“They’ll never have a new idea”: Klaus P. Fischer, Nazi Germany: A New History (New York, 1995), pp. 285–86; Broszat, Der Staat Hitlers, pp. 251–52.
broke into stormy applause: Papen’s remarks are found in Joachim Päzold, Franz von Papen, ein deutsches Verhängnis (Munich, 1995), pp. 208–18.
open to a change of government: Delmer, Trail Sinister, p. 233.
“the slightest attempt at sabotage”: Domarus, ed., Hitler Speeches, vol. I, pp. 463–64; Kershaw, Hitler, vol. I, p. 510.
sternly reinforced that position: See Sefton Delmer, Trail Sinister, pp. 233–34; Kershaw, Hitler, vol. I, pp. 510–11.
to carry out the operation: Longerich, Die braunen Bataillone, pp. 194–95.
“revolutionary agitation from below”: Domarus, ed., Hitler Speeches, vol. 1 January 25, 1934, p. 466.
“has put his own head in a noose”: Domarus, ed., Hitler Speeches, vol. I, p. 466.
on that long murderous night: Ibid., p. 469ff.
no idea that anything unusual was taking place: Toland, Adolf Hitler, p. 345.
It was not safe in the capital today: Ibid., p. 341; Kershaw, Hitler, vol. I, pp. 515.
he could only mutter: “crazy”: Toland, Adolf Hitler, p. 340.
“circles of pretentious characters”: This account was the first to be issued by the Nazis on the events of June 30. Domarus, ed., Hitler Speeches, vol. I, p. 473.
“My Führer, my Führer”: Toland, Adolf Hitler, p. 345.
made retroactively legal: Domarus, ed., Hitler Speeches, vol. I, p. 481.
“having to overcome a difficult crisis”: Ibid., p. 500.
“makes itself guilty”: Ibid., p. 501.
“it is itself supreme justice”: Claudia Koonz, The Nazi Conscience (New York, 1988), p. 98. For a full exposition of Schmitt’s defense of Hitler’s actions, see Schmitt’s “Der Führer schützt das Recht”: zur Reichstagsrede Adolf Hitlers von 13. Juli 1934, translated in Rabinbach and Gilman, eds., The Third Reich Source Book, pp. 63–67.
“extremely unfavorable response”: See, for example, the police report for July 1934 on the negative reaction of the population in Catholic Münster, Joachim Kuropka, Meldungen aus Münster 1924–1944 (Münster, 1992), p. 151.
A similar telegram went to Göring: Domarus, ed., Hitler Speeches, vol. I, p. 480. Hindenburg was no doubt enormously relieved to see the SA throttled, but the laudatory text of the telegram, some believe, was composed by an aide.
“the traitors and mutineers”: Blomberg quoted in Kershaw, Hitler, vol. 2, p. 512.
lost 40 percent of its troops: Kershaw, Hitler, vol. I, p. 517.
“a brave soldier for this oath”: Domarus, ed., Hitler Speeches, vol. I, p. 509.
Chapter 10: The People’s Community
“become the source of artistic intuition”: Domarus, ed., Hitler Speeches, vol. I, pp. 13–14, 279.
“a revival and resurrection of German art”: Baynes, ed., The Speeches of Adolf Hitler, vol. I, p. 569.
four thousand works had been banned in that year alone: Richard Evans, The Third Reich in Power, pp. 158–59.
Mozart’s Italian librettist was of Jewish origin: Friedländer, Nazi Germany and the Jews, vol. I, pp. 133–34.
Dancers: German Modern Dance and the Third Reich (New York, 2003).
