Human Error

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Human Error Page 40

by James Reason


  Anderson, J. A., 46, 47

  Anderson, J. H., 82

  Anderson, J. R., 44, 45, 59, 75, 77

  Antonis, B., 30

  Arbuckle, T.Y., 113

  Atkinson, R. C., 32, 117

  Austin, G. A., 33

  Baars, B. J., xv, 15, 16, 47, 156, 159

  Bacon, F., 39

  Baddeley, A. D., xv, 14, 24, 31, 32, 107, 128, 237

  Bagnara, S., 148, 160, 162, 166, 168

  Bailey, S., 119

  Bainbridge, L., xv, 180, 182

  Baker, S., 192

  Banks, W.W., 221, 231

  Barclay, W.D., 104, 139

  Bartlett, F.C., 25, 66, 89, 98, 116, 215

  Battig, W.F., 104, 110, 139

  Baumgardner, M. H., 89

  Bawden, H. H., 13

  Baxter, J., xv, 196

  Beach, L. R., 37

  Bell, B. J., 221

  Bellamy, L. J., 192

  Bello, G. C., 226

  Bennett, M., 83

  Berkun, M. M., xii

  Beveridge, M., 76

  Billman, D., 77

  Blake, M., 113

  Block, R. A., 124

  Bobrow, D. G., 28, 51, 100

  Boden, M., 125

  Boland, T. B., 108

  Bonaparte, M., 22

  Bousfield, W. A., 104, 139

  Brand, J. J., 150

  Brandt, T., 153

  Brehmer, B., xiv, 16, 91, 93

  Brewer, W. F., 34

  Broadbent, D. E., xii, 15, 27, 28, 29, 33, 50, 98, 103, 104

  Broadbent, M. H. P., xii

  Broen, W.E., 109

  Brown, J. S., 83

  Brune, R. L., 230

  Bruner, J. S., 33, 40, 41, 66

  Buchanan, M., 31

  Burns, J. T., 154

  Burton, R. R., 83

  Caharack, G., 30

  Campbell, K., xv, 196

  Cantor, N., 35

  Card, S.K., 48, 50, 97

  Carpenter, P. A., 148, 159

  Carrithers, C., 246

  Carroll, J. M, 246

  Catlin, J., 103

  Champagne, A. B., 82

  Chapanis, A. B., 3

  Chapman, J. P., 90, 98, 108

  Chapman, L. J., 90, 98, 108

  Chase, W. C., 58

  Chi, M., 58

  Colavita, F. B., 127

  Collier, J. G., 54, 83, 192

  Colombari, V., 226

  Comer, M. K., 223

  Conrad, R., 31, 32

  Cooper, P. F., xii, 15

  Corcoran, D. W. J., 170

  Crocker, J., 35

  Crowder, R. G., 32, 119, 140

  Cuddy, L. I., 113

  Cumming, G., 155

  Cyert, R.M., 37, 39

  Daneman, M., 148, 159

  De Keyser, V., xv, 182

  De Soto, C. B., 90

  Decker, L., 103

  Dell, G. S., 106

  Derby, P. L., 105

  Derby, S. L., 107

  Deutsch, D., 27

  Deutsch, J., 27

  Dewhurst, D., 152, 153

  Dichgans, J., 153

  Dietz, P. E., 223

  Dixon, N. F., 42

  Doerner, D., xiv, 16, 92, 94

  Donnelly, K. E., 45

  Dougherty, E. M., xv, 223

  Draper, S. W., 50

  Duncan, K., xv, 180, 241, 242, 243, 244

  Easterbrook, J. A., 109

  Ebbinghaus, H., 31

  Edwards, W., 37

  Einhorn, H. J., 60

  Ellingstadt, V. S., 81

  Embrey, D. E., xv, 221, 225, 226, 228, 229

  Engelken, R. H., 191

  Evans, J. St. B. T., 33, 39, 53, 87

  Feeher, C. E., 54, 237

  Fennell, D., 194

  Festinger, L., 90

  Fischhoff, B., xv, 17, 37, 38, 41, 89, 107, 215

  Fiske, S. T., 35, 41, 212

  FitzGerald, P., xii, 15

  Fitzwater, M. E., 230

  Flower, L. S., 148, 159

  Fontana, A., 149, 160

  Fox, I., 214

  Fragola, J. R., xv, 224

  Frese, M., xv, 244

  Freud, S., 11, 14, 22, 105

  Fromkin, V. A., 16, 22, 106, 155

  Gaddy, C. D., 223

  Garrett, M. F., 155

  Gawron, V. J., 105

  Glaser, R., 58

  Glucksberg, S., 113

  Goldstein, K., 109

  Goodnow, J. J., 33

  Gopher, D., 28

  Greenwald, A. G., 89

  Gregg, V., 104

  Grinker, R. R., xii

  Groeneweg, J., xiv, 216

  Groenewegen, A. J. M., 94

  Gruneberg, M. M., 113

  Guttmann, H. E., 221, 222, 223

  Habberley, J.S., 85, 86

  Hagen, R. E., 81

  Hall, R. E., 81

  Hall, R. E., 224, 225

  Hannaman, G. W., 221, 225, 227, 229

  Harris, J. E., 73, 107

  Hart, H. L. A., 7

  Hart, J. T., 113

  Hasher, L., 52, 66, 103, 114, 124, 129

  Hastie, R., 35

  Hayes, J. R., 148, 159

  Head, H., 24-5

  Healy, A. F., 170, 171

  Herrmann, D. J., 14, 15

  Hicks, R., 29

  Hinton, G. E., 46, 47

  Hintzman, D. L., 114, 124

  Hirst, W. C., 30

  Hitch, G. J., xv, 32, 33, 128

  Hogan, B., 7

  Hogarth, R. M., 60

  Holland, J. H., 74, 75, 77, 78, 82

  Hollnagel, E., xv, 238

  Holyoak, K. J., 74

