvûsh, 57
slavery, 12, 38, 50, 53, 64–66, 79, 84–85, 95–96, 109, 116, 122, 124
Slavs, 64, 65
smallpox (the Red Witch), 109, 120
socialism, 132
Sogdia, 16–17, 24–25, 36, 38, 41–45, 50, 51, 53–55, 57–61
soma, 22
Sonam Gyatso, 110
Soviet Union. See Russia
spices, 90
Stein, Aurel, 4
steppes. See also Mongol Empire; nomads
bows and arrows, 11–12
Darius I conquest, 25
diplomacy, 15–16
famine, 41, 47, 74, 132
geography of, 3–4
head-binding, 37
horses, 10, 13, 29–30, 84
H
uns and, 33
and Islam, 70, 100–101
Jin Dynasty, 75
Kazakhs, 124
Northern Wei Dynasty, 35
Qâsim Khan, 105
and Russia, 120
Silk Road, 19–20
taxation, 41
Turk Empire, 38
women warriors, 17
writing, 22
Xiongnu, 27, 29
Strabo, 24, 27
succession systems, 70–71, 98, 101
Sûfîsm. See Islam
Sui Dynasty, 39, 41
Sükhe Bator, 139
Sulu, 60
Sumeria, 9, 10
Sunnîs. See Islam
Surkh Kotal, 33
Suyâb, 40, 41
Syr Darya River, 4, 63, 74
Syria, 84–85
Tabghach (Tuoba), 35
Taizong, 41
Tajik language, 6, 134
Tajikistan, 1, 2
Taklamakan Desert, 3, 40
Talas River, 60, 71
Taliban, 54, 137
Tamerlane. See Mongol Empire
Tamîm ibn Bahr, 45
Tang Dynasty, 41, 44, 51, 60
Tang shu, 55
Tanguts, 62, 81, 83
Taoism, 43
Taraghay, 94
Taraz, 19, 71
Tardu, 39
Ta’rîkh-i Rashîdî, 103, 107
Tarim Basin, 42, 52
tarîqas, 99–100
Tashkent, 2, 18, 40, 112, 114, 125, 127, 129, 138
Tatars, 63, 77, 93, 101, 108, 124, 129–30, 131
Tatarstan, 2
Tatpar Qaghan, 39, 43
taxation, 41, 49, 71, 87, 100, 118, 126
Tehran, 2
Tekish, 75
Temüjin. See Chinggis Khan
Temür. See Tamerlane
Tengri, 42–43
textiles, 4, 19, 42. See also silk
Tibet, 2, 3, 42, 47, 52, 59–60, 62, 87, 105, 110–12, 113, 118–20
Tiele, 37, 39, 44
Timurids, 98–100, 102, 105–7
Tirig Beg, 47
Toghon, 102
Toghrul, 74
Toghrul III, 75
Tokharians, 21, 52–53, 65
Tokharistan, 59
Tolui, 83, 85
Toluids, 87
Tomyris, 25
Tong Yabghu, 40–41
Tonyuquq, 42–43
To’oril, 77, 79
Toqay Temürid, 114–15
Toqtamïsh, 93, 96
Toquz Oghuz, 44
Torghuts, 117
Touman, 27
trade. See also Silk Road
Achaemenids, 16, 25
agrarian states, 14
caravansary, 19, 116
early settlements, 10
horses, 116
and the Iranians, 24–25
Islam conversion, 92–93
Kazakhs, 124
Khazar Qaghanate, 65
Kushan Empire, 33
maritime trade, 100, 115–16
and the Mongol Empire, 82, 89
nomads, 14, 17
oasis city states, 53, 61
Persian Empire, 16
Qarakhanid Dynasty, 71
with Russia, 114, 116, 118
Sâmânids, 68–69
slaves, 124
spices, 90
Tang Dynasty, 42
Treaty of Kiakhta, 110
Türk Empire, 49
Volga Tatar merchants, 108
Transcaucasia, 83–84, 86
Transoxiana, 17–18, 38, 50, 53, 60–61, 66, 71, 75, 93, 100, 105–7, 114, 124
Treaty of Kiakhta, 110, 139
Trotter, John Moubray, 122
Tsedenbal, 139
Tsewang Rabtan, 118–20
Tsongkhapa, 110, 155n14
Tughshâda, 53
Tumshuk, 56
Tun Bagha Tarqan, 45
Turfan, 3, 16, 40, 46, 52, 103
Türgesh tribe, 60
Türk Empire, 37–39, 40, 41–43, 53, 58–60, 63, 70, 74
Turkestan, 31–33, 70, 75, 82, 121, 125–26, 127, 128, 132
Turkey, 84, 134
Turkic language, 6, 22, 37, 62, 64, 72–75, 91, 98, 100, 148n12, 149n4
Turkic-Slavic language, 65
Turkistan, 62
Turkmenistan, 1, 2, 10, 13, 16, 134–35, 137–38
Turko-Persian culture, 1
Turko-Persian language, 107
Turks, 94
Tuva, 47
‘Ubaydâllah Ahrâr, 100, 114
Ugric languages, 148n12
Uighur Qaghanate, 46
Uighurs, 1, 44–45, 47, 60, 62–63, 81–82, 138
Ukraine, 2, 83, 86
Ulan Bator, 3
Ulugh Beg, 98
Ulus of Chaghadai, 86, 98
Ulus of Chaghatay, 93–94, 102
Ulus of Jochi (Golden Horde), 86, 100–101
Umayyad caliphs, 58–59, 66
Ural Mountains, 10, 33
Uralic peoples, 21
urban culture, 10–11, 25, 45–46, 54–55, 71
Urga, 111
Urgench, 95
Ustrushâna, 59
Uwais Khan, 103
Uzbekistan, 1, 2, 24, 93, 100, 107, 113–15, 130, 134, 136–37
Valentinus, 39
Valikhanov, Choqan, 126
vertical nomadism, 13, 14
Vietnam, 41, 90
viticulture, 71
Volga River, 2, 33, 64–65
Volga-Urals, 108
von Kaufman, P. K., 125–26, 128–29
Vytautas, 100–101
Wahhâbis, 137
warfare
Arab conquests, 59
armament manufacture, 122
Avars, 36
blood-sweating horses, 29–30
