(Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1906), p. 206.
2. Atlanta Constitution, July 11, 1908, p. 1.
3. Ibid., July 23, 1908.
4. Proceedings: Joint Committee, Daniel Long testimony, pp. 501–5, GDAH.
5. Proceedings: Joint Committee, Susan Long testimony, pp. 506–9, GDAH.
6. Proceedings: Joint Committee, R. A. Keith testimony, pp. 162–87, GDAH.
7. Proceedings: Joint Committee,Will Wynne testimony, pp. 1582–91, GDAH.
8. James W. English Personality File, AHC; also, Clement A. Evans, Confederate
Military History (Atlanta: 1899), 4: 635–38.
9. Memoirs of Georgia (Atlanta: Southern Historical Association, 1895), Vol. 1, Ch.
4, pp. 766–69.
10. Proceedings: Joint Committee, James W. English testimony, pp. 1209–40,
GDAH; Annual Statement of Brickyard Account, June 1, 1906, to May 31, 1907,
Chattahoochee Brick Company File, AHG.
11. Proceedings: Joint Committee, Arthur Moore testimony, no page number, July
23, 1908; Ed Strickland testimony, p. 479, GDAH.
12. Proceedings: Joint Committee, J. A. Cochran testimony, pp. 64–105, GDAH.
13. Ibid.; Atlanta Constitution, July 24, 1908, p. 1.
14. Alex Lichtenstein, Twice the Work of Free Labor: The Political Economy of
Convict Labor in the New South (London: Verso, 1996), p. 122.
15. Joel Hurt to J. W. Callahan, Dec. 24, 1904, and Dec. 29, 1904, GDAH.
16. J. W. Callahan to Hurt, Jan. 6, 1905, GDAH.
17. Hurt to Callahan, Jan. 5, 1905, GDAH.
18. Proceedings: Joint Committee, Joel Hurt testimony, pp. 418–48.
19. Proceedings: Joint Committee, Jake Moore testimony, Aug. 4, 1908, GDAH.
20. Proceedings: Joint Committee, George Hurt testimony, pp. 724–42, GDAH.
21. Ibid.
22. Atlanta Constitution, July 13, 1908.
23. Ibid., Aug. 3, 4, 5, 1908.
24. Annual Statement of Brickyard Account, June 1, 1909, to May 31, 1910,
Chattahoochee Brick Company File, AHC.
25. Matthew J. Mancini, One Dies, Get Another: Convict Leasing in the American
South, 1866–1928 (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1996), p. 221.
26. H. Gibson to E. J. Parsons, May 7, 1906; Thomas Jones to Attorney General,
May 11, 1906; E. J. Parsons to Attorney General, June 18, 1906, Peonage Files,
RG60, NA.
27. Gibson to Parsons, May 7, 1906, Peonage Files, RG60, NA.
28. Parsons to Attorney General, May 11, 1906, File 50-87, Peonage Files, RG60,
NA.
29. Parsons to Attorney General, June 18, 1906, Peonage Files, RG60, NA.
30. Johnson to Department of Justice, March 30, 1907, Peonage Files, RG60, NA.
31. Parsons to Attorney General, Sept. 18, 1907, Peonage Files, RG60, NA.
32. Jones to Parsons, Dec. 24, 1907; “Law Abiding Citizen” to Jones, Dec. 19, 1907;
Parsons to Attorney General, Dec. 26, 1907, Peonage Files, RG60, NA.
33. W. Armbrecht to Attorney General, Dec. 22, 1908, File 50-92, Peonage Files,
RG60, NA.
34. Armbrecht to Attorney General, January 1909, RG60, NA.
35. “Statement of All Peonage Cases Since May 1, 1902,” J. W. Dimmick to M. H.
Smith, March 3, 1909, Peonage Files, RG60, NA.
36. Attorney General to Herman Perkins, undated note, Sept. 1923, 50-1-6, File
5280-03-02, Peonage Files, RG60, NA.
37. “Copy of Report of the September 1911 Grand Jury of the Criminal Court of
Je erson County: Justice of the Peace”; Oliver Street to Attorney General, Jan. 24,
1912, File 50-112, RG60, NA.
