by Des Ekin
Writers’ verdicts, sources listed by name:
O’Conor (p21); Mitchel (p202); Gibson (vol 1, p369); D’Alton (pp 172-173 and 181-182)
Archer: from Letter to Whyte, op. cit.
Cecil: rec, Mangan The Trial… citing HMC Cecil Mss xi p526
Bacon, Francis (1670) Certain Miscellany Works London: Rawley
Carew, George: pac O’G v2 pp217-218 and pp248-249
Blount, Charles: Mor Hist Book 2 p320
Leveson: From Mangan The Trial… citing HMC 5th Report p137
O’Sullivan: OSB
Toledo: Gil Gonzáles Dávila, p246
Ibarra: CSPI p294
Felipe III: CSPS 840 f715 Jan 30 1602
Gil Gonzáles Dávila: in p246
Hume: In p455 of Hume, Martin (1908) Treason and Plot London: Eveleigh Nash
O’Grady, Standish: pac O’G v2 p251 footnote and The Bog of Stars p111
Chapter 37: The Aftermath
‘Iron hot’: Letter to CB July 15 1602
‘We have killed…:’ CSPI vol CCVIII Part two p91, cited in Falls Eliz p277
‘Multitudes… nettles’ and cannabalism: Mor Itin v3 pp281-283
Ho’N ravages: See notes to Ch 25
Ho’D plundering: O’Cleary p303
Ho’N held out…to Blount: Mor Itin v3 pp298-301
Ho’N terms: Mor Itin v3 p302; see preface p vii to Ó Cianáin
‘I went near… peace’: Colles p141.
CB was Ho’N’s protector: Colles, op. cit.; also rec, Canny, Nicholas (2004) O’Neill entry in Ox Dict Nat Biog
Dogged by spies: Colles pp151-152
London warning: rec, Canny, Ho’N entry in Ox Dict Nat Biog
Plotting: Wills p324-325; rec, The Flight of the Earls summary in BBC History website in www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/plantation/ Accessed Jan 3 2014.
Breton ship sailed Sep 14: Ó Cianáin p9
Not a flight: This is hotly debated. See Gainsford; Colles pp153-154, Canny Ho’N entry in Ox Dict Nat Biog and the BBC History website op. cit. For another perspective, see John McGurk quoted in Irish Times The Flight of the Earls Was More A ‘Strategic Regrouping’, Aug 20 2007
Not many earls: Two (O’Neill and Ruairi O’Donnell), plus a baron, a countess and some minor chiefs. See a4m and Preface to Ó Cianáin. Rec, BBC History article op. cit.: ‘not so jam packed with the Gaelic nobility after all’
Lamented by Bards: e.g., Mac an Bhaird and Fear Flatha O Gnímh
Ho’N’s high hopes: Rec, McGurk in Irish Times op. cit.
Sightseeing: eg, Ó Cianáin p67, p69, p71
Louvain, Nancy, Lucerne: Ó Cianáin pp51-59; p77; p87
Wrote to Felipe: rec, Canny, Ho’N entry in Ox Dic Nat Biog
Horse fell: Ó Cianáin pp88-89
Rome experience: Ó Cianáin pp169+
‘The English completely…’: Letter to Andres Velasquez, May 1615
Died in Rome: Ho’N entry in Ox Dic Nat Biog
Pan-European visionary: eg, rec, O’Faolain, pp 277-279
Tactical error, vulnerable: See a4m, ‘Woe to the heart…’; rec, Morgan, Hiram, final two pars in Ho’N entry in Dictionary of Irish National Biography; and Canny, Nicholas (1970) Hugh O’Neill… and the Changing Face of Gaelic Ulster Studia Hibernica No 10 pp7-35, who says the ‘ill-advised’ flight led to the extinction of the Gaelic way of life
Plantation, economic migrants: See notes to Ch 38
Archer in Dunboy: O’Halloran, W (1916) Early Irish History… ch 16; Hogan p339
JdA’s threat to re-take Dunboy: pac O’G v2 p120
Archer’s narrow shave: pac O’G v2 pp181-182
Inquiry, forged letter: CSPI 1603-1606 p8; Hogan p340
Jesuits objected: Hogan pp349-350
Death, legacy: Hogan, assessment of JA
Archer ‘English agent’ hypothesis: Merely an interesting thought experiment. As I say, the evidence is purely circumstantial.
Lynch: Dual role revealed by Morgan, rec BoK pp353-354.
