by Ian Kershaw
49. Browning, The Origins of the Final Solution, p. 72.
50. Das Diensttagebuch des deutschen Generalgouverneurs in Polen 1939–1945, ed. Werner Präg and Wolfgang Jacobmeyer, Stuttgart, 1975, p. 252; and quoted in Browning, The Origins of the Final Solution, p. 84.
51. Browning, The Origins of the Final Solution, p. 83.
52. Browning, The Origins of the Final Solution, p. 45.
53. Browning, The Origins of the Final Solution, p. 88.
54. Helmut Heiber, ‘Der Generalplan Ost’, Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte, 6 (1958), pp. 281–325.
55. Heeresadjutant bei Hitler 1938–1943. Aufzeichnungen des Majors Engel, ed. Hildegard von Kotze, Stuttgart, 1974, pp. 94–5.
56. Quoted in Peter Longerich, Politik der Vernichtung. Eine Gesamtdarstellung der nationalsozialistischen Judenverfolgung, Munich/Zurich, 1998, p. 287; also in Götz Aly, ‘Endlösung’. Völkerverschiebung und der Mord an den europäischen Juden, Frankfurt am Main, 1995, p. 269; and Browning, The Origins of the Final Solution, pp. 103–4. See also Édouard Husson, ‘Nous pouvons vivre sans les Juifs’: Novembre 1941. Quand et comment ils décidèrent de la solution finale, Paris, 2005, pp. 71–3. I am indebted to M. Husson for providing me with a copy of Dannecker’s memorandum from the Centre de Documentation Juive Contemporaine (Paris), reference DCL1–2, V-59.
57. Aly, pp. 195–201.
58. Aly, p. 200.
59. Aly, p. 268; Longerich, Politik der Vernichtung, p. 287.
60. Aly, pp. 270–71; Browning, The Origins of the Final Solution, p. 104.
61. Diensttagebuch, pp. 332–3, 336–7.
62. Die Tagebücher von Joseph Goebbels, part I, vol. 9, Munich, 1998, p. 192 (18.3.41).
63. See Ian Kershaw, Hitler, 1936–1945. Nemesis, London, 2000, pp. 353–60, for a summary of the developments mentioned in this paragraph.
64. KTB d. OKW, vol. 1: 1. August 1940–31. Dezember 1941, 1965, p. 341.
65. Aly, p. 270.
66. Heinz Höhne, The Order of the Death’s Head. The Story of Hitler’s SS, London, 1969, p. 330.
67. See Kershaw, Hitler, 1936–1945, pp. 243–7.
68. Kershaw, Hitler, 1936–1945, p. 251.
69. Domarus, p. 1663.
70. Quoted in Omer Bartov, The Eastern Front 1941–45. German Troops and the Barbarisation of Warfare, New York, 1986, pp. 116–17.
71. Jürgen Matthäus, ‘Operation Barbarossa and the Onset of the Holocaust, June–December 1941’, in Browning, The Origins of the Final Solution, p. 244.
72. Longerich, Ermordung, pp. 116–18; Krausnick and Wilhelm, p. 164.
73. Matthäus in Browning, The Origins of the Final Solution, pp. 258–9.
74. Matthäus in Browning, The Origins of the Final Solution, pp. 253–5; Richard Breitman, The Architect of Genocide. Himmler and the Final Solution, London, 1991, p. 168.
75. Longerich, Politik der Vernichtung, pp. 345–8.
76. Krausnick and Wilhelm, p. 163.
77. See Matthäus in Browning, The Origins of the Final Solution, pp. 268–77.
78. Krausnick and Wilhelm, p. 196.
79. See Browning, The Origins of the Final Solution, pp. 313, 317.
80. Der Dienstkalender Heinrich Himmlers 1941/42, ed. Peter Witte et al., Hamburg, 1999, pp. 184–5.
81. ‘Führer-Erlasse’ 1939–1945, ed. Martin Moll, Stuttgart, 1997, pp. 188–9 (17.7.41).
82. IMT, vol. 38, pp. 86–94, doc. 221–L.
83. Dienstkalender, p. 185.
84. Christopher R. Browning, The Path to Genocide. Essays on Launching the Final Solution, Cambridge, 1992, pp. 105–6; Breitman, pp. 181–4; Yehoshua Büchler, ‘Kommandostab Reichsführer-SS. Himmler’s Personal Murder Brigades in 1941’, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, 1/1 (1986), pp. 11–25; Longerich, Politik der Vernichtung, pp. 362–6.
85. Matthäus in Browning, The Origins of the Final Solution, p. 279.
86. Quoted in Longerich, Politik der Vernichtung, p. 367; Christian Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde. Die deutsche Wirtschafts-und Vernichtungspolitik in Weißrußland 1941 bis 1944, Hamburg, 1999, p. 560; and Matthäus in Browning, The Origins of the Final Solution, p. 281.
87. See Raul Hilberg, ‘The Kommandostab Revisited’, Yad Vashem Studies, 34 (2006), pp. 360–62.
88. Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde, pp. 560–66; Matthäus in Browning, The Origins of the Final Solution, pp. 281–2.
89. Adolf Hitler. Monologe, p. 106 (25.10.41).
90. Gerald Fleming, Hitler and the Final Solution, paperback edn., Berkeley/Los Angeles, 1994, pp. 73–4.
91. Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde, pp. 573–4.
