by Ron Chernow
55. Wills, Cincinnatus, 107.
56. PWCF, 5:208. Letter to Thomas Jefferson, May 30, 1787.
57. Morgan, Genius of George Washington, 5.
58. Kaminski and McCaughan, Great and Good Man, 87.
59. PWCF,5:219.
CHAPTER FORTY-FOUR: RISING SUN
1. PWCF,5:219. Letter to George Augustine Washington, June 3, 1787.
2. Ketcham, James Madison, 210.
3. Chernow, Alexander Hamilton, 235.
4. Ibid., 236.
5. WWR,653. Letter to Alexander Hamilton, July 10, 1787.
6. Diaries,5:177. Diary entry for July 22, 1787.
7. Ibid., 5:179. Diary entry for July 31, 1787.
8. Ibid.
9. DiariesA,324. Diary entry for August 19, 1787.
10. Diaries,5:172. Diary entry for June 30, 1787.
11. PWCF,5:269. Letter to Elizabeth Willing Powel, July 23, 1787.
12. Ibid., 5:280. Letter to Elizabeth Willing Powel, July 30, 1787.
13. Callahan, General Knox, 262.
14. Higginbotham, George Washington Reconsidered, 124.
15. Wiencek, Imperfect God, 266.
16. Wood, “Reading the Founders’ Minds.”
17. Morgan, “Problem of Slavery.”
18. Ibid.
19. Wood, Empire of Liberty, 73.
20. Ibid., 119.
21. Burns and Dunn, George Washington, 42.
22. PWCF, 5:321. Letter to George Augustine Washington, September 9, 1787.
23. Ibid., 5:400. Letter from Gouverneur Morris, October 30, 1787.
24. Monroe, View of the Conduct of the Executive, iv. WWR, 800. Letter to Gouverneur Morris, January 28, 1792.
25. WWR,932. Letter to the House of Representatives, March 30, 1796.
26. Ibid., 668. Letter to the Marquis de Lafayette, February 7, 1788.
27. Ibid., 695. Letter to Edward Newenham, August 29, 1788.
28. Ibid., 669. Letter to the Marquis de Lafayette, February 7, 1788.
29. PWP, 2:245. Letter to Philip Schuyler, May 9, 1789.
30. Fahim, “George Washington Letter Found in Scrapbook.” New York Times, April 27, 2007.
31. Maxey, Portrait of Elizabeth Willing Powel, 30.
32. Ibid.
33. Goldwin, From Parchment to Power, 34.
34. Brookhiser, Founding Father, 66.
35. Goldwin, From Parchment to Power, 59.
36. Cappon, Adams-Jefferson Letters, 196.
37. Van Doren, Benjamin Franklin, 753.
38. PWCF, 5:331. Letter to the President of Congress, September 17, 1787.
39. Diaries,5:186. Diary entry for September 19, 1787.
40. DiariesA,325. Diary entry for September 22, 1787.
41. WWR,671. Letter to John Armstrong, April 25, 1788.
42. Ibid., 658. Letter to Henry Knox, October 15, 1787.
CHAPTER FORTY-FIVE: MOUNTING THE SEAT
1. PWCF,5:425.
2. Ibid.
3. Ibid., 5:399-400. Letter from Gouverneur Morris, October 30, 1787.
4. Van Doren, Benjamin Franklin, 756.
5. Wills, Cincinnatus, 157.
6. Ibid., 173.
7. PWCF, 6:448. Letter to Charles Pettit, August 16, 1788.
8. WWR,667. Letter to the Marquis de Lafayette, February 7, 1788.
9. Ibid., 662. Letter to Bushrod Washington, November 9, 1787.
10. MTV. “Early Descriptions Ante 1800.”
11. PWCF,5:383. Letter from James Madison, October 18, 1787.
12. Ibid., 5:369-70.
13. Ibid. Letter from Alexander Hamilton, October 11, 1787.
14. Ibid., 5:380. Letter to Alexander Hamilton, October 18, 1787.
15. WWR, 657. Letter to David Humphreys, October 10, 1787.
16. PWCF,5:426. Letter to Alexander Hamilton, November 10, 1787.
17. WWR, 692. Letter to Alexander Hamilton, August 28, 1788.
18. PWCF, 5:467. Letter to David Stuart, November 30, 1787.
19. Ibid., 5:500. Letter from James Madison, December 20, 1787.