  Horrocks, V., 119

  Hotopf, W. H. N., 101

  Housiaux, A., 182

  Howell, W. C., 123

  Howes, D. H., 103

  Hudson, P. T. W., xiv, 205

  Hull, A., 237

  Humphreys, P.C., 228, 229

  Hunt, R. M., 44, 45, 53

  Huyser, J., 196

  INPO, 184, 186, 187, 188, 239

  Irmscher, M., 114, 124

  Jackson, A. R. G., 230

  Jackson, R. A., 45

  James, W., 22, 23, 24, 40, 114, 116, 128, 132

  Janis, I. L., 10, 41, 90

  Jastrow, J., 22-3, 63

  Jenkins, J. J., 102

  Jensen, A., 43, 53

  Johnson-Laird, P. N., 33, 39, 53, 88, 103, 128

  Jones, J. L., xii

  Jordan, N., 148

  Jung, C. G., 109

  Juola, J.F., 117

  Kahneman, D., 28, 37, 39, 40, 53, 89, 91, 107, 129

  Kaiser, M., 82

  Karmiloff-Smith, A., 80

  Kay, D. S., 245

  Keele, S. W., 25, 27

  Keeney, R. L., 107

  Kelly, A., 240, 241

  Kemeny, J., 54, 60, 189, 190

  Kerhli, R. R., 192

  Kerr, B., 27

  Kimball, K. A., 81

  Kimble, G. A., 101

  King, J. F., 113

  Kinsbourne, M., 29

  Kirwan, B., 228, 230

  Kjellen, U., 209

  Klatzky, R. L., 113, 117

  Klein, R. M, 127

  Kletz, T.A., 227

  Klopfer, L. E., 82

  Knowles, W. B., 28

  Koriat, A., 89

  La Porte, T. R., xv, 212

  Langer, E. J., 91

  Lanir, Z., 213

  Lashley, K. S., 24-5

  Laver, J., 155

  Layfield, F., 213

  Leippe, M. R., 89

  Lewin, K., 24

  Lewis, C., 58, 161, 163, 164, 167, 169, 170

  Lewis, D. M., 223

  Liechtenstein, S., 38, 89, 107

  Lihou, D. A., 192

  Lihous, S. J., 192

  Lind, M., 16, 91

  Long, J., 29

  Lucas, D. A., xv, 14, 15, 105, 113, 156, 225, 226, 229

  Luchins, A. S., 78

  Luchins, E. H., 78

  Lukic, Y. D., 221

  Luria,
A. R., 98, 108, 109

  McClelland, J. L., 46, 47, 123, 129

  McCloskey, M., 82, 113

  Mach, E., 1

  MacKay, D. G., 106, 156

  Mackintosh, C., 101, 102

  Madden, V. J., 230

  Mancini, G., xiv, 238

  Mandler, G., 5, 9, 117

  Manstead, A. S. R., xv, 196

  March, J. G., 37, 39

  Marcus, A. A., 214

  Marsden, P., xv, 137

  Marshall, E., 192

  Marshall, Lord, 212

  Marshall, S. L. A., xii

  Masinter, L., 164

  Matlin, M. W., 105

  Mayer, C., 22

  Megaw, E., 154

  Meringer, R., 22, 155, 166

  Miller, D. C., 54, 237

  Miller, D. T., 129

  Miller, G. A., 31

  Milner, B., 108

  Minsky, M., 33, 66

  Mischel, W., 35

  Montague, W. E., 104, 110, 139

  Montgomery, H., 148, 159

  Montmollin, M., 182

  Moran, T.P., 48, 97

  Moray, N. xiv, 27, 28, 175, 176, 221

  Morehouse, W., 191

  Morris, N. M., 233

  Morris, P. A., 14, 191

  Morton, J., 32

  Motley, M. T., 156

  Munsterberg, H., 22-3

  Mycielska, K., 7, 8, 11, 15, 22, 36, 53, 63, 68, 71, 107, 157, 163, 187, 239

  Nakamura, G. V., 34

  Nakatani, L. H., 103

  Navon, D., 28

  Neisser, U., 30, 35, 50, 98, 103

  Newbigging, P. L., 103

  Newell, A., 42, 48, 97

  Nisbett, R. E., 74

  Nissen, M. J., 127

  Nooteboom, S. G., 106, 149, 155, 156, 166

  Norman, D. A., 8, 11, 23, 27, 28, 36, 46, 47, 50, 51, 53, 63, 68, 98, 100, 123, 124, 149, 157, 158, 161, 163, 164, 167, 169, 170, 235

  Norros, L., 243

  Nozawa, G., 114, 124

  NUREG, 54, 181, 238

  Nyberg, S. E., 113

  Oldfield, R. C., 114

  Ortony, A., 35

  O’Shea, T., 83

  Palermo, D. S., 102

  Parkes, K. R., xii, 15

  Paul, H., 22

  Payne, J. W., 59, 60

  Pedersen, O. M., 173, 178, 234

  Perlmuter, L. C., 101

  Perrow, C., 177, 178, 183, 191, 197, 216

  Peterson, C. R., 37

  Pew, R. W., 54, 60, 237, 243

  Phillips, S., 154

  Pickard, Lowe, & Garrick, Inc., 227

  Pollack, L, 103

  Posner, M. I., 27, 127

  Postman, L., 98, 103

  Potash, L. M., 223, 227

  Pratkanis, A. R., 89

  Proffitt, D.R., 82

  Rabbitt, P. M. A., 154, 155

  Raskin, A. J., 163

  Rasmussen, J., v, 13, 33, 43, 44, 53, 56, 57, 61, 93, 98, 100, 173, 178, 179, 184, 185, 218, 234, 239, 246

  Rea, K, 228

  Reason, J. T., xii, 7, 8, 11, 14, 15, 22, 23, 36, 50, 52, 53, 56, 63, 68, 71, 87, 98, 100, 101, 102, 105, 107, 113, 119, 127, 139, 150, 152, 153, 156, 157, 163, 187, 192, 196, 239

