The 4-Percent Universe
Page 31
Massey, Richard, et al. 2007. "Dark Matter Maps Reveal Cosmic Scaffolding." Nature 445: 286–90.
Mather, John C., and John Boslough. 2008. The Very First Light: The True Inside Story of the Scientific Journey Back to the Dawn of the Universe. New York: Basic Books.
National Research Council of the National Academies. 2003. Connecting Quarks with the Cosmos: Eleven Science Questions for the New Century. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
Newberg, Heidi Jo Marvin. 1992. "Measuring q0 Using Supernovae at z ≈ 0.3." PhD diss., University of California, Berkeley, and Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory.
Newton, Isaac. 1999. The Principia: Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, trans. I. Bernard Cohen and Anne Whitman. Berkeley: University of California Press.
O'Connor, Flannery. 1979. "Writing Short Stories." In Mysteries and Manners. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux.
Ohm, E. A. 1961. "Receiving System." Bell System Technical Journal 40:1045.
Ostriker, J. P., and P. J. E. Peebles. 1973. "A Numerical Study of the Stability of Flattened Galaxies: Or, Can Cold Galaxies Survive?" Astrophysical Journal 186: 467–80.
Ostriker, J. P., P. J. E. Peebles, and A. Yahil. 1974. "The Size and Mass of Galaxies, and the Mass of the Universe." Astrophysical Journal 193: L1-L4.
Ostriker, J. P., and Paul J. Steinhardt. 1995. "The Observational Case for a Low-Density Universe with a Non-Zero Cosmological Constant." Nature 377: 600–2. Overbye, Dennis. 1992. Lonely Hearts of the Cosmos: The Scientific Quest for the Secret of the Universe. New York: Harper Perennial.
——. 1996. "Weighing the Universe." Science 272: 1426–28.
Paczynski, Bohdan. 1986a. "Gravitational Microlensing at Large Optical Depth." Astrophysical Journal 301: 503–16.
——. 1986b. "Gravitational Microlensing by the Galactic Halo." Astrophysical Journal 304: 1–5.
Pais, Abraham. 1997. 'Subtle Is the Lord...': The Science and the Life of Albert Einstein. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Peacock, John A., et al. 2001. "A Measurement of the Cosmological Mass Density from Clustering in the 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey." Nature 410: 169–73.
Peebles, P. J. E. 1965. "The Black-Body Radiation Content of the Universe and the Formation of Galaxies." Astrophysical Journal 142: 1317–26.
——. 1969. "Cosmology." Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada 63: 4–31.
——. 1970. "Structure of the Coma Cluster of Galaxies." Astronomical Journal 75:13–20.
——. 1974. Physical Cosmology. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
——. 1984. "Tests of Cosmological Models Constrained by Inflation." Astrophysical Journal 284: 439–44.
——. 1999. "Penzias and Wilson's Discovery of the Cosmic Microwave Background." Astrophysical Journal 525C: 1067–68.
——. 2003. "Open Problems in Cosmology." http://arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/0311435v1.
——. 2009. "How I Learned Physical Cosmology." In Finding the Big Bang, ed. P. James E. Peebles, Lyman A. Page, Jr., and R. Bruce Partridge. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Peebles, P. J. E., and J. T. Yu. 1970. "Primeval Adiabatic Perturbation in an Expanding Universe." Astrophysical Journal 162: 815–36.
Peebles, P. James E., Lyman A. Page, Jr., and R. Bruce Partridge, eds. 2009. Finding the Big Bang. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Penzias, Arno. 1992. "The Origin of Elements." In Nobel Lectures in Physics, 1971–1980, ed. Stig Lundqvist. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co.
——. 2009. "Encountering Cosmology." In Finding the Big Bang, ed. P. James E. Peebles, Lyman A. Page, Jr., and R. Bruce Partridge. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Penzias, A. A., and R. W. Wilson. 1965. "A Measurement of Excess Antenna Temperature at 4080 Mc/s." Astrophysical Journal 142: 419–21.