38. Woodrow Wilson, Division and Reunion, 1829–1889 (New York: Longmans,
Green, 1893), pp. 124, 125, 268, 273; Lawrence J. Friedman, The White Savage:
Racial Fantasies in the Postbellum South (Englewood Cli s, N.J.: Prentice-Hall,
1970); Arthur Link, Wilson: The Road to the White House (Princeton: Princeton
University Press, 1947); James Chace, 1912: Wilson, Roosevelt, Taft & Debs— the
Election That Changed the Country (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2004).
39. Bureau of the Census, Bulletin 129, Negroes in the United States (Washington,
D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1915), pp. 7, 36–39.
40. Bureau of the Census, Plantation Farming in the United States (Washington,
D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1916), pp. 36, 37.
41. William L. O’Neill, ed., Echoes of Revolt: The Masses, 1911–1917 (Chicago:
Quadrangle, 1966), p. 232.
42. Quadrennial Report of the Board of Inspectors of Convicts, September 1, 1910,
to August 31, 1914 (Montgomery, Ala., 1914), p. 180, ADAH.
43. Hastings H. Hart, Social Problems of Alabama: A Study of the Social Institutions
and Agencies of the State of Alabama as Related to Its War Activities (Montgomery:
Russell Sage Foundation, 1918).
44. See Pete Daniel, The Shadow of Slavery: Peonage in the South, 1901–1969
(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1972), pp. 110–31, citing trial transcript,
Georgia v. John S. Williams, Newton Superior Court, March term, 1921. For the
de nitive treatment of the Williams case, see Gregory A. Freeman, Lay This Body
Down: The 1921 Murders of Eleven Plantation Slaves (Chicago: Chicago Review
Press, 1999); 1920 Census, Jasper County, Ga.
45. Ibid.
46. Thomas D. Sanford to Attorney General, April 11, 1921, 50-80-5, Peonage Files,
RG60, NA.
47. Joseph John to Attorney General, July 28, 1924, 50-30-1, Peonage Files, RG60,
NA.
48. J. Edgar Hoover to O. R. Luhring, May 13, 1926, 50-2-2-1, Peonage Files, RG60,
NA.
49. O. R. Luhring to Rebecca Jones, Aug. 6, 1926; Jones to Calvin Coolidge, July
26, 1926; a davit of Rebecca Jones, July 26, 1926; Assistant Attorney General
Nugent Dodds to Hon. Oscar DePriest, July 25, 1932; 50-1-2-2, Peonage Files,
RG60, NA.
50. N. Gordon Carper, “Martin Tabert, Martyr of an Era,” Florida Historical
Quarterly 52 (October 1973): 115–31.
51. Jacksonville Florida Times-Union, May 24 and 25, 1923.
52. Report of the State Prison Inspector of Alabama, for the Period of Two Years
Ending Sept. 30, 1928 (Montgomery: Birmingham Printing, 1928), in author's
collection.
53. Mancini, p. 115.
54. County Camp Inspection Records, Department of Corrections, ADAH.
55. New York World, March 22, 23, 24, 27, 1926.
56. Mancini, pp. 115–16.
57. Associated Press, July 2, 1928.
58. 1930 Census, Alabama Census of Kilby Prison; 1900 Census, Tallapoosa
County.
59. Draft Registration Card of Henry Tinsley, June 5, 1917, World War I Selective
Service System Draft Registration Cards, 1917–1918 (Washington, D.C.: NA
M1509), online data accessed at www.ancestry.com.
60. State Convict Record, Vol. 14, Sept. 1929–Jan. 1931, p. 217, ADAH; Tinsley
died in 1971, at the “Negro” veterans’ hospital at Tuskegee Institute.
CHAPTER XVI : FREEDOM
1. 1930 Census, Georgia.
2. John Spivak, Georgia Nigger (New York: Brewer, Warren and Putnam, 1932), pp.
61–65.
3. Ibid., pp. 104–5.
4. Ibid., pp. 97–99.
5. Ibid., p. 240.
6. Ibid., unnumbered pages.
7. Report of the State Prison Inspector of Alabama, for the Period of Two Years
Ending September 30, 1928 (Birmingham: Birmingham Printing, 1928), in author's
collection.
8. Walter Wilson, Forced Labor in the United States (New York: International
Publishers, 1933), pp. 92–94.
