82. Minnigerode, Some American Ladies, 8.
83. Freeman, George Washington, 2:np (caption to photo between 285 and 286).
84. Cunliffe, George Washington, 47.
85. Desmond, Martha Washington, 77, 64, 220.
86. May, Barren in the Promised Land, 134.
87. It was rereleased in 2002 as Mary Higgins Clark, Mount Vernon Love Story: A Novel of George and Martha Washington (New York: Pocket Books, 2003).
88. Unger, The Unexpected George Washington, 1.
89. Gore Vidal, Burr: A Novel (1973; repr. New York: Vintage, 2000), 23.
90. Patricia Brady, Martha Washington: An American Life (New York: Viking, 2005), 57.
91. Fleming, Intimate Lives, 10.
92. Willard Sterne Randall, George Washington: A Life (New York: Holt, 1997), 53. Randall adds yet another woman to Washington's list of "loves" with his discussion of Betty Fauntleroy, whom he claims Washington fell in "love" with (62-63).
93. Ibid., 53.
94. Joseph J.Ellis, His Excellency: George Washington (New York: Vintage, 2004), 37.
95. Brady, Martha Washington, 232.
96. Fleming, Intimate Lives, 18.
97. James MacGregor Burns and Susan Dunn, George Washington (New York: Times Books, 2004), 134; Randall, George Washington, 179.
98. Desmond, Martha Washington, 90. On the association of the white male body with modernity, see, for example, John F.Kasson, Houdini, Tarzan, and the Perfect Man: The White Male Body and the Challenge of Modernity in America (New York: Hill and Wang, 2001).
99. Susan Bordo, The Male Body: A New Look at Men in Public and in Private (New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1999).
100. Clark, Mount Vernon Love Story, preface.
101. Ellis, His Excellency, 12.
102. Wood, Revolutionary Characters, 33.
103. Randall, George Washington, 3.
104. Fleming, Intimate Lives, 19, 7.
105. Fischer, Washington's Crossing, 7-8.
106. Clark, Mount Vernon Love Story, preface.
107. Unger, The Unexpected George Washington, 1.
108. Brookhiser, Founding Father, 107-109, 111.
109. Brady, Martha Washington, 59.
110. Fleming, Intimate Lives, 19, 7.
111. Ellis, His Excellency, 11.
112. On being "flat chested," see Fitzpatrick, George Washington Himself, 147. On being "wide across the hips," see Ferling, The First of Men, 19.
113. John Ferling, The Ascent of George Washington: The Hidden Political Genius of an American Icon (New York: Bloomsbury, 2009), 13-14.
114. Zagarri, David Humphreys' "Life of General Washington,"7.
115. Ellis, His Excellency, 40.
116. Bernhard Knollenberg, George Washington, the Virginia Period, 1732-1775 (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1964), 72.
117. Ellis, His Excellency, 42.
118. Wood, Revolutionary Characters, 60. Similarly, Ferling notes, "Their union began as a virtual marriage of convenience" and that "economically it was a good match" (Ferling, The First of Men, 78).
119. Ellis, His Excellency, 42.
120. Ibid.
121. Clark, Mount Vernon Love Story, preface.
122. Brady, Martha Washington, 99, 114-115.
123. Joseph E.Fields, `Worthy Partner" The Papers of Martha Washington (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1994), xx.
124. Brady, Martha Washington, 233. A film produced by the History Channel and narrated by Glenn Close that plays at the Mount Vernon visitor center focuses on the relationship of George and Martha and assures visitors that despite his many years away from her during the Revolution, Martha never suspected that he was unfaithful to her.
125. Fleming, Intimate Lives, 37, 18, 57.
126. Bruce Chadwick, The General and Mrs. Washington: The Untold Story of a Marriage and a Revolution (Naperville, IL: Sourcebooks, 2007), 134.
