by Mike Cox
Published by The History Press
Charleston, SC 29403
www.historypress.net
Copyright © 2015 by Mike Cox
All rights reserved
Front cover, top right: Colonel Homer Garrison Jr. helped shape the twentieth-century Rangers. Author’s collection.
First published 2015
e-book edition 2015
ISBN 978.1.62585.487.2
Library of Congress Control Number: 2015944408
print edition ISBN 978.1.62619.971.2
Notice: The information in this book is true and complete to the best of our knowledge. It is offered without guarantee on the part of the author or The History Press. The author and The History Press disclaim all liability in connection with the use of this book.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form whatsoever without prior written permission from the publisher except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews.
Scientists say even a bronze statue theoretically will only last 100,000 years, but monuments still endure longer than human memory, hence their vital importance to our culture. This book owes a debt to a man I never met, but whose sole literary work—self-published in 1958—had a lasting influence on a junior high school kid who one day would become a writer. The man is William Moses Jones (1876–1973). His long out of print book, to which this book is dedicated, is Texas History Carved in Stone. So far as I know, Jones produced the first book-length travel guide to historical markers and monuments related to the rich history of the Lone Star State. His book definitely led to this book.
And a Special Note of Thanks…
To Beverly Waak, who, as the old Ranger expression goes, “would do to ride the river with.” She cheerfully assisted with research, helped scan photographs, did the driving so I could work on my laptop, gave the book its first edit, prepared the index, put up with my twelve-hour workdays and, on top of all that, provided support and encouragement. Thanks, too, to friend and fellow history devotee Sloan Rodgers, who also gave the manuscript a helpful read. To list all the others who helped with this project would take more space than my editor at The History Press allowed, so I’ll just have to tip my figurative Stetson and empty my six-shooter in the air in your honor. Thanks to all.
CONTENTS
Prologue: “Magna Carta” of the Texas Rangers
Trailing the Rangers: An Introduction
East Texas
Central Texas
South Texas
West Texas
North Texas
Appendix A: Selected Additional Texas Ranger–Related Historical Markers
Appendix B: Texas Counties and Cities Named for Rangers
Selected Bibliography
About the Author
Document considered the “Magna Carta” of the Texas Rangers. Photo courtesy Ralph Elder.
Prologue
“MAGNA CARTA” OF THE TEXAS RANGERS
On August 5, 1823, likely while staying at the log cabin of Sylvanus Castleman on the Colorado River above present La Grange in what is now Fayette County, the young empresario Stephen F. Austin penned 177 words—the “Magna Carta” of the Texas Rangers:
I have determined to augment at my own private expense the company of men which was raised by order of the late Governor Trespalacios for the defense of the Colony against hostile Indians. I therefore by these presents give public notice that I will employ ten men in addition to those employed by the late Governor to act as rangers for the common defense. The said ten men will form a part of Lieut. Moses Morrison’s Company and the whole will be subject to my orders.
This document, written in ink on the back of a roughly eleven- by fourteen-inch proclamation by the Baron de Bastrop, marked the first use in Texas of the word “ranger” to describe the irregular force that would evolve into the Texas Rangers. Clearly, judging by strikethroughs and insertions, Austin gave the matter careful thought. While some historians have argued that this single piece of paper should not be seen as important as is generally asserted, it nevertheless demonstrates Austin’s mindset and essentially codifies the early Ranger concept. It is the traditionally accepted seminal Ranger document.
Bibliographically listed as “Austin’s Address to Colonists,” it is part of the extensive archive of Austin papers held by the Briscoe Center for American History at the University of Texas–Austin. In a protective sleeve, it rests among other Austin papers in Box 2A150, safely stored in a secure, climate-controlled facility in the heart of the city that honors its author’s name.
Austin expressed his idea concisely, but the story of the Texas Rangers is epic.
TRAILING THE RANGERS
AN INTRODUCTION
Earning their reputation as one of the world’s most storied and unique criminal justice agencies, the Texas Rangers left deep boot prints in the history of the Lone Star State. Some of those figurative heel marks have been filled by the sands of time, but Texas is covered with reminders of the trials and trails of these legendary lawmen.
This book is the first of its kind, a guide to historic sites across the state with a Ranger connection—places where battles with Indians, Mexican soldiers or bandits took place or where gunfights with outlaws (and at least once with another ranger) went down, as well as surviving structures, even some still-visible bullet holes. In addition, this book locates gravestones, monuments, statuary, other forms of public art and historical markers connected to the Rangers. Even some historic trees.
Arranged by region and county, Gunfights and Sites in Texas Ranger History locates nearly six hundred Ranger-related features dating from the early 1820s up into the 1930s. A fair number of the sites are graves, but this book only focuses on the tombstones of noted rangers or those with particularly interesting stories. Indeed, with more than twelve thousand individuals having served as rangers over the years, it would be impossible to include every grave location (assuming the whereabouts of all ranger graves were known, which isn’t the case). Nor could all places with some association with the Rangers be included, though this book covers a lot.
