“two fully equipped divisions in the field?”: Domarus, ed., Hitler Speeches, vol. III, p. 1555.
was widely viewed as already allied with Great Britain: Friedländer, Nazi Germany and the Jews, p. 128; Goebbels quoted in Jeffrey Herf, The Jewish Enemy: Nazi Propaganda During World War II and the Holocaust (Cambridge, MA, 2006), p. 54.
composed by the “charlatan from Washington”: Goebbels, Tagebücher, 6, I, April 17 and 18, 1939, p. 319. The text of Roosevelt’s letter is found in Domarus, Hitler Speeches, vol. III, pp. 1548–50.
and he renounced that as well: Domarus, ed., Hitler Speeches, vol. III, pp. 1574–75.
It was a bravura performance: See Shirer’s firsthand account of the scene in the Reichstag, Shirer, Berlin Diary, pp. 165–67.
“what a dwarf is a man like Roosevelt”: Goebbels, Tagebücher, 6, I, April 19, 1939, p. 332.
Its purpose was to intimidate the West: Text in Domarus, ed., Hitler Speeches, vol. III, pp. 1612–15.
“not to be for 80,000,000 people”: Hitler’s remarks, in Noakes and Pridham, eds., Nazism, vol. 3, pp. 736–38.
“ ‘I’ve got them! I’ve got them’ ”: Speer, Inside the Third Reich, p. 223.
“Pursuit until complete annihilation”: Norman Rich, Hitler’s War Aims (New York, 1978), vol. I, p. 129.
translated into a military alliance: Christopher Thorne, The Approach of War, 1938–39 (New York, 1967).
the Corridor must be resolved without delay: Schmidt, Hitler’s Interpreter, pp. 141–45.
to work for moderation in Warsaw: Ibid., p. 144.
made a sustained military effort impossible: Ibid., pp. 145–46.
“a calamity without parallel in history”: Ibid., pp. 145–46, 148.
“for the sake of one city”: Sopade, Deutschland-Bericht 1939, pp. 190–92.
The Poles must accept this condition: Toland, Adolf Hitler, pp. 562–63; and Nevile Henderson, The Failure of a Mission (London, 1944).
They were prepared to fight: Toland, Adolf Hitler, pp. 563, 566–67.
“I had done everything to maintain peace”: Schmidt, Hitler’s Interpreter, pp. 154–55.
reinforcing the Führer’s gambling instincts: Kershaw, Hitler, vol. II, pp. 90–91.
a completely abnormal person: Bullock, A Study in Tyranny, p. 487.
“ ‘Idiots, have I ever told a lie in my life?’ ”: Domarus, ed., Hitler Speeches, vol. III, pp. 1700–1707.
self-defense against a rapacious Poland: Toland, Adolf Hitler, pp. 566–67.
“with a population so dead set against it”: Shirer, Berlin Diary, p. 191.
“never be another November 1918 in German history”: The full text of Hitler’s speech is found in Domarus, ed., Hitler Speeches, vol. III, pp. 1750–56.
“exist between Great Britain and Germany”: Schmidt, Hitler’s Interpreter, pp. 156–57.
He was correct: Ibid., pp. 156–58.
“I saw them at Munich”: David Faber, Munich, 1938: Appeasement and World War II (New York, 2010).
in both the East and West: See François-Poncet, The Fateful Years, pp. 175–76.
It was a rout: Richard J. Evans, The Third Reich at War (New York, 2009), pp. 4–5.
executed and deposited in mass graves: Mazower, Hitler’s Empire: How the Nazis Ruled Europe (New York, 2008), pp. 100–101; and Timothy Snyder, Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin (New York, 2008), pp. 287, 298.
and 130,000 wounded: Evans, The Third Reich at War, p. 7.
“win the Lebensraum we need”: Max Hastings, Inferno: The World at War, 1939–1945 (New York, 2012), p. 18.