Owen: Rec, García Hernán p37
Dominic Collins: pac O’G v2 p572, pp577-578; CSPI p437, p439-440; rec, www.jesuit.org biog of Dominic Collins, accessed 04/01/2014
Donal Cam: D’Alton pp182-187
Spanish side:
General aftermath in Spain; Lerma, Felipe III paragraphs: My analysis based on facts in Hume Spain, Its… and Hume, Martin (1907) Spain Under Philip III in Cambridge Modern History. ‘Hunted, danced’ quote from the latter
Decline of tercios: My analysis, but rec, Israel, Jonathan (1997) Conflicts of Empires London: Hambledon, p90 and rec González de Leon (2009)
Felipe left country stronger: For insights into both viewpoints, see Feros, Antonio (2000) Kingship and Favoritism in the Spain of Philip III Cambridge: University Press, pp2-3, and Parker, Geoffrey (1984) Europe in Crisis London: Fontana
Margaret’s 1606 clash with Lerma: p93 of Sanchez, Magdalena S (1996) Melancholy and Female Illness… at the Court of Philip III in Journal of Women’s History Vol 8 No 2; also Hume, Spain Its… pp219-220; her children, her death: Hume Spain Its… p216
Zubiaur and Lopez de Soto trials: War Council report to King, May 12 1605; rec Epistolario pp109-110. Also rec, Silke p174 and pp160-161 and Coombes and Ware p57
Brochero: Under protection, rec, Silke p170; career and death, Goodman, David (2003) Spanish Naval Power 1589-1665 Cambridge: University Press, p32 and p189
Oviedo’s later life: Moran pp217-236; rec, Silke pp174-175; rec García Hernán pp36-37
English side:
Cost of wars: CSP Domestic 1601-03 pp244-245; Bagwell v3 p439; Colles p137
‘Don Juan…lord’: CSP Domestic 1601-1603 pp260-261
Seized with illness: Ranke, Leopold (1875) A History of England Vol III Oxford: Clarendon p352
Cecil and smooth succession: generally, Bruce, Introduction; his supposed support for Infanta and denials, Bruce pp31-33; satchel story, Bruce p34; Also rec, BBC Radio 4 (2009) In Our Time: The Death of Elizabeth I, broadcast Oct 15 2009
Carew’s attempt… admit: CSPI p244; rec, Morgan BoK p139
Poets sang: eg Byrchensha, A Discourse, which invoked Jehovah; Ford, John, Fame’s Memorial
Play: England’s Joy, poster for The Swan theatre Nov 6 1602
Earl Devonshire, lands, peace commission: Lee, Sidney, CB entry in Dictionary of National Biography 1885-1900 vol 5l; Craik, p268
Spanish spoils etc: CalCarew p231
Venetian report: CSPV late 1603, f147, Oct 22 1603
CB’s Spanish pension: Hull ch 19; rec, Lee, Sidney, op. cit.
Virginia, America: rec, Morgan BoK p3
Divorce, remarriage: Heylin, Peter (1671) Life and Death of Archbishop Laud p53; alteration in King, ibid p53-54; Craik, p273
‘Flagrant crime’, ‘black soul’: Craik pp274-275 and p277; Rawson p287
Burning fever, CB death, line died with him: Rawson p287, p288, p299; Craik pp282-283
‘Genocide’ unfair: My view. Tried to clear: rec, Connolly p268. Evacuated women and children from Kinsale: Mor Itin v3 pp44-46 and p57. Also, CB’s letter to London, 1602, pleading for tolerance and an understanding of Irish fears (in Curry, pp 19-20) clearly refutes this myth
Penelope’s revival under James: Craik pp268-272; Rawson pp 267-277
Remarriage scandal, PR disgraced: Craik pp273-277; Rawson p287
World grey, PR’s death: rec Rawson p310; Wall, Alison, P Rich entry in Ox Dict Nat Biog
Carew aftermath: Entry in Ox Dict Nat Biog, my comments
O’Brien aftermath: Entry in Dict Nat Biog
Wingfield aftermath: Dict Nat Biog; website www.powerscourt.ie Accessed 06/01/2014
Moryson aftermath: Mor Itin; Dict Nat Biog
Bodley aftermath: Entry in Dict Nat Biog; quote, Parr, Richard (1686) The Life of James Usher
Boyle aftermath: Entry in Dict Nat Biog; 1631 incident, see Ekin, Des (2006) The Stolen Village Dublin: O’Brien
De Burgh aftermath: Hero, see pac O’G v2 pp293-295 an
d notes to Ch 30
Married lover Frances, see Morrill, John, entry for Robert Devereux in Ox Dict Nat Biog