Inspired by the Nazis: For treatments of Weimar’s challenge to traditional values, see Eric D. Weitz, Weimar Germany: Promises and Tragedy (Princeton, 2007); Peter Gay, Weimar Culture: The Outsider as Insider (New York, 1968); Walter Laqueur, Weimar: A Cultural History (New York, 1974); John Willett, Art and Politics in the Weimar Period: The New Sobriety, 1917–1933 (New York, 1978); and Lilian Karina and Marion Kant, Tanz unter dem Hakenkreuz. Eine Dokumentation (Berlin, 1999), pp. 122–44, Fritz Böhme quote, p. 135.
mounted in sixteen different cities: Frederic Spotts, Hitler and the Power of Aesthetics (London, 2002), p. 153ff.
seized seventeen thousand pieces of forbidden art: Jonathan Petropoulos, Art as Politics in the Third Reich (Chapel Hill, 1994), pp. 55–56.
architects, Paul Ludwig Troost and Albert Speer: Eric Michand, The Cult of Art in Nazi Germany (Palo Alto, 2004), pp. 110–11.
“hard-earned money and displayed as art”: Fritz Kaiser, Führer durch die Ausstellung Enartete Kunst, in Joseph Wulf, ed., Die Bildenden Künste im Dritten Reich, pp. 358–60.
a freak show: Jonathan Petropoulos, Art as Politics in the Third Reich, pp. 51–58; Frederic Spotts, Hitler and the Power of Aesthetics, pp. 152–54.
“their last opportunity to see modern art”: New York Times, August 6, 1937.
“the ever-open jaws of the perpetrators of these atrocities”: Karl Heinz Schmeer, Die Regie des öffentlichen Lebens im Dritten Reich (Munich, 1956), p. 109.
performed a service for the Reich: Goebbels, Tagebücher, Aufzeichnungen, vol. 4, November 5, 1937, p. 392.
bound for extinction is impossible to know: Frankfurter Zeitung, February 27, 1938, in Wulf, Die bildenden Künste im Dritten Reich, p. 364.
burned in the courtyard of a Berlin fire station: Petropoulos, Art as Politics in the Third Reich, pp. 51–58.
“big-city night clubs and international bordellos”: Der SA-Mann, September 18, 1937, quoted in George L. Mosse, Nazi Culture (New York, 1966), pp. 50–52.
“conquer the soul of the nation”: “Erobert die Seele der Nation,” in “Goebbels Spricht.” Reden aus Kampf und Sieg (Oldenburg, 1933), pp. 74–75.
Nazism’s core values: Anselm Faust, “Professoren für die NSDAP. Zum politischen Verhalten der Hochschullehrer 1932/33,” in Manfred Heinemann, Erziehung und Schulung im Dritten Reich, Teil 2. Hochschulen, Erwachsenbildung (Stuttgart, 1980), pp. 31–49.
including eleven Nobel laureates: Evans, The Coming of the Third Reich, pp. 422–26.
“it just doesn’t exist anymore”: Richard Grunberger, The 12-Year Reich: A Social History of the Third Reich, 1933–1945 (New York, 1971), p. 309.
encountered problems finding positions: Laqueur, Weimar, p. 257.
assault on “the Weimar system”: Geoffrey J. Giles, “The Rise of the National Socialist Students Association and the Failure of Political Education in the Third Reich,” in Peter D. Stachura, The Shaping of the Nazi State (London, 1978), pp. 160–85. See also Anselm Faust, Der Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Studentenbund: Studenten und Nationalsozialismus in der Weimarer Republik, 2 vols. (Düsseldorf, 1973).
“their thinking in the German spirit”: Anselm Faust, “Die Hochschulen und der ‘undeutsche Geist’: Die Bücherverbrennungen am 10. Mai 1933 und ihre Vorgeschichte,” in Hermann Haarmann, Walter Huder, and Klaus Siebenhaar, eds., “Das war ein Vorspiel nur . . .” Bücherverbrennung Deutschland 1933: Voraussetzungen und Folgen, Berlin and Vienna, 1983, pp. 31–50.
disappeared into the bonfire: Philip Metcalfe, 1933 (New York, 1988), pp. 121–23.
it had come to this: Neuköllner Tageblatt, May 12, 1933, quoted in Albert Wucher, Die Fahne Hoch. Das Ende der Republik und Hitlers Machtübernahme. Ein Dokumentarbericht (Munich, 1963), pp. 210–12; see also Philip Metcalfe’s vivid account in his 1933, pp. 121–24.
the low quality of their educational preparedness: Grunberger, The 12-Year Reich, p. 402.