“Final Solution” to the “Jewish problem” in Europe: Longerich, Holocaust, pp. 134–47.
with a German governor: After the invasion of the Soviet Union, the frontiers of the General Government were extended to include Radom and Galicia.
roughly half were murdered by the militias: Evans, The Third Reich at War, pp. 14–15.
murdered nearly 200 people: Snyder, Bloodlands, pp. 126–27.
to compose the country’s intelligentsia: Mazower, Hitler’s Empire, 78–79.
settlers imported from the Baltic: Ibid., pp. 92–93.
murdered 560 Jews in the vicinity: Snyder, Bloodlands, p. 67.
beyond the providence of local army commanders: Ibid., p. 70.
“a one year prison sentence”: The Halder War Diary, 1939–1942, eds. Charles Burdick and Hans-Adolf Jacobsen (Presidio, CA, 1988), September 10, 1939, pp. 52–53.
“how such things can go unpunished”: General Alexander Ulex, infantry general, quoted in Graml, Antisemitism in the Third Reich, p. 158; Blaskowitz, quoted p. 159.
civilians while trudging eastward: Mazower, Hitler’s Empire, pp. 68–69.
the ideologically trained SS: Saul Friedländer, Nazi Germany and the Jews, vol. II, The Years of Extermination, 1939–1945 (New York, 2008), pp. 26–27; Martin Broszat, Nationalsozialistische Polenpolitik, 1939–1945 (Stuttgart, 1961), pp. 19–20.
photographs and sent them home: Friedländer, Nazi Germany and the Jews, vol. II, pp. 27–28.
“judenrein” (free of Jews): Graml, Antisemitism in the Third Reich, pp. 152–54.
Chapter 14: Hitler Turns West
would be a catastrophe: Ernest R. May, Strange Victory: Hitler’s Conquest of France (New York, 2000), p. 22.
“ground forces cannot be expected”: Franz Halder, Kriegstagebuch, vol. I, p. 118.
“He would have them shot”: Ibid., p. 78.
an immediate attack in the West: May, Strange Victory, p. 222.
nothing came of their plans: Peter Hoffmann, Widerstand, Staatsstreich, Attentat, pp. 74–130; and May, Strange Victory, pp. 217–28.
static warfare of the Great War: May, Strange Victory, pp. 216–17.
reinforcements and defeated: See Erich von Manstein, Lost Victories (Presidio, 1958, 1985 edition), pp. 94–126.
“wishes me to attain my goals”: Domarus, ed., Hitler Speeches, vol. III, p. 1876.
“when we have won”: Hitler address, November 23, 1939, in ibid., p. 1887.
commenced immediately: Tooze, The Wages of Destruction, pp. 381–85.
ports of Calais, Bolougne, and Dunkirk: The Halder War Diary, May 17–18, 1940, pp. 147–51.
The Germans readily accepted: Evans, The Third Reich at War, pp. 127–31.
“in the twenty-two years hence”: Shirer, Berlin Diary, pp. 422–23.
He would never see Paris again: Speer, Inside the Third Reich, pp. 236–37.
“France’s gravediggers”: Herf, The Jewish Enemy, p. 68.
still mired in the mud of the Great War: May, Strange Victory, pp. 256.
“the greatest and most glorious victory of all time”: Domarus, ed., Hitler Speeches, vol. III, p. 2042.
“except when he gave his word”: John Wheeler-Bennett, The Nemesis of Power: The German Army and Politics 1918–1945 (London, 1954), p. 461.
“He wants to keep on fighting alone”: Goebbels, Tagebücher, June 19, 1940, pp. 180–81.
“and stockjobbers” wanted this war: Domarus, ed., Hitler Speeches, vol. III, p. 2062.
“state of war against Germany”: Domarus, ed., Hitler Speeches, vol. II, July 16, 1937.
“and the democracies and plutocracies”: Herf, The Jewish Enemy, p. 60.
“what the German people want”: Goebbels quoted in Ibid., pp. 66, 70.
out in front of Hitler and the Nazi leadership: See John Lukacs, The Duel: The Eighty-Day Struggle Between Hitler and Churchill (New York, 1991), pp. 173–76.