Perlmutter, Saul. 1986. "An Astrometric Search for a Stellar Companion to the Sun." PhD diss., Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory and University of California, Berkeley.
Perlmutter, S., G. Aldering, M. Della Valle, S. Deustua, R. S. Ellis, S. Fabbro, A. Fruchter, G. Goldhaber, D. E. Groom, I. M. Hook, A. G. Kim, M. Y. Kim, R. A. Knop, C. Lidman, R. G. McMahon, P. Nugent, R. Pain, N. Panagia, C. R. Pennypacker, P. Ruiz-Lapuente, B. Schaefer, and N. Walton. 1998. "Discovery of a Supernova Explosion at Half the Age of the Universe." Nature 391: 51–54.
Perlmutter, S., G. Aldering, G. Goldhaber, R. A. Knop, P. Nugent, P. G. Castro, S. Deustua, S. Fabbro, A. Goobar, D. E. Groom, I. M. Hook, A. G. Kim, M. Y. Kim, J. C. Lee, N. J. Nunes, R. Pain, C. R. Pennypacker, R. Quimby, C. Lidman, R. S. Ellis, M. Irwin, R. G. McMahon, P. Ruiz-Lapuente, N. Walton, B. Schaefer, B. J. Boyle, A. V. Filippenko, T. Matheson, A. S. Fruchter, N. Panagia, H. J. M. Newberg, and W. J. Couch. 1999. "Measurements of Ω and Λ from 42 High-Redshift Supernovae." Astrophysical Journal 517: 565–86.
Perlmutter, S., S. Deustua, S. Gabi, G. Goldhaber, D. Groom, I. Hook, A. Kim, M. Kim, J. Lee, R. Pain, C. Penypacker, I. Small, A. Goobar, R. Ellis, R. McMahon, B. Boyle, P. Bunclark, D. Carter, K. Glazebrook, M. Irwin, H. Newberg, A. V. Filippenko, T. Matheson, M. Dopita, J. Mould, and W. Couch. 1995. "Scheduled Discoveries of 7 + High-Redshift Supernovae: First Cosmology Results and Bounds on q0." Presented at the NATO Advanced Study Institute Thermonuclear Supernovae Conference, Aiguablava, Spain, June 20–30, 1995b.
Perlmutter, S., S. Gabi, G. Goldhaber, A. Goobar, D. E. Groom, I. M. Hook, A. G. Kim, M. Y. Kim, J. C. Lee, R. Pain, C. R. Pennypacker, I. A. Small, R. S. Ellis, R. G. McMahon, B. J. Boyle, P. S. Bunclark, D. Carter, M. J. Irwin, K. Glazebrook, H. J. M. Newberg, A. V. Filippenko, T. Matheson, M. Dopita, and W. J. Couch. 1997. "Measurements of the Cosmological Parameters Ω and Λ from the First Seven Supernovae at z [[[gteq.gif]]] 0.35." Astrophysical Journal 483: 565–81.
Perlmutter, S., C. R. Pennypacker, G. Goldhaber, A. Goobar, R. A. Muller, H. J. M. Newberg, J. Desai, A. G. Kim, M. Y. Kim, I. A. Small, B. J. Boyle, C. S. Crawford, R. G. McMahon, P. S. Bunclark, D. Carter, M. J. Irwin, R. J. Terlevich, R. S. Ellis, K. Glazebrook, W. J. Couch, J. R. Mould, T. A. Small, and R. G. Abraham. 1995a. "A Supernova at z = 0.458 and Implications for Measuring the Cosmological Deceleration." Astrophysical Journal Letters 440: L41-L44.
Petrossian, V., E. Salpeter, and P. Szekeres. 1967. "Quasi-Stellar Objects in Universes with Non-Zero Cosmological Constant." Astrophysical Journal 147: 1222–26.
Phillips, M. M. 1993. "The Absolute Magnitudes of Type Ia Supernovae." Astrophysical Journal 413: L105-L108.
Raup, David M., and J. John Sepkoski, Jr. 1984. "Periodicity of Extinctions in the Geologic Past." Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 81: 801–5.