92. Alfred Streim, Die Behandlung sowjetischer Kriegsgefangener im ‘Fall Barbarossa’, Heidelberg/Karlsruhe, 1981, pp. 85–6.
93. Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde, pp. 567–9.
94. Matthäus in Browning, The Origins of the Final Solution, p. 283, and p. 504n. 212; Breitman, pp. 195–6; Longerich, Politik der Vernichtung, pp. 372–3.
95. Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde, pp. 572–3 and n. 435.
96. See Streim, pp. 89–93.
97. Roseman, p. 101; Aly, pp. 302–3 and n. 10.
98. In East Galicia alone, a further half a million Jews fell under Nazi control (Browning, The Origins of the Final Solution, p. 347).
99. Institut für Zeitgeschichte, Munich, ED 100, Diary of Walther Hewel (10 July 1941); also quoted in David Irving, Hitler’s War, London, 1977, p. 291; and Kershaw, Hitler, 1936–1945, p. 470.
100. Staatsmänner und Diplomaten bei Hitler. Vertrauliche Aufzeichnungen über die Unterredungen mit Vertretern des Auslandes 1939–1941, ed. Andreas Hillgruber, paperback edn., Munich, 1969, p. 310; also quoted in Kershaw, Hitler, 1936–1945, p. 470; and Browning, The Origins of the Final Solution, p. 315.
101. Quoted in Aly, p. 285, and see pp. 301–6 for the convincing suggestion that the figures provided at the Wannsee Conference in January 1942 mainly reflect the planning perspectives of June and July 1941.
102. Aly, pp. 273, 328; Kershaw, Hitler, 1936–1945, p. 471.
103. Quoted in Browning, The Origins of the Final Solution, p. 318.
104. Kershaw, Hitler, 1936–1945, pp. 473–4 and plate 45.
105. Browning, The Origins of the Final Solution, p. 319.
106. Aly, p. 338; Browning, The Origins of the Final Solution, pp. 321–2.
107. Longerich, Ermordung, p. 157.
108. Longerich, Ermordung, pp. 74–5.
109. Ian Kershaw, ‘Improvised Genocide? The Emergence of the "Final Solution” in the "Warthegau”’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 6th series, 2 (1992), pp. 62–71.
110. Browning, The Origins of the Final Solution, p. 329.
111. Browning, The Origins of the Final Solution, pp. 375–7, for the city of origin of the deportations.
112. Browning, The Origins of the Final Solution, pp. 342–3, 346, 351.
113. Browning, The Origins of the Final Solution, p. 372.
114. Christian Gerlach, ‘Die Wannsee-Konferenz, das Schicksal der deutschen Juden und Hitlers politische Grundsatzentscheidung, alle Juden Europas zu ermorden’, Werkstattgeschichte, 18 (1997), p. 17; Longerich, Politik der Vernichtung, p. 464.
115. This is the plausible claim in the fine, short study by Husson, pp. 145–55.
116. Adolf Hitler. Monologe, pp. 125–6, 130–31.
117. Domarus, pp. 1772–3, 1781.
118. Adolf Hitler. Monologe, p. 148.
119. Roseman, pp. 56–60.
120. Die Tagebücher von Joseph Goebbels, part II, vol. 2, p. 498 (13.12.41).
121. Diensttagebuch, pp. 457–8; trans. Noakes and Pridham, vol. 3, pp. 1126–7; and Browning, The Origins of the Final Solution, pp. 408–9. See also Bogdan Musial, Deutsche Zivilverwaltung und Judenverfolgung im Generalgouvernement, Wiesbaden, 1999, pp. 218–20.
122. Cesarani, p. 114. At his Jerusalem trial, Eichmann recalled, he said, that there had been talk at the conference of ‘killing and eliminating and exterminating’ (Longeric
h, Ermordung, p. 93). See Roseman, pp. 68–79 for the most plausible interpretation of the deliberately opaque written record of the meeting.
123. The civil administration in the General Government was already anticipating the ‘final solution’ in its organizational preparations (Musial, pp. 220–22).
124. Roseman, p. 77.
125. It is far more convincing to see this as an extension of the murderous programme, rather than as the outcome of a fundamental decision to carry out the ‘final solution’ taken as late as June 1942 (see Florent Brayard, La ‘solution finale de la question juive’. La technique, le temps et les catégories de la décision, Paris, 2005, esp. pp. 16–18, 30–38).
126. The title of Richard Breitman’s impressive book was The Architect of Genocide. Himmler and the Final Solution.
127. Eberhard Jäckel, ‘From Barbarossa to Wannsee. The Role of Reinhard Heydrich’, unpublished essay kindly made available by the author.
128. Berlin Document Centre, SS-HO, 933, Himmler to Gottlob Berger, 28.7.42.
129. Fleming, pp. 106–12.
130. Hitlers politisches Testament. Die Bormann Diktate von Februar und April 1945, Hamburg, 1981, pp. 69–70. These last recorded monologues by Hitler survive in a somewhat dubious form (see Kershaw, Hitler, 1936–1945, pp. 1024–5 n. 121). Despite necessary caveats, the comments have an authentic ring of Hitler about them.
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