“unwilling to ‘choose the way to peace’ ”: The Halder War Diary, July 13, p. 227.
for an invasion of Britain: Evans, The Third Reich at War, pp. 139–45.
subdue the Royal Air Force in five weeks: Kershaw, Hitler, vol. II, pp. 309–10.
underestimated their importance: Williamson Murray, Luftwaffe (Baltimore: National Nautical & Aviation Publishing Co. of America), p. 52. For more on the course of the Battle of Britain and the ensuin
g Blitz, see Richard Overy, The Air War, 1939–1945 (Stein & Day, 1980), pp. 30–37.
Chapter 15: The Crusade Against Judeo-Bolshevism
White Russia, and the Baltic States: The Halder War Diary, July 31, 1940, p. 244ff.
no better in the spring: Ibid., December 5, 1940, p. 297.
“Russian tanks are poorly armored”: Ibid. Also Das Deutsche Reich und der Zweite Weltkrieg, vol. 4, Der Angriff auf die Sowjetunion, pp. 191–202.
“will come crashing down”: Alan Clark, Barbarossa: The Russian-German Conflict, 1941–1945 (New York, 1965), p. 43.
the Führer had other ideas: Walter Warlimont, Inside Hitler’s Headquarters, 1939–45 (Novato, CA), p. 138.
“of no great importance”: The Halder War Diary, December 5, 1940, pp. 293–94.
understood the thrust of his remarks: Brauchitsch instructed army commanders that “the troops must be clear that the struggle will be carried out from race to race (von Rasse zu Rasse) and proceed with necessary severity.” Ibid., March 30, 1941, p. 346.
to operate from the same script: Helmut Krausnick, “Kommisarbefehl und ‘Gerichtsbarkeiterlass Barbarossa’ in neuer Sicht,” in Vierteljahreshefte zur Zeitgeschichte, 2 (1977), p. 628ff.
told a very different story: In the autumn of 1939 Soviet forces under General Georgy Zhukov soundly defeated the Japanese in a major tank battle that ended Japanese ambitions in the north.
every fifth man in the Army: Heinz Guderian, Panzer Leader (New York, 1996), p. 151.
“The world,” Hitler said, “will hold its breath”: Anthony Beevor, Stalingrad: The Fateful Siege, 1942–1943 (New York, 1998), p. 12.
what it needed as it moved along: Evans, The Third Reich at War, pp. 324–25.
“many of them Jews, would starve”: Götz Aly and Susanne Heim, Architects of Annihilation: Auschwitz and the Logic of Destruction (Princeton, 2002), pp. 234–42; Longerich, Holocaust, p. 181.
“also Muscovite nationalism, of their centers”: The Halder War Diary, July 8, 1941, p. 458.
had attacked Western Europe in the summer of 1940: Gerhard Weinberg, A World at Arms: A Global History World War II (Cambridge, UK, 1994), pp. 193–94.
“I am going to see the Marx Brothers”: Toland, Adolf Hitler, pp. 659–66.
the solitary inmate in Germany’s Spandau Prison, in 1987: Kershaw, Hitler, vol. II, pp. 338–69.
heard throughout the Berghof: Speer, Inside the Third Reich, p. 239.
“Hitler,” Goebbels recorded in his diary, “is completely shaken”: Goebbels, Tagebücher, Aufzeichnungen, Teil 1, May 14, 1941, p. 640.
“be the second man after the Führer”: Goebbels, Tagebücher, Aufzeichnungen, Teil I, May 1, 1941, pp. 640–41.
“to be disposed of by arms”: English translation in Lucy S. Dawidowicz, The War Against the Jews, 1933–1945 (seventh edition, New York, 1981), p. 165. See also Friedländer, Nazi Germany and the Jews, vol. II, pp. 134–35.
“every active or passive resistance”: Dawidowicz, The War Against the Jews, p. 166.
