Chernobyl, see Chernobyl Atomic Energy Station
design-basis, 75, 84, 85
Fukushima, 356–57
Leningrad, 66–67
maximum design-basis, 62, 92, 114, 149, 263
Mayak, 44–45, 129, 173, 220–21, 224, 225
secrecy and cover-ups, 41–45, 67–74, 107, 110, 118, 131, 157–59, 172–79, 200–204, 209, 215–19, 222, 250–52, 259, 263–77, 306–8, 311–13, 317, 322, 327–30, 346–49, 452n
Three Mile Island, 73–74, 191, 194, 271, 331, 357
Windscale, 41, 128, 399n
Account No. 904, 304–5
acute radiation syndrome (ARS), 28–31, 109–10, 136, 151, 224–38, 253, 286, 299–301, 322, 472n, 481n
symptoms and progression, 224–38
Aeroflot, 119
Afghanistan, 19, 140, 163, 258
Soviet war in, 19, 240, 246, 294, 298, 327, 329, 330
agriculture, 14, 15, 39, 45, 126, 161, 165, 248, 251, 254–57, 261, 310, 329–30, 354–56
Akhromeyev, Sergei, 113, 185, 203
Akimov, Alexander, 55, 57, 79–81, 84–89, 93, 108–10, 135, 151, 223, 225, 230, 232, 235–36, 268, 308, 318, 347, 455n
death of, 236, 268, 308
rehabilitated reputation of, 349
Alaska, 201
alcohol, 59, 96, 138, 147, 196, 208, 209, 227, 246, 261, 294, 298, 301–2, 304, 334, 420n, 454n
Aleksandrov, Anatoly, 42–43, 61–62, 64, 73, 74, 112, 120–21, 154, 160, 184, 185, 201, 203, 267, 268, 270–73, 280, 323, 325–26, 367
Aliyev, Heydar, 172, 173, 177
All-Union Radiation Medicine Research Center, 333
alpha particles, 27, 56, 164, 192, 224, 257
ammonia, 195
Ananenko, Alexey, 211
Angren hydroelectric project, 10
animals, 248, 254, 258, 354–56, 402n
abandoned pets, 254
birth effects, 329–30, 355–56
experimental, 354
Annushka reactor, 32, 34
antinuclear movement, 73
Antoshkin, Nikolai, 152–53, 155, 160–62, 179–82, 187, 188, 190, 195, 204, 206, 281, 307, 334, 340, 367, 433n, 434n, 439n, 443n
apparatchiks, 14, 19, 97, 174, 272, 276
Arctic, 42
Area K, 278
Area M, 278–79, 288, 289, 290
Area N, 278
argon, 225
Argonne National Laboratory, 358, 398n
Armenia, 70
armored vehicles, 140, 241, 243, 248, 279, 428n
atomic bomb, 26, 29–30, 31, 37, 43, 51, 360 See also nuclear weapons
Atomic Energy for Military Purposes (book), 32
atoms, 25–28
atomshchiki, 21–22, 51, 67, 69, 71, 92
Atomy Mirny-1, 33–35, 37, 38, 40, 60
Austria, 331
Azerbaijan, 172, 253
AZ-5 system, 65–66, 71–73, 83–90, 93, 230, 264, 268, 414n
flaws, 71–73
generator rundown, 83–90
Bagdasarov, Yuri, 420n
Baikonur Cosmodrome, 50–51
Balakovo nuclear power plant, 71, 452n
Baltic Sea, 169, 171
Barabanova, Dr. Anzhelika, 234, 351, 455n, 456n
Baranov, Dr. Alexander, 232–33, 235
Baranov, Anatoly, 100–101
barda, 256
bathyscaphe, 293, 296, 470n
Battle of Chernobyl, 200–216, 341
BBC, 208, 314, 343
Belarus, 8, 130, 152, 184, 186, 202, 204, 248, 251, 258, 277, 305, 329, 330, 331, 353, 354, 359
Beloyarsk Nuclear Power Station, 398n
Berdov, Gennadi, 127
Beria, Lavrenty, 32–34
Berlin Wall, fall of, 331
beryllium, 37
Bespalov, Valery, 211
beta particles, 27, 56, 109, 164, 224, 225, 234, 235, 237, 257, 300, 301