Riess, Adam G., William H. Press, and Robert P. Kirshner. 1995a. "Using Type Ia Supernova Light Curve Shapes to Measure the Hubble Constant." Astrophysical Journal Letters 438: L17-L20.
——. 1995b. "Determining the Motion of the Local Group Using SN
Ia Light Curve Shapes." Astrophysical Journal Letters 445: L91-L94.
——. "A Precise Distance Indicator: Type Ia Supernova Multicolor Light-Curve Shapes." Astrophysical Journal 473: 88–109.
Riess, Adam G., Alexei V. Filippenko, Peter Challis, Alejandro Clocchiatti, Alan Diercks, Peter M. Garnavich, Ron L. Gilliland, Craig J. Hogan, Saurabh Jha, Robert P. Kirshner, B. Leibundgut, M. M. Phillips, David Reiss, Brian P. Schmidt, Robert A. Schommer, R. Chris Smith, J. Spyromilio, Christopher Stubbs, Nicholas B. Suntzeff, and John Tonry. 1998. "Observational Evidence from Supernovae for an Accelerating Universe and a Cosmological Constant." Astronomical Journal 16: 1009–38.
Riess, Adam G., Peter E. Nugent, Ronald L. Gilliland, Brian P. Schmidt, John Tonry, Mark Dickinson, Rodger I. Thompson, Tamás Budavári, Stefano Casertano, Aaron S. Evans, Alexei V. Filippenko, Mario Livio, David B. Sanders, Alice E. Shapley, Hyron Spinrad, Charles C.
Steidel, Daniel Stern, Jason Surace, and Sylvain Veilleux. 2001. "The Farthest Known Supernova: Support for an Accelerating Universe and a Glimpse of the Epoch of Deceleration." Astrophysical Journal 5
60: 49–71.
Riess, Adam G., Louis-Gregory Strolger, John Tonry, Stefano Casertano, Henry C. Ferguson, Bahram Mobasher, Peter Challis, Alexei V. Filippenko, Saurabh Jha, Weidong Li, Ryan Chornock, Robert P. Kirshner, Bruno Leibundgut, Mark Dickinson, Mario Livio, Mauro Giavalisco, Charles C. Steidel, Txitxo Benítez, and Zlatan Tsvetanov. 2004. "Type Ia Supernova Discoveries at z > 1 from the Hubble Space Telescope: Evidence for Past Deceleration and Constraints on Dark Energy Evolution." Astrophysical Journal 607: 665–87.
Riess, Adam G., Louis-Gregory Strolger, Stefano Casertano, Henry C. Ferguson, Bahram Mobasher, Ben Gold, Peter J. Challis, Alexei V. Filippenko, Saurabh Jha, Weidong Li, John Tonry, Ryan Foley, Robert P. Kirshner, Mark Dickinson, Emily MacDonald, Daniel Eisenstein, Mario Livio, Josh Younger, Chun Xu, Tomas Dahlén, and Daniel Stern. 2007. "New Hubble Space Telescope Discoveries of Type Ia Supernovae at z >= 1: Narrowing Constraints on the Early Behavior of Dark Energy." Astrophysical Journal 659: 98–121.
Riordan, Michael, and David N. Schramm. 1991. The Shadows of Creation: Dark Matter and the Structure of the Universe. New York: W. H. Freeman.
Rubin, Vera Cooper. 1951. "Differential Rotation of the Inner Metagalaxy." Astronomical Journal 1190: 47–48.
——. 1954. "Fluctuations in the Space Distribution of the Galaxies."
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 40: 541–49.
——. 1983. "The Rotation of Spiral Galaxies." Science 220: 1339–44.
——. 1997. Bright Galaxies, Dark Matters. Woodbury, NY: AIP Press.
——. 2003. "A Brief History of Dark Matter." In The Dark Universe:
Matter, Energy, and Gravity, ed. Mario Livio. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
——. 2006. "Seeing Dark Matter in the Andromeda Galaxy." Physics Today 59: 8–9.