Much work remains for future historians, archaeologists and genealogists. Some battle sites and burial places are yet to be located, if they can ever be found. Since for most of their history, rangers stayed constantly on the move, traveling from one trouble spot to another, likely some campsites and other features with a ranger tie-in have been lost to time. Sadly, many homes and buildings with a Ranger connection have been lost in another way—fire or the wrecking ball. Other structures or sites are endangered, badly in need of preservation or mitigation efforts.
Fortunately, organizations such as the Former Texas Rangers Association (FTRA) continue to locate and mark ranger graves and other sites. So far, the FTRA has placed more than 650 metal Ranger crosses at burial sites across the state. In addition, members of the Wild West History Association, which traces its roots to two former entities—the National Association for Outlaw and Lawman History (NOLA) and the Western Outlaw and Lawman Association (WOLA)—are ever searching for lost graves and other tangible traces of the wild and woolly days of Texas and the Old West.
The dead obviously can no longer speak for themselves, but added to many of the entries are snippets either written or spoken during their lifetime by some of the rangers mentioned in this book, or those who knew them.
Most entries also list the nearest museum or museums. Texas has more than 660 museums, and many hold exhibits and artifacts dealing with the Rangers, including two devoted exclusively to the Rangers—the Texas Ranger Hall of Fame and Museum in Waco (in 2015, the Newsmax websi
te ranked the museum tenth among fifty places in the United States every patriotic American should visit) and the FTRA’s Texas Ranger Museum at the historic Buckhorn Saloon in downtown San Antonio.
Phase one of another major Ranger-related destination, the FTRA’s Texas Ranger Heritage Center adjacent to old Fort Martin Scott in Fredericksburg opened in 2015. Hill Country tourism officials expect it to become a major attraction, right up there with Fredericksburg’s Museum of the Pacific War, a worldwide draw.
Rather than listing plot, row and section numbers for ranger graves, this book simply notes what cemetery they are in. Since many rangers lie in small cemeteries, and often are marked with Ranger crosses, finding them should be easy enough—and maybe an adventure. Most of the larger cemeteries have caretakers who are usually more than happy to direct a visitor to a historic grave. If that doesn’t work, most local genealogical societies know the cemeteries in their area well.
For those of us enthralled by the past, cemeteries—especially the lonely country graveyards scattered across the state—are compelling places to visit. But you have to be careful. The hostile Indians and bandits who put some early-day rangers and others in their graves are long gone, but fire ants, ticks, wasps, bees, venomous snakes and other critters that can cause problems are sometimes found among the tombstones or at other historic sites. Don’t wear flip-flops or sandals, and never go far in Texas without water.
Many of the sites described in this book are on private property. Just because a publicly funded historical marker stands nearby does not mean the place is accessible to the public. Going through a gate or climbing a barbed wire fence without permission is illegal—and risky. It also is illegal to collect any artifacts on public property or to collect any on private property without the landowner’s permission. All that said, Texans are friendly folks. Most of the time, if you ask politely and have a legitimate reason to see a particular site, you’ll get invited to visit.
Well, as an old ranger might say, you’re burning daylight. Tuck this book in your saddlebag and start tracking the lawmen who helped tame Texas.
MIKE COX
Austin, Texas
EAST TEXAS
ANDERSON COUNTY
Frankston
MILLER-GARRISON HOUSE
More interested in finding a home for his young wife than Texas history, farmer Homer Garrison probably didn’t give much thought to the fact that the house he rented had been around since before the Civil War. Garrison and Mattie moved into the old place in 1900. A year later, the couple had a son, whom they named Homer Milam Garrison Jr.
Later, the family moved to Lufkin, where young Garrison grew up and began his long law enforcement career as an Angelina County deputy sheriff. In 1930, he took a job with the Texas Highway Patrol, organized in 1927 as part of the Texas Highway Department.
The Texas legislature merged the highway patrol and the Texas Rangers, which had been part of the adjutant general’s department, to create the Department of Public Safety (DPS) in 1935.
In 1938, Garrison became director of the DPS, and he remained the state’s top cop until his death in 1968. No subsequent director has served as long. As director of the state law enforcement agency, he had a major role in shaping the modern Texas Rangers.
A historical marker tracing the house’s history and Garrison’s influence on Texas law enforcement was placed on the property in 1999.
Birthplace of future Department of Public Safety director and Texas Ranger Chief Colonel Homer Garrison Jr. Photo by Mike Cox.
They are men who cannot be stampeded.
–DPS Colonel Homer Garrison Jr. on the Texas Rangers
Visit: Three miles south of Frankston off Farm to Market 19. House and marker on private property. A historical marker honoring Colonel Garrison stands adjacent to the Anderson County Courthouse Annex portico, 703 Mallard Street, Palestine.
Palestine
FORT HOUSTON
A ghost story is all that survives of Fort Houston, a stockade-surrounded log blockhouse built in April 1836 in present Anderson County to protect a new settlement named Houston in honor of General Sam Houston. A month later, survivors of the Fort Parker massacre straggled into the fort for protection.