beyond design-basis accident, 63, 194
biological dosimetry, 226, 232
bio-robot campaign, 288–91, 321
birds, 248
birth defects, 329–30, 355–56
bitumen, 20, 255, 287, 288, 289
Black Sea, 191
Blix, Hans, 201, 210, 214–15, 239, 345, 365, 366, 367
blotters, 287
Bocharov, Lev, 291–94, 296, 298, 368
Bogdan, V. A., 418n
Bolshov, Leonid, 409n
bone marrow transplants, 225, 229–36, 238, 299, 300, 301
Bonn, 176, 178
boric acid powder, 128
boron, 36, 60, 160, 166
boron carbide, 72
Borovoi, Alexander, 285–86, 343–44, 368
Boyarchuk, Maria, 132
Brezhnev, Leonid, 14, 52, 112, 261
Brize, Raimond, 314–15, 319–20
Brukhanov, Lilia, 10, 11, 18, 46
Brukhanov, Oleg, 10, 266
Brukhanov, Valentina, 10–11, 17, 18, 21, 46, 96, 97, 150, 165, 218, 266, 303, 308, 319, 320, 344, 361–63, 484n
Brukhanov, Viktor, 7–24, 46–47, 55, 67, 70, 73, 75, 84, 90, 138, 139, 165, 174, 265, 336, 337, 365, 393n, 405n, 412n, 418n, 422n, 423n, 424n, 484n
arrest and imprisonment of, 275, 308, 320
awards and promotions, 22–23
banished to Kiev, 273–75, 308
construction and startup of Chernobyl, 7–24
fired and blamed for accident, 266, 269, 270–75
life after prison, 344–45, 361–63
management style, 21, 75, 98
role in Chernobyl accident, 96–98, 105–10, 115–18, 122–24, 143, 150, 205–7, 265–66, 314–20, 328, 362–63
trial of, 308–9, 319–20, 362
written situation report, 118, 122–23
bulldozers, 242–43, 255, 279
Burnasyan Medical Center, 351
cadmium, 36
calcium, 257
Calder Hall nuclear power station, 40–41
Canada, 200
Canadian Globe and Mail, 274
cancer, 27, 28, 30, 78, 232, 312, 326, 334, 351–52, 359–60
carbon emissions, 357, 358
Carter, Jimmy, 73
Cascade Wall, 283–84, 291
Caspian Sea, 9
casualties, 89, 94, 99, 101, 111, 117, 118, 122, 127, 136, 178, 179, 208–9, 220, 229, 232, 235–38, 265, 268, 299–300, 312, 315, 326, 334, 338
Caucasus, 253, 320
Central Committee, 114, 115, 122, 154, 172, 176, 179, 274, 275, 323, 328, 465n
cesium, 226, 234, 257, 320, 330, 354
cesium 134, 248, 267, 320
cesium 137, 88, 169, 171, 248, 267, 320, 329
charity rock concert, 304–5
Chebrikov, Viktor, 172, 176, 179
Chelyabinsk-40, 44–45, 220, 255
chemical warfare troops, 241, 243, 246–49, 255–60
Chernobyl Atomic Energy Station, 1–3, 9, 13, 46
aftermath of explosion, 91–110
airlift of injured patients, 148, 150–53, 158, 205, 219–20
April 25, 5:00 p.m., 46–59
April 25, 11:55 p.m., 75–90
April 26, 1:28 a.m., 91–110
April 26, 1:30 a.m., 111–31
April 26, 6:15 a.m., 132–51
April 27, 152–66
architectural layout, 56–57
back online, 290–91, 306, 321
bio-robot campaign, 288–91, 321
birth of, 7–24
casualties, 89, 94, 99, 101, 117, 118, 122, 127, 136, 179, 208–9, 220, 229, 232, 235–38, 265, 299–300, 312, 315, 326, 334, 338
causes of accident, 153, 230, 241, 261–77, 321, 346–49, 465n
cleanup efforts, 241–60, 288–91, 310, 332–33
Complex Expedition, 340–44, 364