“just atonement on Jewish subhumanity”: Quoted in Dawidowicz, The War Against the Jews, pp. 164, 166, 167.
the Einsatzgruppen on the ground: Longerich, Holocaust, pp. 221–23; Hermann Graml, “Hitler und die Befehle an die Einsatzgruppen im Sommer 1941,” in Eberhard Jäckel und Jürgen Rohwer, Der Mord an die Juden im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Entschlussbildung und Verwirklichung (Stuttgart, 1985), p. 88ff. Also Graml, Antisemitism in the Third Reich, p. 169.
in intensity as the war progressed: Jürgen Förster, “The German Army and the Ideological War Against the Soviet Union,” in Gerhard Hirschfeld, ed., The Policies of Genocide: Jews and Soviet Prisoners of War in Nazi Germany (London, 1986), pp. 15–29; Longerich, Holocaust, pp. 196–205.
“for many more weeks to come”: The Halder War Diary, July 3, 1941, pp. 446–47.
claimed 95,000 victims by December 1: Graml, Antisemitism in the Third Reich, pp. 170–71.
were shot in a single day: Noakes and Pridham, eds., Nazism, vol. III, pp. 1098–99.
already descending into the pit: Ibid., pp. 1100–101.
murder of 700,000 Jews: Raul Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews (New York, 1985), pp. 108–9.
“in another killing operation”: OKWA Wehrwirtschaftsund Rüstungsamt Stab 1a Tridrnrtivhy über Besuch im Abschnitt der Heeresgruppe Mitte, July 21, 1941, in Kulka and Jäckel, Die Juden in den geheimen NS-Stimmungsberichten, 1933–1945, p. 451.
with which he had been involved: Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews, pp. 131–33.
across German-occupied Eastern Europe: Noakes and Pridham, eds., Nazism, vol. III, p. 1138.
not informed about the casualties: Gestapo report, June 26, 1941, in H. Boberach, Meldungen aus dem Reich, vol. 7, p. 2044.
“and thirdly exploit it”: Kershaw, Hitler, vol. II, p. 405.
a German “garden of Eden”: Hitler monologue, July 27, 1941, in Hitler’s Table Talk, pp. 15–16.
German empire into the future: Mazower, Hitler’s Empire, pp. 204–11.
but to Himmler’s SS: Kershaw, Hitler, vol. II, pp. 406–7.
spoke openly about it with foreign statesmen: Friedländer, Nazi Germany and the Jews, vol. II, pp. 272–82.
Jewish plutocrats and Bolsheviks who controlled both: Herf, The Jewish Enemy, pp. 97–99.
whose jurisdiction would be affected: Friedländer, Nazi Germany and the Jews, vol. II, pp. 237–38; Mazower, Hitler’s Empire, pp. 80–81; and Robert Gerwarth, Hitler’s Hangman: The Life of Heydrich (New Haven, 2011), pp. 197–98.
“German space by the end of the year”: Gerwarth, Hitler’s Hangman, pp. 204–5.
all of whom were doomed to a short hopeless future: Moorehouse, Berlin at War, pp. 162–65.
marched into nearby woods and shot: Friedländer, Nazi Germany and the Jews, vol. II, pp. 266–67.
“clusters of sparse trees stretching to the horizon”: Gottlob Herbert Bidermann, In Deadly Combat: A German Soldier’s Memoir of the Eastern Front (Lawrence, KS, 2000), pp. 13–18.
“horse drawn equipment reminiscent of World War I”: Ibid., p. 15.
their primary operational objectives: Omer Bartov, Hitler’s Army: Soldiers, Nazis and War in the Third Reich (New York, 1991), p. 36. See also Catherine Merridale, Ivan’s War: Life and Death in the Red Army, 1939–1945 (New York, 2006).
dangers lurked everywhere around them: Kenneth Slepyan, Stalin’s Guerrillas: Soviet Partisans in World War II (Lawrence, KS, 2006), especially pp. 15–59.
“wounded men caught in the flames”: Clark, Barbarossa, pp. 138–39.