  Rees, E., 58

  Reitman, J. S., 58

  Report of the Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle, 192

  Reves, C. C., 30

  Reynolds, P., 30

  Riley, D. A., 24

  Rizzo, A., 149, 160, 166, 168

  Roberts, K. H., 212

  Rochlin, G. I., 212

  Roediger, H. L., 119, 140

  Rogovin, M., 214

  Ronan, W. W., xii

  Rosa, E. A., 228

  Ross, L., 35, 41, 53, 89, 91, 107

  Rouse, W. B., xv, 44, 45, 53, 61, 65, 233

  Roy, E. A., 109

  Rubin, D. C., 102

  Rubinstein, H., 103

  Rumelhart, D. E., 33, 35, 46, 47, 123, 129

  Ruo, M., 149, 160

  Sammatti, P., 243

  Savin, H. B., 103

  Scahnk, R. C., 65, 66, 116

  Schmidt, R. A., 33

  Schneider, W., 52

  Schultz, F.W., 104

  Schurman, D. xv, 221, 231

  Schweder, R. A., 103

  Searle, J. R., 6, 7, 8

  Seaver, D. A., 223

  Senders, J. W., xiv, 221, 225, 226

  Shaddick, C. A., 85

  Shaffer, L.H., 30

  Shallice, T., xv, 36, 53, 100, 108, 157

  Shaughnessy, J. J., 113

  Sheen, Mr Justice, 193

  Shell Safety Committee, 210

  Shepard, R. N., 66, 90

  Shepherd, A., 241

  Sheridan, T. B., 175

  Shiffrin, R. M., 32, 52

  Siegler, R. S., 81

  Simon, H. A., 37, 38, 42, 53, 58

  Slovic, P., 37, 38, 53, 107, 215

  Smiley, A., 221

  Smith, J. C., 7

  Snyder, C. R. R., 27

  Solomon, R. L., 98, 103

  Spearman, C., 1, 21, 48

  Spelke, E. S., 30

  Spence, J. T., 103

  Spiegel, J. P., xii

  Spurgin, A. J., 221

  Stablum, F., 148, 149, 160

  Stang, D. J., 105

  Staudel, T., 16, 92

  Steedman, A., 105

  Stewart, M., 223

  Stillwell, W.G., 223

  Storie, V., 197

  Storms, L. H., 109

  Subramanian, M. A., 191

  Sully, J., 20

  Sussman, G. J., 159

  Swain, A. D., xv, 221, 222, 223, 227

  Sykes, R. R, 113

  Taylor, D. H., xv, 85

  Taylor, S. E., 35, 41, 212

  Teitelman, W., 164

  Thagard, P. R., 74

  Thomson, N., 31

  Thorndike, E. L., 123

  Timpanaro, S., 98

  Treisman, A., 27, 28

  Tuchman, B., 107

  Tulving, E., 103

  Turner, B. A., xv, 197, 216

  Tversky, A., 37, 39, 40, 53, 91, 107

  Umbers, I. G., 230

  Underwood, E. J., 104

  Union Carbide, 191

  USSR State Committee on the Utilization of Atomic Energy, 54, 192, 212

  Van Daele, A., 182

  VanLehn, K., 83

  Venables, P. H., 109

  Vicente, K. J., 246

  Visciola, M., 148, 160, 168

  VonSybel, A., 32

  Vyas, S. V., 154, 155

  Wagenaar, W. A., xiv, 94, 216

  Wagner, H., 152, 153

  Wason, P. C., 39, 53, 103, 128

  Watson, J. B., 26

  Weinstein, M., 230

  Weston, L. M., 221, 223, 227

  Westrum, R., 211

  Whipple, G. M., 23

  Whitworth, D. P. D., 230

  Wickens, C. D., 27, 29

  Wilkins, A., 237

  Williams, J. C., 221, 229, 230

  Willner, A., 108

  Wingfield, A., 114

  Woodham-Smith, C., 189

  Woods, D. D., xiv, 9, 54, 60, 148, 165, 166, 214, 226, 237, 243, 244

  Woodworth, R. S., 24, 27

  Wreathall, J., xv, 199, 224, 232, 225, 233

  Wundt, W., 31