127. This desire to fill in the record has forced biographers to go out on limbs that would otherwise be unacceptable to most historians. In the absence of much evidence, one recent biographer claims to understand how Washington felt about not having children of his own. In describing Mount Vernon, the Washingtons' plantation, he writes, "Another aspect of his life revealed in this room is the absence of portraits of Washington's own children. He and Martha were childless, and that failure saddened him." Henry Wiencek, An Imperfect God: George Washington, His Slaves, and the Creation of America (New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2003), 10.
Similarly, the C-SPAN website AmericanPresidents.org, which is designed for student education and for the general public, also styles Washington as a father. In a chart entitled "Life Facts," the website notes two under "number of children"-counting Martha's children in a manner that makes it appear that he did, indeed, sire children. This accounting style is not uniformly employed, however. Under James Madison, for example, the website notes "none"-even though Dolley and James raised her son John Payne Todd.
On Washington, see www.americanpresidents.org/ presidents/gwashington.asp (accessed April 20, 2009). On Madison, see www.americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=4 (accessed April 20, 2009).
128. Brookhiser, Founding Father, 163.
129. Available at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_washington (accessed July 21, 2007).
130. Arnold A.Rogow, A Fatal Friendship: Alexander Hamilton and Aaron Burr (New York: Hill and Wang, 1998), 7.
131. Flexner, "Washington Mythology," 107.
132. Marcus Cunliffe, George Washington: Man and Monument, rev. ed. (New York: NAL, 1982), 147-148.
133. Randall, George Washington, 196.
134. Fleming, Intimate Lives, 25.
135. John K.Amory, "George Washington's Infertility: Why Was the Father of Our Country Never a Father?" Fertility and Sterility 81, no. 3 (March 2004): 497. Dr. Amory concludes that Washington was most likely sterile due to tuberculosis epididymitis.
136. Edward O.Laumann, Anthony Paik, and Raymond C.Rosen, "Sexual Dysfunction in the United States: Prevalence and Predictors," Journal of the American MedicalAssociation 281, no. 6 (1999): 537-544; John E.Anderson, et al., "Infertility Services Reported by Men in the United States: National Survey Data," Fertility and Sterility 91, no. 6 (June 2009): 2466-2470.
137. Rasmussen and Tilton, George Washington, 99.
138. Clark, Mount Vernon Love Story, 240.
139. Foster, "Deficient Husbands." See also Angus McLaren, Impotence: A Cultural History (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007).
140. May, Barren in the Promised Land, 34.
141. Wiencek, An Imperfect God, 294, 12.
142. Linda Allen Bryant, I Cannot Tell a Lie: The True Story of George Washington's African American Descendants (New York: iUniverse Star, 2001).
143. Unger, The Unexpected George Washington, 272.
CHAPTER 2
1. Available at www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/ index.php?pid=45697#axzzIld4W8iFM. See also Francis D.Cogliano, Thomas Jefferson: Reputation and Legacy (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2006), 170.
2. C-SPAN 2000 and 2009 survey of historians, available at www.c-span.org/Presi dentialSurvey/Overall-Ranking.aspx.
3. Annette Gordon-Reed, The Hemingses of Monticello: An American Family (New York: Norton, 2008); Charles Haid, Sally Hemings: An American Scandal (Echo Bridge Home Entertainment Studio, 2004); and Marlon Wayans, Scary Movie (Burbank, CA: Dimension Home Video, 2000).
4. For recent work on Thomas Jefferson, see Joyce Appleby, Thomas Jefferson (New York: Times Books, 2003); Joseph J.Ellis, American Sphinx: The Character of Thomas Jefferson (New York: Knopf, 1997); and Peter S.Onuf, The Mind of Thomas Jefferson (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2007). See also Paul F inkelman, Slavery and the Founders: Race and Liberty in the Age of Jefferson (London: Sharpe, 1996).
