by Ron Chernow
———. “Wall Street’s First Collapse.” American Heritage, Winter 2009.
Fund, John H. “George Washington, Whiskey Entrepreneur.” Wall Street Journal, February 21, 2007.
Henriques, Peter R. “The Final Struggle Between George Washington and the Grim King: Washington’s Attitude Toward Death and an Afterlife.” Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 107, no. 1 (Winter 1999).
———. “Another Sally Hemings Case? The Relationship Between George Washington and West Ford.” Unpublished talk, April 26, 2005. Copy in possession of the author.
———. “Saint or Shrew? George Washington’s Controversial Relationship with His Mother, Mary Ball Washington.” Unpublished talk, February 12, 2008. Copy in possession of the author.
Jackman, S. W. “A Young Englishman Reports on the New Nation: Edward Thornton to James Bland Burges, 1791-1793.” William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd ser., 18, no. 1 (January 1961).
Kail, Wendy. “The Correspondence of George and Martha Washington.” Papers of George Washington, http://gwpapers.virginia.edu/articles.
Kelly, Catherine E. “Face Value: George Washington and Portrait Prints.” Common-place 7, no. 3 (April 2007).
Kennicott, Philip. “Plain as Dirt: History Without Gimmickry.” Washington Post, July 4, 2007.
Killian, Tom. “Mount Vernon: Elite & Vernacular.” Material Culture, Fall 2005.
Leibiger, Stuart. “ ‘To Judge of Washington’s Conduct’: Illuminating George Washington’s Appearance on the World Stage.” Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 107, no. 1 (Winter 1999).
Lepore, Jill. “Back Issues.” New Yorker, January 26, 2009.
———. “I.O.U.” New Yorker, April 13, 2009.
Lipset, Seymour Martin. “George Washington and the Founding of Democracy.” Journal of Democracy 9, no. 4 (October 1988).
Lombardi, Michael J. “Taking the Measure of Washington . . . Once More.” Colonial Williamsburg , Summer 2005.
Magnet, Myron. “Alexander Hamilton, Modern America’s Founding Father.” City Journal, Winter 2009.
Meade, Robert Douthat. “Gov. Fauquier—Friend of Jefferson.” Richmond Times-Dispatch, July 7, 1935.
Morgan, Edmund S. “Jefferson & Betrayal.” New York Review of Books, June 26, 2008.
Morgan, Kenneth. “George Washington and the Problem of Slavery.” Journal of American Studies 34 (2000).
Morgan, Marie, and Edmund S. Morgan. “Jefferson’s Concubine.” New York Review of Books, October 9, 2008.
Morgan, Philip D. “ ‘To Get Quit of Negroes’: George Washington and Slavery.” Journal of American Studies 39, no. 3 (2005).
Neely, Sylvia. “Mason Locke Weems’s Life of George Washington and the Myth of Braddock’s Defeat.” Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 107, no. 1 (Winter 1999).
Pogue, Dennis J. “Slave Lifeways at Mount Vernon: An Archaeological Perspective.” Presentation to the symposium “Slavery in the Age of George Washington,” Mount Vernon, November 3, 1994. Mount Vernon Web site.
———. “The Domestic Architecture of Slavery at George Washington’s Mount Vernon.” Henry Francis du Pont Winterthur Museum, 2002.
Riley, John P. “ ‘Written with My Own Hand’: George Washington’s Last Will and Testament,” Virginia Cavalcade 48, no. 4 (Autumn 1999).
Sayen, William Guthrie. “George Washington’s ‘Unmannerly’ Behavior: The Clash Between Civility and Honor.” Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, 107, no. 1 (Winter 1999).
Scheer, George F. “Why Washington Stood Up in the Boat.” American Heritage, December 1964.
Schulte, Brigid. “Fresh Look at Martha Washington: Less First Frump, More Foxy Lady.” Washington Post, February 2, 2009.
Schwartz, Jeffrey H. “Putting a Face on the First President.” Scientific American, February 2006.
Shaw, Diane Windham. “Lafayette and Slavery.” Lafayette Alumni News Magazine, Winter 2007.
Smith, Richard Norton. “The Surprising George Washington, Part 2.” Prologue: Quarterly of the National Archives, Spring 1994.
Smyk, Edward A., ed. “Washington and the Dey Mansion.” Wayne, N.J.: Passaic County Board of Chosen Freeholders for the Dey Mansion, 2009.
Sognnaes, Reidar F. “America’s Most Famous Teeth: The Truth at Last About George Washington’s Dentures Can Be Made ‘A Parade of.’” Smithsonian 3, no. 11 (February 1973).