  Young, R. M., 83

  Zacks, R. T., 52, 66, 103, 114, 124

  Zechmeister, E. B., 113

  Zipf, G. K., 104

  Subject Index

  * * *

  absolute probability judgement, 230-1

  accident causation

  in complex systems, 199-214

  human elements, 201-9

  accident proneness theory, 198-9

  accident reports

  methodological aspects, 16-17

  organisational reactions, 211-12

  acoustic similarity effect, 31-2

  action slips (see also slips and lapses), 156-7

  action theories, 36

  active errors, 173, 183

  algorithmic procedures, 243-4 />
  articulatory loop, 128

  artificial intelligence, 125, 239

  associative leaps, 44

  attention

  and error type, 56, 60-1, 63, 68-72

  human error framework, 50-1

  Norman-Shallice model, 36

  in schizophrenic thought, 109

  skill-based errors, 68-72

  theory of, 26-9, 50-1

  attentional ‘capture,’ 61

  attributions, 41

  automation, 174-82

  ironies of, 180-2

  problem-solving failures, 182-4

  availability heuristic

  and judgement, 40

  knowledge-based errors, 89, 91

  Baars’s model, 47-8

  Bamberg Lohhausen studies, 92-4

  Bartlett, Sir Frederic, 24-6

  Bay of Pigs fiasco, 41

  Bayes Theorem, 37, 39

  behaviour and error classification, 11

  behaviourism, 26

  behavioral assessment methods, 221-4, 228

  Bhopal disaster, 191-2, 214, 252

  biases and judgement, 39

  blocked memory, 105-6

  ‘bottleneck’ theories, 26-8

  ‘bounded rationality,’ 37-9, 57, 167

  brain damage, 108

  branching errors, 70-1

  calibration error, 231

  calling conditions, 130

  case studies

  and error investigations, 16-17

  latent error analysis, 189-94

  category generation, 104-5

  causality, 91, 247-8

  central processor theories, 30-3

  Challenger disaster, 192, 254

  ‘check-off illusion, 90

  Chernobyl, 55, 83, 192-3, 213-14, 255

  children, rule-based errors, 79-81

  chunking

  and memory span, 31

  and rule strength, 77-8

  classification of errors, 10-12

  cognition

  error reduction systems, 238-9, 246-8

  and risk assessment, 224-6

  and error type, 12-13

  theoretical trends, 249-50

  cognitive ‘balance sheet,’ 2

  cognitive ‘primitives,’ 103

  cognitive ‘prostheses,’ 239, 241

  cognitive science

  current trends, 48-50, 249-50

  schema theorists, 33-6

  cognitive strain, 33, 40-1, 66, 89

  coherence principle, 128

  computer-based simulations, 16

  computer metaphors, 30-1

  computer models

  knowledge retrieval, 137-47

  pattern recognition, 34

  computerised systems

  complexity, 177

  decision-making support, 238

  failures, 174-82

  conceptual errors (see also knowledge-based errors), 12-13

  confirmation bias, 89, 94, 169

  confusion matrix, 227-8

  connectionism, 46-7

  constant error, 3-5

  contextual factors

  and error classification, 11-12

 

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