4Who served as Nixon’s Secretary of State from 1969 to 1973.
5In fact Lincoln had said “common-looking people.”
6Actually she was born on March 16, 1912, the day before Saint Patrick’s Day, and christened Thelma Catherine Ryan. Her father gave her the nickname Pat. Her mother was a native of Germany.
7There were dissenters. Walter Lippmann said the response had been “with all the magnification of modern electronics, simply mob law,” and to Variety the telecast had been “a slick production… parlaying all the schmaltz and human interest of the ‘Just Plain Bill’—‘Our Gal Sunday’ genre of weepers.”
20. What Was Good for General Motors
1Afterward he said he had meant to insert a comma between “Republican” and “Chief.” Ike was unpropitiated.
2Some of the moves Ike did not make are worth noting. He did not invade Manchuria, send American troops to Indochina, wage preventive war, replace containment with a policy of “liberation,” or end American participation in NATO—all measures that were urged on him by powerful advocates in his own party and administration.
3To allay confusion: there are two oval rooms in the White House. The oval office is in the West Wing. The oval study, on the second floor of the Mansion, is in the First Family’s living quarters.
4This propaganda campaign enjoyed an astonishing success in neutral nations, despite the fact that American appeals for an investigation by the International Red Cross, accepted by the Red Cross, were rejected by Peking. At the time Chinese motives were obscure. Later it was learned that their leaders used the occasion to rid China of billions of insects and rats—for centuries the source of devastating Chinese epidemics—by telling the population that they had been put there by an unscrupulous enemy.
5As a result, Adams forced him to resign.
6Other advocates of a strong Presidency trotted this out. But by the same reasoning, administrations could repudiate treaties made by their predecessors.
7 Bricker denied this interpretation.
8The key clause in the George proposal provided that any provision of a treaty or other international agreement that conflicted with the Constitution—e.g., one which did not recognize that the war-making power is vested in Congress—should not be effective. In addition, international nontreaty agreements could not be effective as internal law except by act of Congress.
9He committed suicide in February 1974.
10The French had a different impression. See Jules Roy La Bataille de Dien Bien Phu, Paris 1963, 270 ff.
21. Mr. Chairman, Mr. Chairman
1McClellan followed details of the privileges which had been extended to Private Schine with great interest. He had lost two of his three sons in World War II.
2The other was James D. St. Clair, who became counsel to President Nixon during the House of Representatives impeachment inquiry twenty years later.
3Writing in the February, 1968, Esquire, Cohn revealed that McCarthy had consented not to bring up Fisher if Welch promised not to explore Cohn’s lack of a military record. Welch had kept his word. Thus Cohn had reason to be concerned over his leader’s violation of the agreement.
4Copyright 1946, 1954, 1963, and 1972 by Robert Hall Clothes, Inc. Reprinted by permission.
22. With All Deliberate Speed
1Assuming, that is, that the Russian photographers would have been in Russian planes. They could have been carried in American transports while the American photographers flew over the Soviet Union in Russian planes. Eisenhower hadn’t made that clear, and no one asked him. Perhaps even elated Europeans knew in their hearts that Open Skies was too redolent of BBD&O.
23. The Pursuit of Happiness
1The word “development” has since come to mean a publicly financed housing project. Here it is used in its earlier sense, as a tract of developed land.
24. Beep Beep
1Approximately 559 miles.
2Much of the loss here was attributable to the Little Rock crisis. See pages 799–810.
3Control posts: radar installations.
4The officer responsible for this impressive display, the 101st’s commander, was Major General Edwin Walker. Later he was retired for circulating John Birch Society material among his men; later still, he was on the wrong side in a racial incident and was arrested. He retired in Dallas, where he flew the American flag upside down. In Little Rock his conduct was above reproach.
5The President, indignant, wired Russell; “I must say I completely fail to understand your comparison of our troops to Hitler’s storm troopers. In one case military power was used to further the ambitions of a ruthless dictator; in the other to preserve the institutions of free government.”
25. The Crusade Falters
1Citing the Eisenhower Doctrine, Dulles had assured member countries that the United States would shield them from subversion with a “mobile power of great force.” After the Baghdad coup the alliance was re-created, omitting Iraq, as the Central Treaty Organization (CENTO), with headquarters in Ankara, Turkey.
2Goldfine was sentenced to a year in jail and fined $1,000 for contempt of Congress following the 1958 hearings. The sentence was suspended and he was placed on probation.
26. Tattoo for the General
1The New York Times carried the story on page 75 of its May 10 issue.
2After seventeen months the Russians exchanged him for Colonel Rudolf Abel, a Soviet spy who had been convicted in an American court. Lockheed gave Powers a job as a test pilot until 1970, when he was laid off.
27. A New Generation of Americans
1The record shows that at that point the CIA had not shown any of them the plan.
2In Give Us This Day E. Howard Hunt Jr. has the effrontery to charge that Kennedy’s failure to fill the sky with American warplanes was to blame for the failure of the Bay of Pigs expedition.
3In Khrushchev Remembers the Chairman commented: “…I was genuinely pleased with our meeting in Vienna. Even though we came to no concrete agreement, I could tell that he was interested in finding a peaceful solution to world problems…. He was a reasonable man, and I think he knew that he wouldn’t be justified in starting a new war over Berlin.”
4Compared with 45,882 Americans lost between 1961 and 1972. The usual figure given for French casualties is 92,000, but that includes Foreign Legionnaires, Africans, and Vietnamese who fought under the French flag. France, unlike the United States, sent no draftees to Vietnam.
28. Now the Trumpet Summoned Us Again
1On December 21, 1973, Doar became legal adviser to the House Judiciary Committee’s inquiry into the possibility of impeachable offenses by President Nixon.
2In 1931 Massachusetts was first. In 1972 Connecticut had replaced it.
3“One would remember them,” Ed Guthman wrote nine years later, “in the racial riots and wild campus demonstrations of the latter half of the 1960s and at Kent State and at Jackson State universities in 1970, when lawmen, with far, far less provocation and injury than the marshals endured, gunned people down.”
4Many Roosevelt haters believe that there is an ostentatious FDR monument in the capital. In fact, Roosevelt had requested only that after his death a small plaque be placed on a rock outside the National Archives building on Pennsylvania Avenue, and that it bear simply his name and the dates of his birth and death. This was done in 1965. It is modest; few passersby notice it.
5In Thirteen Days Robert Kennedy wrote that this Wednesday and the following Saturday were the worst days of the crisis. Of that moment when they were awaiting the naval confrontation at sea on Wednesday, Bob wrote: “I think these few minutes were the time of gravest concern for the President. Was the world on the brink of a holocaust? Was it our error? A mistake?… His hand went up to his face and covered his mouth. His face seemed drawn, his eyes pained, almost gray. We stared at each other across the table. For a few fleeting seconds, it was almost as though no one else was there and he was no longer the President. Inexplicably, I thought of
when he was ill and almost died; when he lost his child; when we learned that our oldest brother had been killed; of personal times of strain and hurt.”
29. Don’t Let It Be Forgot
1See above, page 244.
2Later this was attributed to him, and then to Robert Kennedy. But it was Shavian.
33. The Year Everything Went Wrong
1See above, pages 1053–1054.
35. Nattering Nabobs
1See above, pages 422–424.
2In November 1973 Karleton Lewis Armstrong, twenty-seven, was convicted of the bombing and sentenced to twenty-three years in prison. His counsel was William Kunstler.
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