Rubin, Vera C., Jaylee Burley, Ahmad Kiasatpoor, Benny Klock, Gerald Pease, Erich Rutscheidt, and Clayton Smith. 1962. "Kinematic Studies of Early-Type Stars, I: Photometric Survey, Space Motions, and Comparison with Radio Observations." Astronomical Journal 67: 491–531.
Rubin, Vera C., W. Kent Ford, Jr., and Judith S. Rubin. 1973. "A Curious Distribution of Radial Velocities of Sc I Galaxies with 14.0 [[[lteq.gif]]] m [[[lteq.gif]]] 15.0." Astrophysical Journal 183: L111-L115.
Rubin, Vera C., W. Kent Ford, Jr., Norbert Thonnard, Morton S. Roberts, and John A. Graham. 1976a. "Motion of the Galaxy and the Local Group Determined from the Velocity Anisotropy of Distant Sc I Galaxies, I: The Data." Astronomical Journal 81: 687–718.
Rubin, Vera C., Norbert Thonnard, W. Kent Ford, Jr., and Morton S. Roberts. 1976b. "Motion of the Galaxy and the Local Group Determined from the Velocity Anisotropy of Distant Sc I Galaxies, II: The Analysis for the Motion." Astronomical Journal 81: 719–37.
Rubin, Vera C., W. Kent Ford, Jr., and Norbert Thonnard. 1978. "Extended Rotation Curves of High-Luminosity Spiral Galaxies, IV: Systematic Dynamical Properties, SA→SC." Astrophysical Journal 225: L107-L111.
Sandage, Allan. 1970. "Cosmology: The Search for Two Numbers." Physics Today 23: 34–41.
——. 1987. "Observational Cosmology 1920–1985: An Introduction to the Conference." In Observational Cosmology (Proceedings of the 124th Symposium of the International Astronomical Union, Beijing, China, Aug. 25–30, 1986), ed. Adelaide Hewitt, Geoffrey Burbidge, and Li Zhi Fang. Dordrecht, Neth.: D. Reidel.
Smith, Sinclair. 1936. "The Mass of the Virgo Cluster." Astrophysical Journal 83:23–30.
Smoot, George, and Keay Davidson. 1994. Wrinkles in Time: Witness to the Birth of the Universe. New York: Harper Perennial.
Stachel, John, ed. 1998. Einstein's Miraculous Year: Five Papers That Changed the Face of Physics. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Staniszewski, Z., et al. 2009. "Galaxy Clusters Discovered with a Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect Survey." Astrophysical Journal 701: 32–41.
Thompson, Silvanus P. 1910. The Life of William Thomson, Baron Kelvin of Largs. London: Macmillan and Co.
Tolman, Richard C. 1987. Relativity, Thermodynamics, and Cosmology. New York: Dover.
Tryon, Edward P. 1973. "Is the Universe a Quantum Fluctuation?" Nature 246:396–97.
Turner, Kenneth C. 2009. "Spreading the Word—or How the News Went from Princeton to Holmdel." In Finding the Big Bang, ed. P. James E. Peebles, Lyman A. Page, Jr., and R. Bruce Partridge. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Turner, Michael S. 1998a. "Cosmology Solved? Maybe." http://arxiv. org/abs/astro-ph/9811366.
——. 1998b. "Cosmology Solved?" http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/ 9811447.
——. 1999. "Cosmology Solved? Quite Possibly!" Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 111: 264–73.
——. 2009. "David Norman Schramm, 1945–1997: A Biographical Memoir." Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences.
Turner, M. S., G. Steigman, and L. M. Krauss. 1984. "Flatness of the Universe: Reconciling Theoretical Prejudices with Observational Data." Physical Review Letters 52: 2090–93.
Uomoto, A., and R. P. Kirshner. 1985. "Peculiar Type I Supernovas." Astronomy and Astrophysics 149: L7-L9.
van Bibber, Karl, and Leslie J. Rosenberg. 2006. "Ultrasensitive Searches for the Axion." Physics Today 59 (Aug.): 30–35.
Weinberg, Steven. 1993. The First Three Minutes: A Modern View of the Origin of the Universe. New York: Basic Books.