construction and startup of, 7–24, 53–57, 64, 67–74, 392n, 393n
containment efforts, 128–29, 153–56, 160–64, 166, 174, 176, 179–82, 187–99, 202–16, 241–48, 278–98
damage reports, 93�
�99, 118, 122–25, 155–56, 189
design and construction defects, 12–13, 19–22, 62–74, 268–77, 286, 308, 315–18, 321–22, 346–49, 408n
economic effects of accident, 327–31
emergency response team, 113–16, 118–19, 121–22, 124–25, 147
explosion of Reactor Number 4, 87–90
financial cost of accident, 330–31, 481n
fire, 91–110, 116, 118, 123, 128, 130, 143, 150, 153–56, 160–64, 174, 178, 181, 189, 193–95, 202, 206, 214
generator rundown, 83–90
global contamination from, 169–86, 248, 260, 269, 277, 327–30, 353–54
government response to accident, 111–31, 138–39, 152–66, 172–86, 192–204, 208–9, 218–19, 239–41, 249–54, 261–77, 306–13, 322–31, 362
health effects of radiation, 26, 28–31, 78, 89, 100–110, 117–18, 130, 135–36, 143, 147–51, 164, 180, 185, 192–93, 207, 220–38, 242, 243, 247–48, 251, 253, 266–67, 290, 299–301, 312, 322, 326, 333–35, 355–60, 454n, 481n, 486n
heat exchanger project, 216, 245–46
helicopter bombing operation, 160–64, 166, 179–82, 187–99, 202, 204, 281, 285, 341, 433n, 443n, 446n
hospitalization of injured, 121, 135–36, 146–53, 157, 176, 179, 184–85, 202, 219–38, 251, 262, 299–301, 315, 427n, 430n
IAEA reports, 266–67, 275–77, 312, 346, 348–49, 410n
IAEA visit, 214–15, 239
international response to accident, 177–79, 200–201, 210, 212, 214–15, 228–30, 232–34, 239, 266–69, 273, 307, 327–32, 357
investigation of accident, 261–77
labor problems, 20–22
liquidation campaign, 239–60, 296, 310, 332–33, 359, 471n, 475n
long-term effects on environment, 329–31, 354–56
media response to accident, 148–50, 156–57, 174–79, 208–9, 215, 239–41, 250, 266, 274, 291, 294, 299, 307, 311–14, 324, 327–30, 355
military response to accident, 113–14, 129, 140–46, 152–56, 158–64, 166, 173, 174, 179–82, 185, 187–99, 202, 204–8, 239–60, 273, 278–98, 330, 468n
New Safe Confinement, 364–66
1982 accident, 69–70, 112
nuclear safety board of inquiry report on, 346–48
operator error explanation, 267–75, 308–9, 314–20, 345, 346–49, 411n, 412n, 414n
positive void effect, 85–90, 268, 318, 348
power fall, 81–83
quality control, 20, 53–57
radiation cloud, 169–86
radiation levels after explosion, 105–9, 116–18, 123–31, 136, 140–46, 153–56, 160–64, 176, 180–84, 189–99, 207–8, 211–15, 226, 241–60, 278–98, 300, 316, 319, 352–53, 423n, 481n
radiation survey flights, 140–46, 155–56, 160–64, 189, 248
Reactor Number 4 maintenance shutdown, 75–90
refugee conditions, 217–20, 301–16, 320–21
Sarcophagus, 250, 273, 278–98, 338–44
search for scapegoats, 264–77
secrecy and cover-up of accident, 107, 110, 118, 131, 157–59, 172–79, 200–204, 209, 215–16, 218–19, 222, 250–52, 259, 263–77, 306–8, 311–13, 317, 322, 327–30, 346–49, 452n
surviving witnesses of, 360–66
technical refit, 321–22
