by James Reason
Anderson, J. A., 46, 47
Anderson, J. H., 82
Anderson, J. R., 44, 45, 59, 75, 77
Antonis, B., 30
Arbuckle, T.Y., 113
Atkinson, R. C., 32, 117
Austin, G. A., 33
Baars, B. J., xv, 15, 16, 47, 156, 159
Bacon, F., 39
Baddeley, A. D., xv, 14, 24, 31, 32, 107, 128, 237
Bagnara, S., 148, 160, 162, 166, 168
Bailey, S., 119
Bainbridge, L., xv, 180, 182
Baker, S., 192
Banks, W.W., 221, 231
Barclay, W.D., 104, 139
Bartlett, F.C., 25, 66, 89, 98, 116, 215
Battig, W.F., 104, 110, 139
Baumgardner, M. H., 89
Bawden, H. H., 13
Baxter, J., xv, 196
Beach, L. R., 37
Bell, B. J., 221
Bellamy, L. J., 192
Bello, G. C., 226
Bennett, M., 83
Berkun, M. M., xii
Beveridge, M., 76
Billman, D., 77
Blake, M., 113
Block, R. A., 124
Bobrow, D. G., 28, 51, 100
Boden, M., 125
Boland, T. B., 108
Bonaparte, M., 22
Bousfield, W. A., 104, 139
Brand, J. J., 150
Brandt, T., 153
Brehmer, B., xiv, 16, 91, 93
Brewer, W. F., 34
Broadbent, D. E., xii, 15, 27, 28, 29, 33, 50, 98, 103, 104
Broadbent, M. H. P., xii
Broen, W.E., 109
Brown, J. S., 83
Brune, R. L., 230
Bruner, J. S., 33, 40, 41, 66
Buchanan, M., 31
Burns, J. T., 154
Burton, R. R., 83
Caharack, G., 30
Campbell, K., xv, 196
Cantor, N., 35
Card, S.K., 48, 50, 97
Carpenter, P. A., 148, 159
Carrithers, C., 246
Carroll, J. M, 246
Catlin, J., 103
Champagne, A. B., 82
Chapanis, A. B., 3
Chapman, J. P., 90, 98, 108
Chapman, L. J., 90, 98, 108
Chase, W. C., 58
Chi, M., 58
Colavita, F. B., 127
Collier, J. G., 54, 83, 192
Colombari, V., 226
Comer, M. K., 223
Conrad, R., 31, 32
Cooper, P. F., xii, 15
Corcoran, D. W. J., 170
Crocker, J., 35
Crowder, R. G., 32, 119, 140
Cuddy, L. I., 113
Cumming, G., 155
Cyert, R.M., 37, 39
Daneman, M., 148, 159
De Keyser, V., xv, 182
De Soto, C. B., 90
Decker, L., 103
Dell, G. S., 106
Derby, P. L., 105
Derby, S. L., 107
Deutsch, D., 27
Deutsch, J., 27
Dewhurst, D., 152, 153
Dichgans, J., 153
Dietz, P. E., 223
Dixon, N. F., 42
Doerner, D., xiv, 16, 92, 94
Donnelly, K. E., 45
Dougherty, E. M., xv, 223
Draper, S. W., 50
Duncan, K., xv, 180, 241, 242, 243, 244
Easterbrook, J. A., 109
Ebbinghaus, H., 31
Edwards, W., 37
Einhorn, H. J., 60
Ellingstadt, V. S., 81
Embrey, D. E., xv, 221, 225, 226, 228, 229
Engelken, R. H., 191
Evans, J. St. B. T., 33, 39, 53, 87
Feeher, C. E., 54, 237
Fennell, D., 194
Festinger, L., 90
Fischhoff, B., xv, 17, 37, 38, 41, 89, 107, 215
Fiske, S. T., 35, 41, 212
FitzGerald, P., xii, 15
Fitzwater, M. E., 230
Flower, L. S., 148, 159
Fontana, A., 149, 160
Fox, I., 214
Fragola, J. R., xv, 224
Frese, M., xv, 244
Freud, S., 11, 14, 22, 105
Fromkin, V. A., 16, 22, 106, 155
Gaddy, C. D., 223
Garrett, M. F., 155
Gawron, V. J., 105
Glaser, R., 58
Glucksberg, S., 113
Goldstein, K., 109
Goodnow, J. J., 33
Gopher, D., 28
Greenwald, A. G., 89
Gregg, V., 104
Grinker, R. R., xii
Groeneweg, J., xiv, 216
Groenewegen, A. J. M., 94
Gruneberg, M. M., 113
Guttmann, H. E., 221, 222, 223
Habberley, J.S., 85, 86
Hagen, R. E., 81
Hall, R. E., 81
Hall, R. E., 224, 225
Hannaman, G. W., 221, 225, 227, 229