5. Thomas Jefferson Papers Series 1, General Correspondence, 1651-1827 Henry Lee, 1805, John Walker Affair, available at http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.ms
s/mtj.mtjbib014530. See also Fawn M.Brodie, Thomas Jefferson: An Intimate History (New York: Norton, 1975), 83.
6. Richmond Recorder, September 1, 1802; italics original.
7. [Joseph Dennie and Asbury Dickens] Oliver Oldschool, Port Folio, vol. 2 (Philadelphia: H.Maxwell, 1802), 312. On Port Folio, see Linda K.Kerber and Walter John Morris, "Politics and Literature: The Adams Family and the Port Folio," William and Mary Quarterly 23, no. 3 (July 1966): 450-476; and Jonathan Daniels, Ordeal of Ambition: Jefferson, Hamilton, Burr (New York: Doubleday, 1970), 267.
8. James Akin, 'A Philosophic Cock, "Newburyport, MA, 1804.
9. Quoted in Virginius Dabney and Jon Kukla, "The Monticello Scandals: History and Fiction," Virginia Cavalcade 29, no. 2 (Autumn 1979): 54.
10. Henry Stephens Randall, The Life of Thomas Jefferson, 3 vols. (New York: Derby and Jackson, 1857-1858).
11. Sarah N.Randolph, The Domestic Life of Thomas Jefferson (1871; repr., Charlottesville: Thomas Jefferson Memorial Foundation by the University Press of Virginia, 1978), preface, 34.
12. James Parton, Life of Thomas Jefferson (Boston: Osgood, 1874), 34.
13. William Eleroy Curtis, The True Thomas Jefferson (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1901), 29-31.
14. Thomas E.Watson, The Life and Times of Thomas Jefferson (New York: Appleton, 1903), 17, 87.
15. Albert Jay Nock, Jefferson (New York: Hill and Wang, 1926), 15.
16. Sally Nelson Robins, Love Stories of Famous Virginians, 2nd ed. (Richmond, VA: Dietz Printing, 1925), 51.
17. Brodie, Thomas Jefferson, 64.
18. Phillips Russell, Jefferson: Champion of the Free Mind (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1956), 11.
19. Nock, Jefferson, 11.
20. Francis W.Hirst, Life and Letters of Thomas Jefferson (New York: Macmillan, 1926), 30.
21. Claude G.Bowers, The Young Jefferson, 1743-1789 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1945), 27, 28, 14, 24-25.
22. John C.Miller, The Wolf by the Ears: Thomas Jefferson and Slavery (New York: Free Press, 1977), 192.
23. Charles Callan Tansill, The Secret Loves of the Founding Fathers: The Romantic Side of George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, Gouverneur Morris, Alexander Hamilton (New York: Devin-Adair, 1964), 81. Joseph Ellis similarly states that Jefferson's "most sensual statements were aimed at beautiful buildings rather than beautiful women." See Ellis, American Sphinx, 307.
24. Tansill, The Secret Loves of the Founding Fathers, 86.
25. Randall, Thomas Jefferson, 28, 59.
26. Christopher Hitchens, Thomas Jefferson: Author of America (New York: Harper Perennial, 2009), 8-9.
27. T.P.H.Lyman, The Life of Thomas Jefferson, Esq, L.L.D. late ex president of the United States (Philadelphia: Neall, 1826); for another example, see B.L.Rayner, Life of Thomas Jefferson (Boston: Lilly, Wait, Colman, and Holden, 1834).
28. George Tucker, The Life of Thomas Jefferson, Third President of the United States, 2 vols. (Philadelphia: Carey, Lea, and Blanchard, 1837), 1:67. Tucker quotes a traveler who described Jeffers on as a man with a "mild and amiable wife." See also William Linn, Life of Thomas Jefferson, 3rd ed. (Ithaca, NY: Andrus, Woodruff, and Gauntlett, 1843), 215. 29. Linn, Life of Thomas Jefferson, 15.