tourism, 356, 359
trial, 308–9, 314–20, 345, 362, 474n, 475n, 477n
in 2011, 352–56
in 2016, 336–38, 359, 363–65
underground nitrogen operation, 195, 203, 205–6, 212–13
water-pumping operation, 196–99, 204–8, 210–14
See also specific units
Chernobyl Forum, 359
Chernobylite, 344
Chernobyl town, 8, 148, 174, 181, 186, 258, 288, 302, 314
Chernobyl Two, 20–21, 138
children, 123, 202, 205, 217, 302
evacuated from Kiev, 252–53
radiation threat to, 139, 142, 148, 157, 159, 178, 202, 209, 210, 251–53, 306, 312, 326, 356
refugee conditions, 305–6
schools, 139, 306
China, 137, 357, 358
China Syndrome, fears of, 191–95, 212–13, 216, 244, 246, 265, 334, 341–43
China Syndrome, The (movie), 191, 193
Chistogalovka, 70, 145
chronic radiation sickness (CRS), 221
CIA, 45, 200
cigarette smoking, 75, 409n, 410n
civil defense forces, 113–14, 129, 130, 140–46, 155, 158–64, 181, 187–88, 195–99, 202, 204, 240, 241, 278–98, 424n, 429n
cleanup efforts, 241–60, 278–98, 310, 332–33
radiation survey flights, 140–46, 155–56, 160–64, 189, 248
Sarcophagus project, 278–98, 338–44
climate change, 356, 357–58
cloud seeding, 184, 442n
CNN, 239
coal, 245, 357, 458n
cobalt 60, 171
Cold War, 19, 33, 43, 45, 330
collective farms, 14, 126, 161, 165, 248, 256–57, 305, 329–30, 354–56
Combine 816, 40
Communist Party, 8, 12–16, 34, 38, 47–48, 52, 112, 115, 119–20, 222, 249, 274, 316, 333, 345, 388n, 465n
collapse of, 331, 333, 343, 345, 348, 354, 364, 441n
corruption, 13–15, 19–22, 67–74, 311–13, 327–28, 347–48, 365
hero narrative for Chernobyl, 306–8, 323
membership, 14–15
of 1970s, 12–16
propaganda, 240, 306–8, 311–12
radio, 148–49
response to Chernobyl accident, 111–31, 138–39, 152–66, 172–86, 192–204, 208–9, 218–19, 239–41, 249–54, 261–77, 306–13, 322–31, 362
secrecy and cover-up of Chernobyl accident, 107, 110, 118, 131, 157–59, 172–79, 200–204, 209, 215–19, 222, 250–52, 259, 263–77, 306–8, 311–13, 317, 322, 327–30, 346–49, 452n
27th Congress, 18–19
Complex Expedition, 340–44, 364
computers, 17, 42, 63, 81, 83, 108, 194, 213, 264, 321
concrete, 10, 12, 20, 44, 48, 62, 124, 154, 203, 213, 216, 244, 468n
defects, 20
explosion, 88, 89, 94, 95, 101
Sarcophagus, 282–83
containment building, 62
containment efforts, 128–29, 153–56, 160–64, 166, 174, 176, 179–82, 187–99, 202–16, 241–48, 278–89
control rods, 35–38, 54, 60–61, 65–66, 69, 71–73, 79, 82–83, 125, 264, 286, 287, 321, 348, 405n, 406n, 408n
explosion, 87–90, 92–93, 98–99
faulty, 72, 268, 347, 348
maintenance shutdown, 79–90
“tip” effect, 71–73, 348, 408n
Control Room Number Four, 57, 75–90, 107–10, 134, 136, 347
aftermath of explosion, 91–110
April 25, 11:55 p.m., 75–90
April 26, 1:28 a.m., 91–110
explosion, 87–90
generator rundown, 83–90
maintenance shutdown, 75–90
operator error and, 267–75, 308–9, 314–20, 345, 346–49, 411n, 412n, 414n
staff and panels, 78–80
Control Room Number Three, 93