“the schools but the nation as a whole”: Wucher, Die Fahne Hoch, p. 209.
to political reliability tests: Grunberger, The 12-Year Reich, p. 399.
more than five million by the close of 1934: Kater, Hitler Youth, p. 19.
“I will create the New Order”: Quoted in David G. Williams, The Hitler Youth, self-published, 2014.
“to die for Germany”: The Jungvolk swearing-in pledge of ten-year-old boys. April 20, 1936, The Hitler Youth. Prelude to War. The History Place.com. On Nazi indoctrination of youth, see Burleigh and Wippermann, The Racial State, pp. 199–241, and Claudia Koonz, The Nazi Conscience, pp. 131–62.
“never be free for the rest of their lives”: Hitler speaking to the Reichstag in December 1938, quoted in H. W. Koch, The Hitler Youth: Origins an
d Development, 1922–1945 (New York: Cooper Square Press, 1975), p. 127.
activities cut into study time: Grunberger, The 12-Year Reich, pp. 402–6.
teacher and student, priest and parishioner: W. Klosse, Generation im Gleichtritt (Oldenburg, 1964); and Koch, The Hitler Youth, pp. 127–30.
“the loss of parental rights and personal freedom”: Sopade, Deutschland-Bericht, December 1938, pp. 1400–1401.
“began to envy the childless”: Burleigh, The Third Reich, p. 237.
League of German Girls (BdM): See Michael Kater, The Nazi Party: A Social Profile of Members and Leaders (Oxford, 1989), and his Hitler Youth (Cambridge, MA, 2006).
young women became pregnant: New Beginning’s monthly report for June/July 1934, in Stöver, ed., Berichte über die Lage in Deutschland, p. 209.
“Baldur, squeeze me”: Kater, Hitler Youth, pp. 73–85; Grunberger, The 12-Year Reich, p. 356ff.
“that the man’s world can be formed and can grow”: Hitler speech, September 8, 1934, in Domarus, ed., Hitler Speeches, vol. I, p. 532.
an official national holiday: See Karen Hausen, “Mother’s Day in the Weimar Republic,” in Renate Bridenthal, Atina Grossmann, and Marion Kaplan, eds., When Biology Became Destiny: Women in Weimar and Nazi Germany (New York, 1984), pp. 131–33; also Irmgard Weyrather, Muttertag und Mutterkreuz. Der Kult um die “deutsche Mutter” im Nationalsozialismus (Frankfurt am.M., 1993).
removed from higher administrative posts in education: Ute Frevert, Women in German History: From Bourgeois Emancipation to Sexual Liberation (New York, 1989), p. 219.
policy toward women and the family: Ibid., pp. 217–18; and Koonz, Mothers in the Fatherland, pp. 177–83. See also Jill Stephenson, Women in Nazi Germany (London, 2001), and her earlier The Nazi Organization of Women (London, 1981). The most succinct treatment of Nazi women’s organizations can be found in Stephenson, “The Nazi Organization of Women 1933–1939,” in Peter Stachura, ed., The Shaping of the Nazi State (London, 1978), pp. 186–209.
“the woman stands up for the family”: Mosse, Nazi Culture, pp. 39–40.
“is a comrade, a fellow combatant”: Hanns Anderlahn, Gegner erkannt! Kampferlebnisse der SA (Munich, 1937), pp. 60–63, quoted in ibid., p. 31.
“more useful than lipstick in promoting health”: Report in the Frankfurter Zeitung, June 1, 1937, quoted in ibid., p. 43.
were working outside the home than in 1933: Frevert, Women in German History, pp. 218–19.
not welcome in Nazi factory gatherings: Report of the Frankfurter Zeitung, August 11, 1933, cited in Mosse, Nazi Culture, p. 45.
until the collapse of the Third Reich: Koonz, Mothers in the Fatherland, p. 197.