30. Randolph, The Domestic Life of 7bomas Jefferson, 44.
31. Ibid., 44-45.
32. Parton, Life of Thomas Jefferson.
33. Scott E.Casper, ConstructingAmerican Lives: Biography and Culture in NineteenthCentury America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999), 5.
34. Milton E.Flower, James Parton: The Father of Modern Biography (New York: Greenwood Press, 1968).
35. Parton, Life of Thomas Jefferson, 102.
36. John T.Morse, ed., Thomas Jefferson (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1883), 9-10.
37. Parton, Life of Thomas Jefferson, 102-103.
38. Ibid., 104, 265-256.
39. Rev. Hamilton W.Pierson, Jefferson at Monticello: The Private Life of Thomas Jefferson (New York: Scribner, 1862), 107.
40. Linn, Life of Thomas Jefferson, 15.
41. Nock, Jefferson, 16.
42. Tansill, The Secret Loves of the Founding Fathers, 99.
43. Watson, The Life and Times of Thomas Jefferson, 90.
44. Bowers, The Young Jefferson, 48.
45. Tansill, The Secret Loves of the Founding Fathers, 121.
46. Bowers, The Young Jefferson, 228.
47. William K.Bottorff, Thomas Jefferson (Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1979), 17. For other examples, see Bowers, The Young Jefferson, 48; Brodie, Thomas Jefferson, 85; Hirst, Life and Letters of Thomas Jefferson, 51; and Randolph, The Domestic Life of Thomas Jefferson, 44-45.
48. Bowers, The Young Jefferson, 47.
49. Nock, Jefferson, 20-21; Curtis, The True Thomas Jefferson, 29-31.
50. Tansill, The Secret Loves of the Founding Fathers, 99.
51. Randall, Thomas Jefferson, 158-160, 348.
52. Edmund S.Morgan and Marie Morgan, "Jefferson's Concubine," New York Review of Books, October 9, 2008.
53. Virginia Scharff, The Women Jefferson Loved (New York: HarperCollins, 2010), 154.
54. Brodie, Thomas Jefferson, 207.
55. Ibid., 203.
56. Bowers, The Young Jefferson, 447.
57. Brodie, Thomas Jefferson, 200.
58. Bowers, The Young Jefferson, 450.
59. Brodie, Thomas Jefferson, 203, 200.
60. Scharff, The Women Jefferson Loved, 204-205.
61. Tansill, The Secret Loves of the FoundingFatbers, 102, 107.
62. Ellis, American Sphinx, 95.
63. Tansill, The Secret Loves of the Founding Fathers, 107-108.
64. Thomas Fleming, The Intimate Lives of the Founding Fathers (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Books, 2009), 270, 289, 300, 265.
65. Tansill, The Secret Loves of the Founding Fathers, 107-108.
66. Willard Sterne Randall, 7bomas Jefferson: A Life (New York: Harper Perennial, 1993), 403, 438. Randall, in contrast to many authors in the 1990s, characterizes the stories of romantic connections to Betsey Walker and to Sally Herrings as purely the product of political enemies. For him, Jefferson's only true loves were his wife and Maria Cosway.
67. Hitchens, Thomas Jefferson, 62-64. See also John P.Kaminski, Jefferson in Love: The Love Letters between Thomas Jefferson and Maria Cosway (New York: Rowman and Littlefield, 1999).
68. Parton, Life of Thomas Jefferson.
69. Hirst, Life and Letters of Thomas Jefferson.
70. Bowers, The YoungJefferson, 46.
71. Ibid.
72. Quoted in Tansill, The Secret Loves of the Founding Fathers, 88. Tansill cites Dumas Malone, Jefferson, the Virginian, vol. 1 of Jefferson and His Time (Boston: Little, Brown, 1948), 154-155.