Harris, J. E., 73, 107
Hart, H. L. A., 7
Hart, J. T., 113
Hasher, L., 52, 66, 103, 114, 124, 129
Hastie, R., 35
Hayes, J. R., 148, 159
Head, H., 24-5
Healy, A. F., 170, 171
Herrmann, D. J., 14, 15
Hicks, R., 29
Hinton, G. E., 46, 47
Hintzman, D. L., 114, 124
Hirst, W. C., 30
Hitch, G. J., xv, 32, 33, 128
Hogan, B., 7
Hogarth, R. M., 60
Holland, J. H., 74, 75, 77, 78, 82
Hollnagel, E., xv, 238
Holyoak, K. J., 74
Horrocks, V., 119
Hotopf, W. H. N., 101
Housiaux, A., 182
Howell, W. C., 123
Howes, D. H., 103
Hudson, P. T. W., xiv, 205
Hull, A., 237
Humphreys, P.C., 228, 229
Hunt, R. M., 44, 45, 53
Huyser, J., 196
INPO, 184, 186, 187, 188, 239
Irmscher, M., 114, 124
Jackson, A. R. G., 230
Jackson, R. A., 45
James, W., 22, 23, 24, 40, 114, 116, 128, 132
Janis, I. L., 10, 41, 90
Jastrow, J., 22-3, 63
Jenkins, J. J., 102
Jensen, A., 43, 53
Johnson-Laird, P. N., 33, 39, 53, 88, 103, 128
Jones, J. L., xii
Jordan, N., 148
Jung, C. G., 109
Juola, J.F., 117
Kahneman, D., 28, 37, 39, 40, 53, 89, 91, 107, 129
Kaiser, M., 82
Karmiloff-Smith, A., 80
Kay, D. S., 245
Keele, S. W., 25, 27
Keeney, R. L., 107
Kelly, A., 240, 241
Kemeny, J., 54, 60, 189, 190
Kerhli, R. R., 192
Kerr, B., 27
Kimball, K. A., 81
Kimble, G. A., 101
King, J. F., 113
Kinsbourne, M., 29
Kirwan, B., 228, 230
Kjellen, U., 209
Klatzky, R. L., 113, 117
Klein, R. M, 127
Kletz, T.A., 227
Klopfer, L. E., 82
Knowles, W. B., 28
Koriat, A., 89
La Porte, T. R., xv, 212
Langer, E. J., 91
Lanir, Z., 213
Lashley, K. S., 24-5
Laver, J., 155
Layfield, F., 213
Leippe, M. R., 89
Lewin, K., 24
Lewis, C., 58, 161, 163, 164, 167, 169, 170
Lewis, D. M., 223
Liechtenstein, S., 38, 89, 107
Lihou, D. A., 192
Lihous, S. J., 192
Lind, M., 16, 91
Long, J., 29
Lucas, D. A., xv, 14, 15, 105, 113, 156, 225, 226, 229
Luchins, A. S., 78
Luchins, E. H., 78
Lukic, Y. D., 221
Luria,
A. R., 98, 108, 109
McClelland, J. L., 46, 47, 123, 129
McCloskey, M., 82, 113
Mach, E., 1
MacKay, D. G., 106, 156
Mackintosh, C., 101, 102
Madden, V. J., 230
Mancini, G., xiv, 238
Mandler, G., 5, 9, 117
Manstead, A. S. R., xv, 196
March, J. G., 37, 39
Marcus, A. A., 214
Marsden, P., xv, 137
Marshall, E., 192
Marshall, Lord, 212
Marshall, S. L. A., xii
Masinter, L., 164
Matlin, M. W., 105
Mayer, C., 22
Megaw, E., 154
Meringer, R., 22, 155, 166
Miller, D. C., 54, 237
Miller, D. T., 129
Miller, G. A., 31
Milner, B., 108
Minsky, M., 33, 66
Mischel, W., 35
Montague, W. E., 104, 110, 139
Montgomery, H., 148, 159
Montmollin, M., 182
Moran, T.P., 48, 97
Moray, N. xiv, 27, 28, 175, 176, 221
Morehouse, W., 191
Morris, N. M., 233
Morris, P. A., 14, 191
Morton, J., 32
Motley, M. T., 156
Munsterberg, H., 22-3
Mycielska, K., 7, 8, 11, 15, 22, 36, 53, 63, 68, 71, 107, 157, 163, 187, 239
Nakamura, G. V., 34
Nakatani, L. H., 103
Navon, D., 28
Neisser, U., 30, 35, 50, 98, 103
Newbigging, P. L., 103
Newell, A., 42, 48, 97
Nisbett, R. E., 74
Nissen, M. J., 127
Nooteboom, S. G., 106, 149, 155, 156, 166