“every year at the party rally in Nürnberg”: “ ‘Did You Hear the One About Hitler?,’ ” Spiegel Online, August 30, 2006. See also F. K. M. Hillenbrand, Underground Humor in Nazi Germany, 1933–1945 (London: Routledge, 1995); and Rudolph Herzog and Jefferson Chase, Dead Funny: Telling Jokes in Hitler’s Germany (Brooklyn, NY: Melville House, reprint, 2012).
families could not afford: Tooze, The Wages of Destruction, pp. 148–49.
by 1939 it was one in two: Ibid.
including swimming pools: Shelley Baranowski, Strength Through Joy (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2007), pp. 55–56. See also Albert Speer, Inside the Third Reich (New York, 1970), pp. 94–95.
beyond the borders of the Third Reich: Speer, Inside the Third Reich, pp. 94–95.
availed themselves of KdF trips: Baranowski, Strength Through Joy, pp. 48–50; and Wolfgang König, Volkswagen, Volksempfänger, Volksgemeinschaft, pp. 192–219.
“the German worker whom we show to the world”: Schoenbaum, Hitler’s Social Revolution, p. 105.
“with a depressing [economic] situation”: Noakes and Pridham, eds., Nazism, vol. II, pp. 352–53.
during the Third Reich was made in 1960: Tooze, The Wages of Destruction, pp. 148–50; also König, Volkswagen, Volksempfänger, Volksgemeinschaft, pp. 151–91.
“there will be no more ‘good days’ in Germany”: Hans-Jochen Gamm, Der Flusterwitz im Dritten Reich. Mündliche Dokumente zur Lage der Deutschen während des Nationalsozialismus (Munich, 1990), p. 57.
“ball with the swastika in a toy shop”: Klemperer, I Will Bear Witness, diary entries for March 22 and March 30, 1933, pp. 9–10.
a new people’s community supported by all: Peter Fritzsche, Life and Death in the Third Reich (Cambridge, MA, 2008), pp. 20–23.
“need only inquire at the local party office”: Grunberger, The 12-Year Reich, p. 111.
transcending the now irrelevant boundaries of class: On the political significance of National Socialist Holidays, see Spotts, Hitler and the Power of Aesthetics, pp. 100–7.
a sea of Storm Troopers and Hitler Youth: Ibid., pp. 65–66.
every year down to the outbreak of the war: Franz Janke, Die braune Gesellschaft. Ein Volk wird Formatiert (Stuttgart, 1997), pp. 370–77; and Spotts, Hitler and the Power of Aesthetics, pp. 104–6.
class and region had disappeared: Franz Janke, Die braune Gesellschaft, p. 143ff.
the figure had plunged to 500,000: Tooze, The Wages of Destruction, pp. 47–48. See also Harold James, The German Slump: Politics and Economics, 1924–1936 (Oxford, 1986); and Richard J. Overy, The Nazi Economic Recovery, 1932–1938 (London, 1982).
and relied heavily on such denunciations: Robert Gellately, The Gestapo and German Society: Enforcing Racial Policy, 1933–1945 (Oxford, 1990). See also his article “The Gestapo and German Society: Political Denunciations in the Gestapo Case Files,” Journal of Modern History, 60 (1988), pp. 654–94.
foundation of the Nazi system of terror: For the early development of the concentration camp system, see Nikolaus Wachsmann, The History of the Nazi Concentration Camps (New York, 2015).
“which twisted and blighted all human relations”: Erik Larson, In the Garden of the Beast (New York, 2011), p. 223.
“watch for the telephone and speak in whispers”: Ibid., p. 236.
was the slogan of one group: Kater, Hitler Youth, p. 137.
“We’re the fighting Navajos”: Petlev Peukert, Die Edelweisspiraten: Protestbewegungen jugendlicher Arbeiter im Dritten Reich. Eine Dokumentation (Cologne, 1985), p. 71; and Evans, The Third Reich in Power, pp. 244–45.