After the fort’s abandonment around 1842, the town of Houston began being referred to as Fort Houston. When Palestine became the county seat in 1846, the settlement faded away and the fort fell to ruin. John H. Reagan, future postmaster general of the Confederate States of America, bought six hundred acres in 1857 that included the site of the old fort and built a house there.
On January 28, 1837, six rangers rode from the fort in search of missing hogs. Instead, they found thirty hostile Indians. The warriors killed three of the rangers; one of the victim’s bodies was never found. That incident led to a legend that the cries of the grieving widows can sometimes still be heard where the old fort stood.
The Daughters of the Republic of Texas planted a cedar in the center of the site in 1932, and four years later, the state placed a granite historical marker on the property.
Visit: The 1936 marker stands two miles west of Palestine off Farm Road 1990. A cemetery dating from the time of the Ranger fort is nearby. The unmarked graves of slain rangers Anderson C. Columbus and David Faulkenberry likely are there. Museum of East Texas Culture, 405 South Micheaux, Palestine.
DANIEL PARKER (1781–1844)
The Reverend Daniel Parker came to Texas with his father, Elder John Parker, his brothers and other family members in 1833 to organize what became its first non-Catholic church. He and his extended family and followers first settled at Elkhart in what became Anderson County. Some stayed, but others moved to future Limestone County and established a log stockade called Fort Parker. In October 1835, while serving as a representative of the provisional Texas government, Daniel Parker introduced a measure to create a corps of Texas Rangers.
Delegates attending the meeting at San Felipe de Austin approved the resolution, and Daniel’s brother Silas was named as one of three superintendents—each in command of a ranging company—“whose business shall be to range and guard the frontiers between the Brazos and Trinity rivers.” Later, brother James Wilson Parker also headed a ranger company.
Following Daniel’s death at sixty-three in 1844, he was buried in the cemetery adjacent to the church he founded, Pilgrim Primitive Baptist. A granite historical marker placed near Daniel’s grave in 1936 explains his importance in the settling of this part of Texas and his role in the development of the Rangers.
A line of rangers has been established on the frontiers to protect the inhabitants from the savage scalping knife.
–Daniel Parker, Journal of the Permanent Council
Visit: Drive west from Elkhart on State Highway 294, turning left on Farm to Market Road 319. Take that road to Farm to Market 861, turn left and travel two and a half miles to the cemetery.
CYNTHIA ANN PARKER’S FIRST GRAVE
Cynthia Ann Parker—captured by Comanches in 1836 and rescued by rangers in 1860—died in Palestine in the fall of 1870, though the exact date has never been pinned down. Her family buried her in the Foster Cemetery near the community of Brushy Creek, and there she remained until 1910, when her son Chief Quanah Parker had her remains exhumed and reinterred at Cache, Oklahoma. A historical marker placed in 1969 marks the former grave site.
Visit: Six miles north of Brushy Creek off Farm to Market 315 at Millnar Road.
AUSTIN COUNTY
San Felipe
STEPHEN F. AUSTIN AND SAN FELIPE
In the fall of 1823, Stephen F. Austin laid out a town site near the Brazos River and named it San Felipe. For the next thirteen years, the log cabin village served as the capital of his colony as well as the social, economic and political hub of Anglo settlement in the Mexican province of Coahuila and Texas.
While Austin had been the first to conceive of a Ranger-like force, and armed men did fulfill that function throughout the 1820s, not until 1835 did the ranging co
ncept become more or less formalized in Texas. And that happened at San Felipe.
As Anglo Texas began to disenfranchise itself from Mexican rule, an independence-minded body calling itself the Permanent Council realized it faced two major problems—a growingly dictatorial centralist government in Mexico City and the more imminent threat of hostile Indians. Meeting at San Felipe in October 1835, delegates spent the fall wrestling with both issues.
Monument at San Felipe honoring Stephen F. Austin, considered the father of Texas and the Rangers. Photo by Mike Cox.
A resolution offered by Daniel Parker on October 17 proposed a three-company, seventy-man ranger force. By November, a larger group of delegates referring to themselves as a “Consultation” further developed Parker’s proposal, but not until November 24 did they pass an “Ordinance Establishing a Provisional Government.” That document included twenty-nine articles and an appendage labeled “Of the Military.” Article 9 of that provided for a “corps of rangers.”
The Rangers had for the first time become a government force, but in the eyes of Mexican officials, what had taken place at San Felipe amounted to piracy, not the formulation of law. The words written by the delegates in ink would have to be purchased with blood.
San Felipe’s chance of remaining one of the most important cities in Texas ended in the revolution that soon followed. After the fall of the Alamo in March 1836, residents of San Felipe torched the town and fled east with General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna not far behind, bent on violently subduing Anglo Texas.
The town never regained its prewar significance, but given all that happened there, it is considered one of the most historically important sites in the state, the true birthplace of the Texas Rangers.