bows and arrows, 11–12
cannons, 118
Chinggis Khan, 79
combat elephants, 72, 74
flintlock rifles, 105
gunpowder weapons, 104, 116
horse culture, 11
Kamikaze, 85
Ming dynasty, 104
Moghulistani, 103
Mongol Empire, 81, 84, 89–90
nomads, 22, 97
Qara Khitai, 78
slave trade, 64, 66
Sogdia, 53–54
Tamerlane, 95–96
Türk Empire, 43–44
Turkic slaves, 64
Uighur qaghanate, 47
war-chariots, 11, 22
Xiongnu, 26–27
Weijie, 57
Wendi, 28–29
Western Regions, 29–30
William of Rubruck, 88
women, 17, 24, 36–37, 45, 50–51, 54, 71, 85, 93
World War I, 131
World War II, 135
writing, 10, 22
Wudi, 29–30
Wuhuan, 31
Wusun people, 29
Xianbei, 31, 36
Xiao Wen-ti, 35
Xieli, 41
Xinjiang
Ashina Türks, 37
Avar conquests, 36
Bezeklik, 46
Chinese-Tibetan warfare, 62
conquest of, 114
deva, 56
division in, 126
Eastern Turkestan, 1
Graeco-Bactria, 25
Hephthalites, 36
Holy War, 123
Indo-Aryans, 21
irrigation systems, 25, 26
Jungars, 118
Khotanese Saka, 24
map, 3
Ming dynasty, 102
Moghulistani, 93
Northern Wei Dynasty, 35
oasis city states, 52
paper making, 60
population of, 138
Qing Dynasty, 127
Taklamakan Desert, 16
Tang Dynasty, 41
Tibetan incursion, 42
Tokharians, 21
and Touman, 27
Türgesh tribe, 60
Turkistan, 62
> and the Uighurs, 44, 47
Xiongnu conquest, 29
Xiongnu, 26–29, 31, 33–35, 52, 149n15
Xuandi, 31
Xuanzang, 18, 40–41, 52, 55
Xuanzong, 41
Yang Guifei, 41
Ya’qûb Beg, 126
Yarkand khanate, 107
Yasawiyya Sûfîs, 106
Yazdigard III, 58
Yellow River, 35
Yellow Uighurs, 62
Yelu Chucai, 87
Yelu Dashi, 75
Yelu Zhilugu, 75
Yemen, 88
Yenisei River, 47
Yermak Timofeevich, 109
Yinshan zhengyao, 88
Yisügei, 79
Yonten Gyatso, 111
Yuan, 35
Yuan Dynasty, 85, 86, 88–89, 102, 110
Yuezhi, 27, 29–31
Yûsuf Khâss Hâjib, 72–73
Zanabazar, 111
Zaya Pandita, 111
Zemarchus, 39
Zeravshan River, 4
Zhang Qian, 29–30
Zhengsun Sheng, 39
Zhilugu, 82
Zhizhi, 31
Zhongdu, 82
Zhonghang Yue, 28
Zhou Dynasty, 39
ziggurats, 10
Zoroastrianism. See religion
General Editors
BONNIE G. SMITH
Rutgers University
ANAND A. YANG
University of Washington
Editorial Board
DONNA GUY
Ohio State University
KAREN ORDAHL KUPPERMAN
New York University
MARGARET STROBEL
University of Illinois, Chicago
JOHN O. VOLL
Georgetown University
The New Oxford World History
provides a comprehensive, synthetic
treatment of the ‘new world history’
from chronological, thematic, and
geographical perspectives, allowing
readers to access the world’s
complex history from a variety of
conceptual, narrative, and analytical
viewpoints as it fits their interests.
Peter B. Golden is Professor Emeritus of History and currently Director of the Middle Eastern Studies Program at Rutgers University, where he has taught since 1969. Golden received his Ph.D. from Columbia University. He has been a recipient of a fellowship from the National Endowment for the Humanities and has been a member of the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton. He serves on the editorial boards of the journal Archvivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi; the series Papers on Inner Asia; the monograph series Near and Middle East Monographs; as well as on the advisory boards of Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae and Turkic Languages. Among his books are Khazar Studies: An Historico-Philological Inquiry into the Origins of the Khazars,; An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples; Nomads and Sedentary Societies in Medieval Eurasia; and Nomads and their Neighbours in the Russian Steppe: Turks, Khazars and Qipchaqs. His books, articles and chapters in books have also appeared in Russian, Turkish, Kazakh, and Hungarian.
CHRONOLOGICAL VOLUMES
The World from Beginnings to 4000 BCE
The World from 4000 to 1000 BCE
The World from 1000 BCE to 500 CE
The World from 300 to 1000 CE
The World from 1000 to 1500
The World from 1450 to 1700
The World in the Eighteenth Century
Central Asia in World History Page 22