“disintegration of the youth”: Detlev Peukert, Volksgenossen und Gesellschaftsfremde, pp. 173–218, quote from p. 183; and Kater, Hitler Youth, pp. 113–66.
caution when dealing with the Church: See the Gestapo reports and assorted correspondence from the predominantly Catholic area around Münster in Westphalia for 1934–37, in Joachim Kuropka, ed., Meldungen aus Münster 1924–1944 (Münster, 1992), pp. 427–501; also Jeremy Noakes, “The Oldenburg Crucifix Struggle of November 1936,” in Stachura, ed., The Shaping of the Nazi State, pp. 210–33.
a revival of the Nordic “blood soul”: Rosenberg’s The Myth of the Twentieth Century, published in 1930, was a ferocious assault on Christianity, especially the Catholic Church. The book was little read, even within National Socialist circles, and Rosenberg was widely ridiculed by many in the party’s elite, but it represented a clarion call to arms against both Protestantism and Catholicism and was roundly condemned by both. Rosenberg was also perhaps the most vociferous purveyor of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion. Joachim C. Fest, The Face of the Third Reich: Portraits of the Nazi Leadership (Boston: Da Capo, 1999), pp. 163–74. Rosenberg’s Myth provoked Cardinal Clemens von Galen to write a closely argued pamphlet against the book that was widely disseminated in Germany. It was only a small step from there to his open denunciation of the regime’s euthanasia program. Grunberger, The 12-Year Reich, p. 451.
it was widely circulated nonetheless: Sopade, Deutschland-Bericht, July 1935, report from Rheinland-Westfalen, pp. 571–72.
“The time for the cross is now over”: Sopade, Deutschland-Bericht, June 1935, report from Southern Bavaria, pp. 674–75.
all across Germany on Palm Sunday, March
21, 1937: Guenter Lewy, The Catholic Church and Nazi Germany (New York, 1964). See Michael Burleigh and Wolfgang Wippermann, The Racial State, 1933–1945 (Cambridge, UK, 1991), pp. 152–53.
“the premature hymns of the enemies of Christ”: “Mit brennender Sorge,” Rome, 1938.
“but the law of the German people”: Evans, The Third Reich in Power, pp. 244–45.
its oppressive intervention in everyday life: Ian Kershaw, Popular Opinion and Political Dissent in the Third Reich, 1933–1945 (Oxford, 1983), p. 223.
ran into trouble almost immediately: See Richard Steigmann-Gall, “Religion and the Churches, in Caplan, ed., Nazi Germany, pp. 146–67.
liberated by the Americans in spring 1945: Ibid.; and Scholder, Die Kirchen und das Dritte Reich, pp. 701–42.
“I can promise them”: Hitler’s Table Talk, from July 11–12, 1941, and February 8, 1942, pp. 6–7, 30.
Nazis closed the Catacombe: Peter Jelavich, Berlin Cabaret (Cambridge, MA, 1993), pp. 236–37.
“You are compromised beyond repair”: Milton Mayer, They Thought They Were Free: The Germans, 1933–45 (Chicago, 1955), pp. 167–72.
“The revolution that we have made”: Helmut Heiber, ed., The Early Goebbels Diaries (London, 1962).
Chapter 11: A Racial Revolution
under different—“Aryan”—management: Heiden, Der Fuehrer, p. 587.
the lower reaches of German society: David Schoenbaum, Hitler’s Social Revolution (New York, 1966), p. 55.
“died out from blood poisoning”: Hitler, Mein Kampf, pp. 286–90.
“the total victory of the former”: Ibid., p. 296.
“hence worthy of existence”: Ibid., p. 327.
the first task of National Socialism: Ibid., pp. 325–26.
found among the party’s militants and the SA: Fritzsche, Life and Death in the Third Reich, pp. 90, 105–6.
regional variations existed: Hermann Graml, Antisemitism in the Third Reich (London, 1992), pp. 97–98.
“confronted with a concrete solution”: Friedländer, Nazi Germany and the Jews, vol. I, p. 28.
“we’re from Prenzlau”: Fritzsche, Life and Death in the Third Reich, p. 78.
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