“anyone who doesn’t give us a straight look”: Friedländer, Nazi Germany and the Jews, vol. II, p. 200.
“the greatest field commander of all times”: Beevor, Stalingrad, pp. 28–29.
“put a damper on all higher headquarters”: The Halder War Diary, July 20, 1941, p. 482.
“the Russians simply put up another dozen”: Ibid., August 11, 1941, p. 506.
overall manpower of 3,200,000: Bartov, Hitler’s Army, pp. 37, 38, 43–44.
“will not be available to us again”: The Halder War Diary, November 23, 1941, p. 562.
“demolished in fourteen days”: Friedländer, Nazi Germany and the Jews, vol. II, p. 267.
“a scourge which will eventually be intolerable”: Warlimont, Inside Hitler’s Headquarters, p. 183.
a distant third in Hitler’s thinking: Guderian, Panzer Leader, pp. 189–90.
“the absurdity of Hitler’s orders”: Warlimont, Inside Hitler’s Headquarters, p. 185.
“zigzag course caused by his successive orders”: The Halder War Diary, August 22, 1941, p. 515.
“You can’t deny that”: Warlimont, Inside Hitler’s Headquarters, p. 189.
operational by the late fall: Overy, The Air War, pp. 49–51.
“have suffered heavy losses”: The Halder War Diary, August 10, p. 505.
“distant end is not yet in view”: Gestapo report of August 31, 1941, in Boberach,
ed., Meldungen aus dem Reich, vol. 11, p. 4146.
more than were lost to combat wounds: Beevor, Stalingrad, p. 40.
bombing of western German cities: Gestapo report of January 5, 1942, in Boberach, ed., Meldungen aus dem Reich, vol. 9, p. 3120.
highest rate coming among junior combat officers: The Halder War Diary, pp. 38–39.
“discussion was out of the question”: H. R. Trevor-Roper, The Last Days of Hitler, fourth edition, New York, 1962, p. 72.
more serious than officially communicated: Gestapo report of January 5, 1942, in Boberach, ed., Meldungen aus dem Reich, vol. 9, pp. 3120–21.
delusional imagination was doomed to failure: Manstein, Lost Victories, pp. 276–77.
and the Soviet Union—were saved: Das Deutsche Reich und der Zweite Weltkrieg, vol. 4, pp. 600–605; Beevor, Stalingrad, pp. 42–43.
“has never been conquered in 3,000 years”: Kershaw, Hitler, vol. II, p. 442.
Chapter 16: Holocaust and Total War
“as free of Jews as the Reich is”: Noakes and Pridham, eds., Nazism, vol. III, pp. 1126–27.
had been settled in only ninety minutes: Longerich, Holocaust, pp. 305–10.
got under way almost immediately: Ibid., p. 313ff.
a Star of David had been installed on the roof: Noakes and Pridham, eds., Nazism, vol. III, pp. 1146–47.
“only the occasional head or arms stick out”: Kurt Gerstein quoted in Noakes and Pridham, eds., Nazism, vol. III, pp. 1151–53.
the largest murder campaign of the Holocaust: Saul Friedländer, Nazi Germany and the Jews 1939–1945: The Years of Extermination (New York, 2007), pp. 479–80. By December 1942, 1,274,166 Jews had perished in the camps of Operation Reinhard.
“as much between individuals as between peoples”: Hitler’s Table Talk, January 27, 1942, evening, p. 260.
“only by eliminating the Jews”: Ibid., February 22, 1942, evening, p. 332.
“unswerving champion and spokesman of a radical solution”: Louis P. Lochner, ed., The Goebbels Diaries, 1942–1943 (New York, 1948), March 27, 1942, pp. 147–48.
“the most elementary principles of National Socialism”: Reports of SD Aussenstelle Minden, December 6 and 12, 1941, in Kulka and Jäckel, eds., Die Juden in den geheimen NS-Stimmungsberichte 1933–1945, pp. 476–77; and Report of the Stapostelle Bremen, November 11, 1941, in ibid., p. 471.
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