Thompson, Mary V. “ ‘They Appear to Live Comfortable Together’: Private Life of the Mount Vernon Slaves.” Presentation to the symposium “Slavery in the Age of Washington,” Mount Vernon, November 3, 1994. Mount Vernon Web site.
———. “ ‘The Only Unavoidable Subject of Regret’: George Washington and Slavery.” Presentation to symposium “George Washington and Alexandria, Virginia: Ties That Bind,” Alexandria, February 20, 1999. Mount Vernon Web site.
———. “The Lives of Enslaved Workers on George Washington’s Outlying Farms.” Presentation to the Neighborhood Friends of Mount Vernon, June 16, 1999. Mount Vernon Web site.
———. “Houdon’s Bust of Washington.” Mount Vernon Annual Report, 2000.
———. “ ‘More to dread . . . than from the Sword of the Enemy.’” Mount Vernon Annual Report, 2000.
———. “ ‘As If I had Been a Very Great Somebody’: Martha Washington in the American Revolution; Becoming the New Nation’s First Lady.” Presentation to the Annual George Washington Symposium, Mount Vernon, November 9, 2002. Mount Vernon Web site.
Toner, J. M. “The Youth of George Washington.” Magazine of American History 27 (May 1892).
———. “Washington and His Mother.” Magazine of American History 28 (November 1892).
Wallenborn, White McKenzie. “George Washington’s Terminal Illness: A Modern Medical Analysis of the Last Illness and Death of George Washington.” 1999. Papers of George Washington, http://www.gwpapers.virginia.edu/documents/index.html.
Warren, Jack D. “Books at Mount Vernon.” Papers of George Washington, http://gwpapers.virginia.edu/articles/warren.html.
Wetherell, W. D. “On the Trail of Benedict Arnold.” American Heritage, April-May 2007.
Wilford, John Noble. “Archaeologists Agree: Young Washington Slept Here.” New York Times, July 3, 2008.
Wood, Gordon S. “The Shopper’s Revolution.” New York Review of Books, June 10, 2004.
———. “The Making of a Disaster.” New York Review of Books, April 28, 2005.
———. “American Religion: The Great Retreat.” New York Review of Books, June 8, 2006.
———. “Reading the Founders’ Minds.” New York Review of Books, June 28, 2007.
Wright, John Womack. “Pickering’s Letter on Washington.” Tyler’s Quarterly Magazine 7 (July 1925).
Zax, David. “Washington’s Boyhood Home.” Smithsonian, September 2008.
ILLUSTRATION PERMISSIONS
In order of appearance
FRONTISPIECE
George Washington (1732-1799), by Charles Willson Peale (1741-1827)
Oil on canvas, 1787
Courtesy of the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Philadelphia. Bequest of Mrs. Sarah Harrison (The Joseph Harrison, Jr., Collection)
PART TITLE PAGES
George Washington in the Uniform of a British Colonial Colonel, by Charles Willson Peale (1741-1827)
Oil on canvas, 1772
Washington-Custis-Lee Collection, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Virginia
Martha Dandridge Custis (1731-1802), by John Wollaston (active 1742-1775)
Oil on canvas, 1757
Washington-Custis-Lee Collection, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Virginia
George Washington at Princeton, by Charles Willson Peale (1741-1827)
Oil on canvas, 1779
Courtesy of the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Philadelphia. Bequest of Mrs. Sarah Harrison (The Joseph Harrison, Jr., Collection)
Bust of George Washington, by Jean-Antoine Houdon (1741-1828)
Terra-cotta, 1785
Courtesy of the Mount Vernon Ladies’ Association
George Washington, by Gilbert Stuart (1755-1828)
Oil on canvas, 1795-1796
Copyright the Frick Collection, New York
Apotheosis of Washington, by David Edwin (1776-1841), after Rembrandt Peale (1778-1860)
Stipple engraving on paper, ca. 1800
National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution / Art Resource, NY
ILLUSTRATION INSERT
Lawrence Washington (ca. 1718-1752), possibly by John Wollaston (active 1742-1775)
Oil on canvas, ca. 1743
Courtesy of the Mount Vernon Ladies’ Association
Lieutenant Governor Robert Dinwiddie (1693-1770), by an unknown artist
Oil on canvas, ca. 1760-1765
© National Portrait Gallery, London
Sarah “Sally” Cary Fairfax (ca. 1730-1811), by Duncan Smith (1877-1934)
Oil on canvas, early twentieth century
The Virginia Historical Society
George William Fairfax (1724-1787), by an unknown artist
Oil on wood panel, 1773 or after
© Trustees of Leeds Castle Foundation, Maidstone, Kent, UK
Martha Washington (1731-1802), by Charles Willson Peale (1741-1827)
Miniature, watercolor on ivory, 1772
Courtesy of the Mount Vernon Ladies’ Association
John Parke “Jacky” Custis (1754-1781), by Charles Willson Peale (1741-1827)
Miniature, watercolor on ivory, 1772
Courtesy of an anonymous lender
Martha Parke “Patsy” Custis (1756-1773), by Charles Willson Peale (1741-1827)
Miniature, watercolor on ivory, 1772
Courtesy of the Mount Vernon Ladies’ Association
George Washington, by John Trumbull (1756-1843)
Oil on canvas, 1780
The Metropolitan Museum of Art / Art Resource, NY
General Charles Lee (1732-1782), by I. Neagle
Engraving, n.d.