White, Simon D. M. 2007. "Fundamentalist Physics: Why Dark Energy Is Bad for Astronomy." Reports on Progress in Physics 70: 883–97.
Wilczek, Frank. 1985. "Conference Summary and Concluding Remarks." In The Very Early Universe, ed. G. W. Gibbons, S. W. Hawking, and S. T. C. Siklos. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
——. 1991. "The Birth of Axions." Current Contents 22: 8–9.
Wilkinson, David T. 2009. "Measuring the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation." In Finding the Big Bang, ed. P. James E. Peebles, Lyman A. Page, Jr., and R. Bruce Partridge. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Wilson, Robert W. 1992. "The Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation." In Nobel Lectures in Physics, 1971–1980, ed. Stig Lundqvist. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co.
——. 2009. "Two Astronomical Discoveries." In Finding the Big Bang, ed. P. James E. Peebles, Lyman A. Page, Jr., and R. Bruce Partridge. New York: Cambridge University Press. Zwicky, Fritz. 1933. "Die Rotverschiebung von extragalaktischen Nebeln." Helvetica Physica Acta 6: 110–27.
——. 1937. "On the Masses of Nebulae and of Clusters of Nebulae."
Astrophysical Journal 86: 217–46.
Index
Footnotes
* Today we would say that retrograde motion is the result of Earth overtaking another planet, or vice versa, in their orbits around the Sun.
[back]
***
* The distinction that eventually got Galileo into trouble with the Church.
[back]
***
* Yes, the eponymous Halley's Comet.
[back]
***
* The diameter of the light-collecting surface.
[back]
***
* Technically the term applies to the expansion—to everything that has happened after the singularity—though through common usage it has also come to mean the singularity itself.
[back]
***
* Einstein thought his theory made a third prediction, involving the redshifting or blueshifting of light by gravity, but it turned out not to be specific to general relativity.
[back]
***
* Absolute zero, in principle the coldest temperature possible, is -459.67° Fahrenheit, or -273.15° Celsius. By convention, scientists designate absolute zero as 0 Kelvin and count upward in increments of degrees Celsius. So 10°C above absolute zero is 10 K.
[back]
***
* When the editor of the Astronomical Journal said that, as a matter of policy, the resulting paper couldn't list the names of students as authors, Rubin offered to withdraw it. The editor declined he
r offer and the article appeared with the students' names intact.
[back]
***
† Women had previously not been welcome at either Mount Palomar or its nearby Carnegie Institution sibling, Mount Wilson, ostensibly because the observatories didn't have facilities for both sexes. "This," the astronomer Olin Eggen grandly announced to Rubin on her first tour of Mount Palomar, throwing open a door, "is the famous toilet."
[back]
***
* Between her visit to Burke's office in December 1964 and her first day of work on April 1, 1965, Burke took the lunchtime phone call in which he directed Arno Penzias at Bell Labs to Bob Dicke at Princeton.
[back]
***
* The name the Physics Department in Princeton favored, from a suggestion by John Archibald Wheeler.
[back]
***
* The astrophysicist wrote a note of apology to Peebles that evening.
[back]
***
* Later reduced by other astronomers to fifty times—but still...
[back]
***
* In a 1969 paper that he adapted from a talk he'd given two years earlier, Peebles mentioned that the density of matter in galaxies "could be augmented by dark matter"—perhaps the first use of the term since Zwicky. It was, however, an anomalous usage; Peebles otherwise adopted the industry standard "missing mass."
[back]
***
* Supernovae receive alphabetical labels based on the order of discovery within a year, first uppercase once through the alphabet (A, B, C ... X, Y, Z), then back to the beginning of the alphabet but lowercase and doubling up (aa ... az, ba ... bz).
[back]
***
* Quotations from e-mails throughout the book preserve the original spelling, capitalization, and punctuation.
[back]
***
* Their italics.
[back]
***
* Guth, the son of a New Jersey grocer-turned-dry-cleaner who always seemed on the verge of going out of business, was partial to economic considerations. His insight had possibly not only saved cosmology but salvaged a career that was already on its fourth postdoctoral fellowship.