73. Russell, Jefferson, 278.
74. Fleming, Intimate Lives, 270, 289, 300, 265.
75. Hitchens, Thomas Jefferson, 8-9.
76. Pauline Maier, American Scripture: Making the Declaration of Independence (New York: Knopf, 1997).
77. Onuf, The Mind of Thomas Jefferson, 3.
78. Nock, Jefferson, 20.
79. Dumas Malone, Jefferson and Our Times (Pasadena, CA: Fund for Adult Education, 1955), 26.
80. Russell, Jefferson, 10.
81. Ellis, American Sphinx, 25.
82. Brodie, Thomas Jefferson, 30.
83. After all, as historian Joyce Appleby notes, Meriwether Lewis "lived with Jefferson in the President's House, remarking to a friend that they were like two mice in a church." Joyce Appleby, Thomas Jefferson (New York: Times Books, 2003), 38.
84. See, for example, Jon Kukla, Mr. Jefferson's Women (New York: Knopf, 2007); and Kenneth A.Lockridge, On the Sources of Patriarchal Rage: The Commonplace Books of William Byrd and Thomas Jefferson and the Gendering of Power in the Eighteenth Century (New York: New York University Press, 1992).
85. Winthrop Jordan, White over Black: American Attitudes toward the Negro, 15501812 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1968), 462.
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86. Miller, The Wolf by the Ears, 177.
87. Ellis, American Sphinx, 97.
88. Bottorff, Thomas Jefferson, 16.
89. See John D'Emilio and Estelle Freedman, Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality in America, 3rd ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012), 223.
90. Howard Swiggett, The Extraordinary Mr. Morris (New York: Doubleday, 1952), 151.
91. Brodie, Thomas Jefferson, 28, 30-31.
92. Liberator, September 21, 1838.
93. Liberator, May 26, 1848.
94. Max Cavitch, "Slavery and Its Metrics," in The Cambridge Companion to Nineteentb - Century American Poetry, ed. Kerry Larson (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2011), 94-112. See also William Wells Brown, Clotel; or, The President's Daughter: A Narrative of Slave Life in the United States, ed. and introd. M.Giulia Fabi (1853; repr., New York: Penguin, 2004).
95. "Life among the Lowly, No. 1," Pike County (Ohio) Republican, March 13, 1873.
96. Casper, Constructing American Lives, 186-187.
97. Morse, Thomas Jefferson, 225, 228.
98. Excellent accounts include Annette Gordon-Reed, Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings: An American Controversy (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1997); and Jan Ellen Lewis and Peter S.Onuf, eds., Sally Hemings and Thomas Jefferson: History, Memory, and Civic Culture (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1999).
99. Watson, The Life and Times of Thomas Jefferson, 22-23.
100. Curtis, The True Thomas Jefferson, 313.
101. Hirst, Life and Letters of Thomas Jefferson, 387.
102. See Douglass Adair, Fame and the Founding Fathers (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1974), 237-239.
103. Dabney and Kukla, "The Monticello Scandals," 54-55; Merrill D.Peterson, The Jefferson Image in the American Mind (New York: Oxford University Press, 1960), 182-183.
104. Quoted in Adair, Fame and the Founding Fathers, 237.
105. Dabney and Kukla, "The Monticello Scandals," 54. Jerry Knudson takes to task the biographers (virtually all) who merely repeat the original stories about Jefferson. He singles out Brodie for special criticism: "Thus, Brodie speaks repeatedly of Callender's `expose' of the Jefferson-Hemings liaison, a word that was not used at that time and that implies Callender uncovered the truth. It is also stretching the meaning of words to refer to editor rather than printer (for the most part), reporter or journalist rather than writer, the public's right to know, investigating the news, or to Callender as one of the muckrakers, that little band of reform journalists who flourished between 1902 and 1912." Jerry W.Knudson, Jefferson and the Press: Crucible ofLiberty (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2006), 44-45.
Sex and the Founding Fathers: The American Quest for a Relatable Past (Sexuality Studies) Page 24