20. Ibid., 6:150. Letter from Henry Knox, March 10, 1778.
21. WWR, 667. Letter to Edmund Randolph, January 8, 1788.
22. Ibid., 684. Letter to the Marquis de Lafayette, June 19, 1788.
23. Ibid., 681-82. Letter to the Marquis de Lafayette, May 28, 1788.
24. PWCF,6:351. Letter to James Madison, June 23, 1788.
25. Ibid., 6:339. Letter from James Madison, June 18, 1788.
26. Ibid., 6:316. Letter from Bushrod Washington, June 7, 1788.
27. Burns and Dunn, George Washington, 45.
28. DiariesA, 330.
29. PWP, 10:631. Letter from Edmund Randolph, August 5, 1792.
30. Ibid., 4:1. Letter to James Craik, September 8, 1789.
31. Ibid.
32. PWP, 10:351. “Madison’s Conversations with Washington,” 5[-25] May 1792.
33. WWR,679. Letter to the Marquis de Lafayette, April 28, 1788.
34. PWCF,5:425.
35. Kaminski and McCaughan, Great and Good Man, 39.
36. WWR,696-97. Letter to Alexander Hamilton, October 3, 1788.
37. PWCF, 5:400. Letter from Gouverneur Morris, October 30, 1787.
38. Unger, Lafayette, 226.
39. PWCF,6:444. Letter from Alexander Hamilton, August 13, 1788.
40. WWR, 692. Letter to Alexander Hamilton, August 28, 1788.
41. Ibid., 697. Letter to Alexander Hamilton, October 3, 1788.
42. Ibid.
43. PWP, 1:24. Letter from Alexander Hamilton, September 1788.
44. Ibid., 119. Letter from Alexander Hamilton, November 18, 1788.
45. WWR,671. Letter to John Armstrong, April 25, 1788.
46. PWCF, 6:534. Letter to James Madison, September 23, 1788.
47. Ibid., 6:470. Letter from James Madison, August 24, 1788.
48. PWP, 1:72. Letter to Benjamin Lincoln, October 26, 1788.
49. Kaminski and McCaughan, Great and Good Man, 99.
50. Ibid., 97.
51. Cappon, Adams-Jefferson Letters, 202.
52. PWP, 1:166. Letter from Gouverneur Morris, December 6, 1788.
53. PWCF,6:531. Letter to Henry Lee, Jr., September 22, 1788.
54. WWR, 717. Letter to the Marquis de Lafayette, January 29, 1789.
55. Ibid., 697. Letter to Alexander Hamilton, October 3, 1788.
56. PWP, 10:535. “Jefferson’s Conversation with Washington,” July 10, 1792.
57. Ibid., 1:262. Letter to the Marquis de Lafayette, January 29, 1789.
58. Ibid., 1:226. Letter to Henry Knox, January 1, 1789.
59. Callahan, Henry Knox, 273.
60. PWCF,5:43. Letter to Bridget Kirk, February 20, 1787.
61. Ibid., 5:173. Letter to Lund Washington, May 7, 1787.
62. Ibid., 5:288. Letter to George Augustine Washington, August 12, 1787.
63. Ibid., 5:325. Letter to John Cannon, September 16, 1787.
64. Ibid., 6:198. Letter to Charles Lee, April 4, 1788.
65. Ibid.
66. Ibid., 6:285. Letter to Thomas Lewis, May 19, 1788.
67. Ibid., 6:352-53. Letter to David Stuart, June 23, 1788.
68. Ibid., 6:423. Letter to James Craik, August 4, 1788.
69. PWP, 1:203. Letter to John Cannon, December 26, 1788.
70. Ibid., 1:361-62. Letter to Richard Conway, March 4, 1789.
71. Ibid., 1:368. Letter to Richard Conway, March 6, 1789.
72. PWCF,2:317. Letter to Robert Lewis & Sons, February 1, 1785.
73. WWR,724. Letter to Thomas Green, March 31, 1789.
74. Ibid., 725.
CHAPTER FORTY-SIX: THE PLACE OF EXECUTION
1. PWP, 2:2. Letter to Henry Knox, April 1, 1789.
2. Ibid.
3. WWR,735. Letter to Edward Rutledge, May 5, 1789.
4. PWP, 1:424. Letter to Samuel Vaughan, March 21, 1789.
5. DiariesA,337.
6. PWP, 3:317. Letter from Charles Thomson,
July 25, 1789.