Norman, D. A., 8, 11, 23, 27, 28, 36, 46, 47, 50, 51, 53, 63, 68, 98, 100, 123, 124, 149, 157, 158, 161, 163, 164, 167, 169, 170, 235
Norros, L., 243
Nozawa, G., 114, 124
NUREG, 54, 181, 238
Nyberg, S. E., 113
Oldfield, R. C., 114
Ortony, A., 35
O’Shea, T., 83
Palermo, D. S., 102
Parkes, K. R., xii, 15
Paul, H., 22
Payne, J. W., 59, 60
Pedersen, O. M., 173, 178, 234
Perlmuter, L. C., 101
Perrow, C., 177, 178, 183, 191, 197, 216
Peterson, C. R., 37
Pew, R. W., 54, 60, 237, 243
Phillips, S., 154
Pickard, Lowe, & Garrick, Inc., 227
Pollack, L, 103
Posner, M. I., 27, 127
Postman, L., 98, 103
Potash, L. M., 223, 227
Pratkanis, A. R., 89
Proffitt, D.R., 82
Rabbitt, P. M. A., 154, 155
Raskin, A. J., 163
Rasmussen, J., v, 13, 33, 43, 44, 53, 56, 57, 61, 93, 98, 100, 173, 178, 179, 184, 185, 218, 234, 239, 246
Rea, K, 228
Reason, J. T., xii, 7, 8, 11, 14, 15, 22, 23, 36, 50, 52, 53, 56, 63, 68, 71, 87, 98, 100, 101, 102, 105, 107, 113, 119, 127, 139, 150, 152, 153, 156, 157, 163, 187, 192, 196, 239
Rees, E., 58
Reitman, J. S., 58
Report of the Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle, 192
Reves, C. C., 30
Reynolds, P., 30
Riley, D. A., 24
Rizzo, A., 149, 160, 166, 168
Roberts, K. H., 212
Rochlin, G. I., 212
Roediger, H. L., 119, 140
Rogovin, M., 214
Ronan, W. W., xii
Rosa, E. A., 228
Ross, L., 35, 41, 53, 89, 91, 107
Rouse, W. B., xv, 44, 45, 53, 61, 65, 233
Roy, E. A., 109
Rubin, D. C., 102
Rubinstein, H., 103
Rumelhart, D. E., 33, 35, 46, 47, 123, 129
Ruo, M., 149, 160
Sammatti, P., 243
Savin, H. B., 103
Scahnk, R. C., 65, 66, 116
Schmidt, R. A., 33
Schneider, W., 52
Schultz, F.W., 104
Schurman, D. xv, 221, 231
Schweder, R. A., 103
Searle, J. R., 6, 7, 8
Seaver, D. A., 223
Senders, J. W., xiv, 221, 225, 226
Shaddick, C. A., 85
Shaffer, L.H., 30
Shallice, T., xv, 36, 53, 100, 108, 157
Shaughnessy, J. J., 113
Sheen, Mr Justice, 193
Shell Safety Committee, 210
Shepard, R. N., 66, 90
Shepherd, A., 241
Sheridan, T. B., 175
Shiffrin, R. M., 32, 52
Siegler, R. S., 81
Simon, H. A., 37, 38, 42, 53, 58
Slovic, P., 37, 38, 53, 107, 215
Smiley, A., 221
Smith, J. C., 7
Snyder, C. R. R., 27
Solomon, R. L., 98, 103
Spearman, C., 1, 21, 48
Spelke, E. S., 30
Spence, J. T., 103
Spiegel, J. P., xii
Spurgin, A. J., 221
Stablum, F., 148, 149, 160
Stang, D. J., 105
Staudel, T., 16, 92
Steedman, A., 105
Stewart, M., 223
Stillwell, W.G., 223
Storie, V., 197
Storms, L. H., 109
Subramanian, M. A., 191
Sully, J., 20
Sussman, G. J., 159
Swain, A. D., xv, 221, 222, 223, 227
Sykes, R. R, 113
Taylor, D. H., xv, 85
Taylor, S. E., 35, 41, 212
Teitelman, W., 164
Thagard, P. R., 74
Thomson, N., 31
Thorndike, E. L., 123
Timpanaro, S., 98
Treisman, A., 27, 28
Tuchman, B., 107
Tulving, E., 103
Turner, B. A., xv, 197, 216
Tversky, A., 37, 39, 40, 53, 91, 107
Umbers, I. G., 230
Underwood, E. J., 104
Union Carbide, 191
USSR State Committee on the Utilization of Atomic Energy, 54, 192, 212
Van Daele, A., 182
VanLehn, K., 83
Venables, P. H., 109
Vicente, K. J., 246
Visciola, M., 148, 160, 168
VonSybel, A., 32
Vyas, S. V., 154, 155