Poems to Queen, ‘special grace’, see Carpenter, Andrew (2003) Verse in English from Tudor and Stuart Ireland Cork: University Press, citing RdB’s 1602 poem and John Massingham’s 1602 diary
Immunity for his beliefs, resisted Galway plantation: Lennon, Colm, entry for Burke, Richard, in Ox Dict Nat Biog
Ancestors of Diana and William: Author’s genealogical research. Also rec Evans, Richard K (2007) Ancestry of Diana, Princess of Wales New England Historic Genealogical Society
Chapter 38: Legacy
Camden quote: from Camden Annales (1635) p170
Smouldered: See Long Term Consequences in www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/plantation/ Accessed 11/12/2013
Exploded in 1641, 1916, 1968: i.e., 1641 Rebellion; the Easter Rising of 1916 (following the Home Rule Crisis of 1912-1914); first year of Troubles in 1968. Many more dates could be added
Flight, Plantation: See notes later in this chapter
1641 massacres, Cromwell butchery: Colles, Ramsay (1919) The History of Ulster Vol 3. London: Gresham Publishing, pp 1-148; rec, Stewart, A. T. Q. (1989) The Narrow Ground Belfast: Blackstaff Press, p51-52; also see 1641 Rebellion and McCavitt, John, The Plantation Provoked the 1641 Rebellion both in www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/plantation/
Accessed 11/12/2013. For more on Cromwell, rec Micheál Ó Siochrú (2008) God’s Executioner. London: Faber & Faber.
Kinsale put… wither and die: My analysis
Death of Gaelic Order: a4m; rec, Canny, Nicholas (1970) Hugh O’Neill… and the Changing Face of Gaelic Ulster Studia Hibernica No 10 pp7-35. Canny says the Flight of the Earls made the extinction of the Gaelic way of life ‘inevitable’. Wills’s 1840 viewpoint (pp 321-323) speaks volumes about colonial attitudes
1.5 million hectares: Lenihan, op. cit., p 45, says 4 million acres = 1.6m hectares
A fifth to Irish: See Hunter, R. J., (2009) Settlement Map (transcript) in BBC History link above; also Lenihan, op. cit., p 47
1608 Rising: Colles, Ramsay (1919) The History of Ulster Vol 2. London: Gresham Publishing, chs 22-23; rec, Lenihan, Padraig (2008) Consolidating Conquest. Harlow: Pearson Education, p 44.
Six counties: Colles, op. cit., vol 2, p177
80pc Scots: Actually 83pc (100,000 Scots to 20,000 English in 1641.) See Montgomery, Michael (2009) The Linguistic History of Ulster in www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/plantation/ Accessed 11/12/2013
Spoke Gaelic: rec Roger Blaney in Presbyterians and the Irish Language (Ulster Historical Foundation, 2012)
Always intermingled: rec Fitzgerald, Patrick, The 17th Century Irish Connection in Devine, T.M., Wormald, Jenny (eds) (2012) The Oxford Handbook of Modern Scottish History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Also rec, Stewart, op. cit., p 39; and Lennon pp 268-269
Scots fled farming famines: See Economic Background of the Settlers and Settlers Were Poor People Who Came to Ulster to Prosper via BBC History link above. Also rec, Fitzgerald, op. cit, pp 297-8
Two ‘What ifs’…: author’s speculation
French troops: CSPV f1035, Dec 24 1601, Marin Cavalli to Doge; CSPS 840 f713, Council of State to King, end Dec 1601
DES EKIN is a journalist and the author of four books. Born in County Down, Northern Ireland, he began his career as a reporter at age sixteen and rose to become Deputy Editor of the Belfast Sunday News before moving to his current home in Dublin. He worked as a journalist, columnist, Assistant Editor and finally a Political Correspondent for the Sunday World from 1982 until 2012. He has written two crime novels, Stone Heart and Single Obsession. His true-life history book, The Stolen Village (2006), was shortlisted for the Argosy Irish Nonfiction Book of the Year Award and Book of the Decade in the Bord Gáis Energy Irish Book Awards 2010. He is married with a son and two daughters.
THE LAST ARMADA
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Copyright © 2015 by Des Ekin
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