7. Ibid., 2:54. “Address by Charles Thomson,” April 14, 1789.
8. Ibid. p. 2:29. Letter from John Langdon, April 6, 1789.
9. Ibid., 2:56. “Address to Charles Thomson,” April 14, 1789.
10. WWR,730. Diary entry for April 16, 1789.
11. Fields, “Worthy Partner,” 213.
12. Freeman, George Washington, 6:166.
13. PWP, 2:78. “To the Delaware Society for Promoting Domestic Manufacturers,” April 19-20, 1789.
14. Wood, Revolutionary Characters, 50.
15. Kaminski and McCaughan, Great and Good Man, 104.
16. Ibid., 109.
17. PWP, 2:102.
18. Freeman, George Washington, 6:175.
19. PWP, 2:108. “To the Ladies of Trenton,” April 21, 1789.
20. WWR,735. Letter to Edward Rutledge, May 5, 1789.
21. PWP, 2:133.
22. Ibid., 2:134.
23. Ibid.
24. Ibid.
25. Ibid.
26. PWP, 1:444. Letter to George Clinton, March 25, 1789.
27. DiariesA,338.
28. Callahan, Henry Knox, 274.
29. DiariesA,338. Diary entry for April 23, 1780.
30. Freeman, George Washington, 6:182.
31. PWP, 2:114.
32. Wood, Empire of Liberty, 56.
33. Stoll, Samuel Adams, 131.
34. Winik, Great Upheaval, 67.
35. Isenberg, Fallen Founder, 233.
36. WWR,706. “Fragments of a Draft of the First Inaugural Address,” ca. January 1789.
37. Ibid.
38. Ibid., 708.
39. Ibid., 707.
40. WWR,734. Letter to James Madison, May 5, 1789.
41. Cadou, George Washington Collection, 216.
42. WWR,718. Letter to the Marquis de Lafayette, January 29, 1789.
43. Freeman, George Washington, 6:191.
44. Stahr, John Jay, 269.
45. Freeman, George Washington, 6:195.
46. Burns and Dunn, George Washington, 47.
47. Ketcham, James Madison, 283.
48. Callahan, Henry Knox, 275.
49. Wood, Empire of Liberty, 64.
50. PWP, 2:155.
51. Ibid.
52. Cunliffe, George Washington, 130.
53. Ketcham, James Madison, 283.
54. WWR,730. “First Inaugural Address,” April 30, 1789.
55. Ibid., 731.
56. Ibid.
57. Ibid., 730-31.
58. WWR,704. “Fragments of a Draft of the First Inaugural Address,” ca. January 1789.
59. Ibid., 732. “First Inaugural Address,” April 30, 1789.
60. Ibid., 733.
61. Ibid.
62. Decatur, Private Affairs of George Washington, 8.
63. PWP, 1:253. Letter from Samuel Powel, January 26, 1789.
64. Ibid., 1:281. Letter to Samuel Powel, February 5, 1789.
65. Ibid., 1:338-39. Letter from Gouverneur Morris, February 23, 1789.
66. Fields, “Worthy Partner,” 205.
67. Ibid., 223.
68. Decatur, Private Affairs of George Washington, 23.
69. Brady, Martha Washington, 3.
70. Ibid.
71. PWP, 2:205.
72. Brady, Martha Washington, 10.
73. Decatur, Private Affairs of George Washington, 21.
74. Fields, “Worthy Partner,” 215.
75. Ibid.
76. Freeman, George Washington, 6:213.
77. Ibid., 6:213-14.
78. Fields, “Worthy Partner,” 220.
79. Ibid., 219.
80. Thompson, “‘As If I had Been a Very Great Somebody.’”
81. Fields, “Worthy Partner,” p.223.
82. Ibid., 224.
83. Lossing, Martha Washington, 22.
CHAPTER FORTY-SEVEN: ACTING THE PRESIDENCY
1. Decatur, Private Affairs of George Washington, 56.
2. Ibid., 333.
3. Fields, “Worthy Partner,” 250.
4. PWP, 2:246-47. Letter to John Adams, May 10, 1789.
5. Henriques, Realistic Visionary, 51.
6. Wood, Revolutionary Characters, 54.
7. Hitchens, Thomas Jefferson, 76.
8. Burns and Dunn, George Washington, 56.
9. PWP,3:199. Letter from David Stuart, July 14, 1789.
10. McDonald, Presidency of George Washington, 25-26.
11. PWP, 5:526. Letter to David Stuart, June 15, 1790.
12. Ibid., 3:322. Letter to David Stuart, July 26, 1789.
13. Ibid., 3:323.
14. Ibid., 2:282. Letter to James Madison, May 12, 1789.
15. Ibid., 2:213. Letter from Alexander Hamilton, May 5, 1789.
16. Ibid., 10:655. Letter to James McHenry, August 13, 1792.
17. Ibid., 2:247. 18 . Schutz and Adair, Spur of Fame, 101.
19. Sullivan, Public Men of the Revolution, 120.
20. Decatur, Private Affairs of George Washington, 68.
21. WWR,763. Letter to David Stuart, June 15, 1790.
22. Chernow, Alexander Hamilton, 279.
23. Brady, Martha Washington, 167.
24 . Cadou, George Washington Collection, 129.