Wagenaar, W. A., xiv, 94, 216
Wagner, H., 152, 153
Wason, P. C., 39, 53, 103, 128
Watson, J. B., 26
Weinstein, M., 230
Weston, L. M., 221, 223, 227
Westrum, R., 211
Whipple, G. M., 23
Whitworth, D. P. D., 230
Wickens, C. D., 27, 29
Wilkins, A., 237
Williams, J. C., 221, 229, 230
Willner, A., 108
Wingfield, A., 114
Woodham-Smith, C., 189
Woods, D. D., xiv, 9, 54, 60, 148, 165, 166, 214, 226, 237, 243, 244
Woodworth, R. S., 24, 27
Wreathall, J., xv, 199, 224, 232, 225, 233
Wundt, W., 31
Young, R. M., 83
Zacks, R. T., 52, 66, 103, 114, 124
Zechmeister, E. B., 113
Zipf, G. K., 104
Subject Index
* * *
absolute probability judgement, 230-1
accident causation
in complex systems, 199-214
human elements, 201-9
accident proneness theory, 198-9
accident reports
methodological aspects, 16-17
organisational reactions, 211-12
acoustic similarity effect, 31-2
action slips (see also slips and lapses), 156-7
action theories, 36
active errors, 173, 183
algorithmic procedures, 243-4
articulatory loop, 128
artificial intelligence, 125, 239
associative leaps, 44
attention
and error type, 56, 60-1, 63, 68-72
human error framework, 50-1
Norman-Shallice model, 36
in schizophrenic thought, 109
skill-based errors, 68-72
theory of, 26-9, 50-1
attentional ‘capture,’ 61
attributions, 41
automation, 174-82
ironies of, 180-2
problem-solving failures, 182-4
availability heuristic
and judgement, 40
knowledge-based errors, 89, 91
Baars’s model, 47-8
Bamberg Lohhausen studies, 92-4
Bartlett, Sir Frederic, 24-6
Bay of Pigs fiasco, 41
Bayes Theorem, 37, 39
behaviour and error classification, 11
behaviourism, 26
behavioral assessment methods, 221-4, 228
Bhopal disaster, 191-2, 214, 252
biases and judgement, 39
blocked memory, 105-6
‘bottleneck’ theories, 26-8
‘bounded rationality,’ 37-9, 57, 167
brain damage, 108
branching errors, 70-1
calibration error, 231
calling conditions, 130
case studies
and error investigations, 16-17
latent error analysis, 189-94
category generation, 104-5
causality, 91, 247-8
central processor theories, 30-3
Challenger disaster, 192, 254
‘check-off illusion, 90
Chernobyl, 55, 83, 192-3, 213-14, 255
children, rule-based errors, 79-81
chunking
and memory span, 31
and rule strength, 77-8
classification of errors, 10-12
cognition
error reduction systems, 238-9, 246-8
and risk assessment, 224-6
and error type, 12-13
theoretical trends, 249-50
cognitive ‘balance sheet,’ 2
cognitive ‘primitives,’ 103
cognitive ‘prostheses,’ 239, 241
cognitive science
current trends, 48-50, 249-50
schema theorists, 33-6
cognitive strain, 33, 40-1, 66, 89
coherence principle, 128
computer-based simulations, 16
computer metaphors, 30-1
computer models
knowledge retrieval, 137-47
pattern recognition, 34
computerised systems
complexity, 177
decision-making support, 238
failures, 174-82
conceptual errors (see also knowledge-based errors), 12-13
confirmation bias, 89, 94, 169
confusion matrix, 227-8
connectionism, 46-7
constant error, 3-5
contextual factors
and error classification, 11-12