Control Room Number Two, 134, 337
coolant, 35–38, 53, 60, 62, 64, 68, 83, 85, 87, 91–95, 98, 108, 110
emergency cooling system, 62, 93–95, 116, 124, 125, 128
leaks, 65–67, 92–95, 98
core meltdown, 92, 105, 117
Chernobyl risk of, 191–95, 202–16, 244–46
corium, 213, 215–16, 244, 342, 483n
corridor 217/2, 285, 339
Council of Ministers, 119, 159, 175, 177, 193, 246, 346–47
Council on Ecology, 325
Crimea, 202, 266, 269, 329, 332, 364
Cuba, 176, 201
Curie, Marie, 29
Curie, Pierre, 29
Czechoslovakia, 178, 331, 354
Daghlian, Harry K., Jr., 30–31, 396n
Danilenko, Valery, 261
–62
Daniloff, Nicholas, 177, 179
Davletbayev, Razim, 99–100
Day of the Power Engineer, 64
deaerator corridor, 56–57, 403n
Degtyarenko, Viktor, 93–94
Demag cranes, 287, 292, 293, 296
Denmark, 169, 174, 178, 331
design-basis accident, 75, 84, 85
deuterium, 26
Dnieper River, 8, 182, 191, 192, 202, 208, 244, 274, 306, 320
Dobrynin, Anatoly, 176, 307
Dolgikh, Vladimir, 154, 172, 176, 438n, 464n
Dollezhal, Nikolai, 32, 64, 65, 72, 267, 269, 273, 396n
dolomite, 160, 190, 191
Donetsk, 320, 344
dosimeters, 105–7, 141, 145, 196–97, 211, 242, 244, 248, 284, 285, 289, 343, 444n
DP-3 radiometer, 141, 145
DP-5 radiometer, 105–7, 196–97, 211
Dyatlov, Anatoly, 75–78, 80–89, 410n, 411n, 412n, 413n, 414n, 416n
arrest of, 300
death of, 349
in prison, 345–46
radiation burns, 223, 300, 346, 411n
rehabilitated reputation of, 349
role in Chernobyl accident, 80–89, 92–93, 98, 107–9, 135, 151, 223, 230, 300, 316–30, 345–49
trial of, 309, 316, 317–20, 477n
earthquakes, 62
East Germany, 174, 331
economy, 12–16, 21, 34, 39, 118, 177, 181, 249, 327–31
collapse of Soviet Union and, 331, 333, 343, 354, 364
effects of Chernobyl disaster, 327–31, 354
Era of Stagnation, 12–22, 42, 323
Gosplan, 15, 39–40
of 1970s, 12–16
perestroika, 19, 327
Pripyat, 17–18, 21–22, 137
Edison, Thomas, 28
Einstein, Albert, 25, 26
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 33
Atoms for Peace speech, 33
EI-2, 40, 60
electrification, 10, 12, 32–33, 34, 37, 38–40, 42, 61, 63, 65–66, 76, 111–12, 131, 249, 273, 290, 306, 321, 337, 357–58, 389n12
Elena, 61–63, 87, 99, 124–25
Elephant’s Foot, 339–40, 342, 343
Elizabeth II, Queen of England, 40–41
emergency bunker, 97–98
emergency cooling system, 62, 97–98, 116, 124, 125, 128, 342
emergency protection system, 62, 65–66, 71–73, 97, 264, 268, 342, 406n, 414n
emergency response system, 113–19, 121–22, 124–25, 147
energetiki, 22, 64
Engels, Friedrich, 183
epilogue, 367–72
Era of Stagnation, 12–33, 42, 323
Esaulov, Alexander, 132–33, 139, 147–48, 368, 426n, 430n
Estonia, 51, 294, 329
European Bank of Reconstruction and Development, 365
evacuation, 117, 123, 126, 127, 129–31, 149, 153, 155–66, 185–86, 194, 202, 208, 252, 257–60, 301–13, 315, 328, 330, 431n, 432n, 433n, 449n, 486n
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