25. Sullivan, Public Men of the Revolution, 117.
26. Chinard, George Washington as the French Knew Him, 120.
27. Diaries,6:54. Diary entry for March 26, 1790.
28. Unger, Unexpected George Washington, 245.
29. Decatur, Private Affairs of George Washington, 45.
30. Maclay, Diary of William Maclay, 83.
31. Ibid., 74.
32. Ibid., 258.
33. Ibid., 137.
34. Ibid.
35. Ibid., 212.
36. Ibid.
37. Decatur, Private Affairs of George Washington, 123.
38. Maclay, Diary of William Maclay, 261.
39. Ibid., 365-66.
40. WWR,762-63. Letter to David Stuart, June 15, 1790.
41. PWP, 11:182. “Thomas Jefferson’s Conversation with Washington,” October 1, 1792.
42. Ibid, 12:107. “Thomas Jefferson’s Notes on a Conversation with Washington,” February 7, 1793.
43. Ibid., 2:248. Letter to George Augustine Washington, May 3, 1789.
44. Decatur, Private Affairs of George Washington, 51.
45. Ibid., 116.
46. PWP, 2:248.
47. Decatur, Private Affairs of George Washington, 116.
48. PWP, 4:336.
49. Cadou, George Washington Collection, 144.
50. PWRT, 2:490. Letter to William Fitzhugh, August 5, 1798.
51. Wood, Revolutionary Characters, 52.
52. Burstein, Original Knickerbocker, 7.
53. PWP, 3:199. Letter from David Stuart, July 14, 1789.
54. Stahr, John Jay, 226.
55. Maclay, Diary of William Maclay, 34.
CHAPTER FORTY-EIGHT: THE CARES OF OFFICE
1. DiariesA, 297.
2. Flexner, George Washington, 3:212.
3. Ibid.
4. Ibid.
5. PWP, 3:77.
6. Ibid., 3:112. Letter to James McHenry, July 3, 1789.
7. Brady, Martha Washington, 167.
8. PWP, 4:1. Letter to James Craik, September 8, 1789.
9. Thompson, Memorandum for the Martha Washington Anniversary Committee, 15.
10. PWP, 4:1. Letter to James Craik, September 8, 1789.
11. Ibid.
12. Henriques, “Saint or Shrew?”
13. WWR,740. Letter to Betty Washington Lewis, September 13, 1789.
14. PWP, 1:368. Letter to Richard Conway, March 6, 1789.
15. Adams, Life and Writings of Jared Sparks, 2:28.
16. WWR,741. Letter to Betty Washington Lewis, September 13, 1789.
17. Ibid.
18. PWP, 4:35.
19. Maclay, Diary of William Maclay, 121.
20. Decatur, Private Affairs of George Washington, 59.
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21. Ibid.