9. O. B. Willis to Department of Justice, Nov. 20, 1933; Joseph B. Keenan to O. B.
Willis, Dec. 8, 1933, 50-1-0, Peonage Files, RG60, NA.
10. Ibid.
11. Francis Biddle, In Brief Authority (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1962), p. 155.
12. Francis Biddle to All United States Attorneys, Dec. 12, 1941, “Circular No.
3591, Re: Involuntary Servitude, Slavery, and Peonage,” File 50-821, RG60, NA.
13. Francis Biddle, A Casual Past: The Reminiscences of a Former Attorney General
of the United States (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1961), pp. 339, 374, 376–77.
14. Biddle, “Civil Rights and the Federal Law,” Speech at Cornell University (Oct. 4,
1944) (on le with the Duke Law Journal), cited in Risa L. Golubo , “The
Thirteenth Amendment and the Lost Origins of Civil Rights,” Duke Law Journal 50,
no. 6 (2001): 1609.
15. Biddle, Brief Authority, pp. 154–60.
16. Biddle to All U.S. Attorneys.
17. J. Edgar Hoover to Wendell Berge, July 18, 1942, Re: Charles Edward Bledsoe;
W. F. Lanier—Involuntary Servitude and Slavery, File 50-843, Peonage Files, RG60,
NA.
18. Wendell Berge to J. Edgar Hoover, Director Federal Bureau of Investigation,
Aug. 8, 1942, File 50-843, Peonage Files, RG60, NA.
19. Berge to Francis H. Inge, Aug. 8, 1942, File 50-843, Peonage Files, RG60, NA.
20. Galveston Daily News, Oct. 2, 1942, p. 14.
21. Frank Coleman to U.S. Board of Parole, March 15, 1945; Douglas McGregor to
Attorney General, June 28, 1943; “Judgment, United State Circuit Court of Appeals
for the Fifth Circuit, Extract from the Minutes of June 19th, 1943,” File 50-74-6,
RG 60, NA.
22. Corpus Christi Times, March 23, 1943, quoted in Goluboff, p. 38.
EPILOGUE
1. Interview by the author of Molly Cottenham, Feb. 2002.
2. Interview by the author of Harold Cottingham, Feb. 2002.
3. Interview by the author of J. Christopher Flowers, Oct. 9, 2007.
4. Census, 1900, 1910, 1930; U.S. Social Security Administration Death Index.
5. http://www.sloss.com/coke/history.asp.
6. Interview by the author of Rodney Mills Cook Jr., and English Robinson, Oct. 2,
2007.
7. Speech by Gary N. Drummond, Oct. 2000, posted at www.drummondco.com.
8. Corporate records, Secretary of State's O ce, State of Alabama, Montgomery,
Ala.
9. Douglas A. Blackmon, “Hard Time: From Alabama's Past, Capitalism and Racism
in a Cruel Partnership,” Wall Street Journal, July 16, 2001, p. 1.
10. Ibid.
11. Hearing before U.S. District Court Judge James Elicon, Feb. 13, 2004, Tulsa.
12. Interview by the author of Martha Minow, June 2001.
13. Blackmon, “Silent Partner: How the South's Fight to Uphold Segregation Was
Funded Up North,” Wall Street Journal, June 11, 1999, p. 1.
14. Interview by the author of Tom Ferrall, 2001.
15. “Wachovia Announces National Partnerships in Support of African Americans,”
July 28, 2005, www.wachovia.com.
16. Interview by the author of Ken Thompson, chairman and chief executive
officer, Wachovia Bank, Sept. 14, 2007.
17. Interview by the author of Eugene Reese, Sept. 19, 2007.
18. Interview by the author of Earl Brown, John Burt, April 23, 2002, Birmingham,
Ala.
19. Taylor Branch, At Canaan's Edge: America in the King Years, 1965–68 (New
York: Simon & Schuster, 2006), pp. 303–5.
20. Martin Luther King Jr., notes in margins of Charles Silberman, Crisis in Black
and White, 1964, p. 6, Papers of Dr. Martin Luther King, AHC.
21. Blackmon, “Hard Time.”
22. Interviews by the author of Pearline Danzey, Ida Hogan, Cynthia James, Melissa
Danzey Craddock, and James Danzey, Sept. 28, 2000.
23. Ibid.
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