22. Maclay, Diary of William Maclay, 128.
23. Ibid., 129.
24. Ibid., 130.
25. Ibid.
26. Ibid., 386.
27. Guerrero, John Adams’ Vice-Presidency, 183.
28. Ibid., 185.
29. Wood, Revolutionary Characters, 175.
30. Cunliffe, George Washington, 175.
31. Irving, Life of George Washington, 575.
CHAPTER FORTY-NINE: RAYS OF GENIUS
1. Maclay, Diary of William Maclay, 353.
2. Burns and Dunn, George Washington, 74.
3. Ibid.
4. PWP, 1:352. Letter to Thomas Barclay, March 2, 1789.
5. Ketcham, James Madison, 286.
6. McDonald, Presidency of George Washington, 27.
7. Chernow, Alexander Hamilton, 289.
8. Ellis, His Excellency: George Washington, 198.
9. Burns and Dunn, George Washington, 74.
10. PWCF,2:253. Letter to Henry Knox, January 5, 1785.
11. Callahan, Henry Knox, 287.
12. Ibid., 281.
13. Ketcham, James Madison, 287.
14. PWP, 1:441. Letter from H.Z., March 24, 1789.
15. Adams, Life and Writings of Jared Sparks, 1:560.
16. WWR,597. Letter to the Marquis de Lafayette, May 10, 1786.
17. PWP, 4:413. Letter from Thomas Jefferson, December 15, 1787.
18. WWR,754-55. Letter to Thomas Jefferson, January 21, 1790.
19. Hitchens, Thomas Jefferson, 70
20. PWCF,6:256. Letter from Thomas Jefferson, May 2, 1788.
21. Wills, Cincinnatus, 199.
22. Jefferson, Writings, 1319.
23. Ibid., 1321.
24. Thompson, Memorandum for the Martha Washington Anniversary Committee, 20.
25. Jefferson, Writings, 1319.
26. Ibid., 1320.
27. Schiff, Great Improvisation, 403.
28. Jackman, “Young Englishman Reports.”
29. Burns and Dunn, George Washington, 55.
30. PWP,4:67. Letter to James Madison, ca. September 23, 1789.
31. PWCF, 6:316. Letter from Bushrod Washington, June 7, 1788.
32. Burns and Dunn, George Washington, 72.
33. Ibid.
34. PWP, 4:78. Letter to John Jay, October 5, 1789.
35. WWF,25:274. Letter to John Jay, October 18, 1782.
36. PWP,4:137. Letter to John Jay, October 5, 1789.
37. McDonald, Presidency of George Washington, 40.
38. Wood, Empire of Liberty, 86.
39. Burns and Dunn, George Washington, 70.
40. PWP, 10:455. Letter from Henry Lee, June 15, 1792.
41. Flexner, George Washington, 2:550.
42. Decatur, Private Affairs of George Washington, 268.
43. PWP, 2:248.