Emmet Collection, Miriam and Ira D. Wallach Division of Art, Prints and Photographs, The New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations
General Horatio Gates (1727-1806), by Gilbert Stuart (1755-1828)
Oil on canvas, ca. 1793-1794
The Metropolitan Museum of Art / Art Resource, NY
Henry Knox (1750-1806), by Gilbert Stuart (1755-1828)
Oil on panel, ca. 1805
121.6 x 98.11 cm (47⅞x 38⅝in.)
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Deposited by the City of Boston, L-R 30.76b. Photograph © 2010 Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
Nathanael Greene (1742-1786), by Charles Willson Peale (1741-1827)
Oil on canvas, from life, ca. 1783
Independence National Historical Park
Phillis Wheatley (ca. 1753-1784), by Scipio Moorhead
Engraving, frontispiece from Phillis Wheatley, Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral (London: A. Bell, 1773)
Courtesy of the Library of Congress
John Adams (1735-1826), by Charles Willson Peale (1741-1827)
Oil on canvas, from life, ca. 1791-1794
Independence National Historical Park
Sir Henry Clinton (ca. 1730-1795), by Thomas Day (active 1768-1788)
Miniature, watercolor on ivory, 1787
Courtesy of the R. W. Norton Art Gallery, Shreveport, Louisiana
Charles Cornwallis, First Marquess Cornwallis (1738-1805), by Thomas Gainsborough (ca. 1727-1788)
Oil on canvas, feigned oval, 1783
© National Portrait Gallery, London
Benedict Arnold (1741-1801), after John Trumbull (1756-1843)
Engraving, ca. 1894
Courtesy of the Library of Congress
Margaret “Peggy” Shippen (Mrs. Benedict Arnold) (1760-1804), by John André (1750-1780)
Graphite on paper, 1778
Yale University Art Gallery
Washington, Lafayette, and Tilghman at Yorktown, by Charles Willson Peale (1741-1827)
Oil on canvas, 1784
93˝ x 64˝
Accession number: MSA SC 1545-1120. Collection of the Maryland State Archives
Alexander Hamilton (1755-1804), after Charles Willson Peale (1741-1827)
Oil on canvas, late eighteenth or early nineteenth century
Collection of the New-York Historical Society, 1841.2
“Baron” von Steuben (1730-1794), by Ralph Earl (1751-1801)
Oil on canvas, ca. 1786
Yale University Art Gallery. Gift of Mrs. Paul Moore in memory of her nephew Howard Melville Hanna, Jr., B.S. 1931
Mrs. Samuel Powel (née Elizabeth Willing, 1743-1830), by Matthew Pratt (1734-1805)
Oil on canvas, ca. 1793
Courtesy of the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Philadelphia. Henry D. Gilpin Fund
James Madison (1751-1836), by Gilbert Stuart (1755-1828)
Oil on canvas, ca. 1805-1807
Bowdoin College Museum of Art, Brunswick, Maine. Bequest of the Honorable James Bowdoin III
Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826), by Charles Willson Peale (1741-1827)
Oil on canvas, from life, ca. 1791-1792
Independence National Historical Park
Thomas Paine (1737-1809), by William Sharp after George Romney
Engraving, 1793
© National Portrait Gallery, London
Philip Morin Freneau (1752-1832)
Reprinted from Philip Morin Freneau, Poems Relating to the American Revolution (New York: W. J. Widdleton, 1865)
Martha Washington (1731-1802), by James Peale (1749-1831)
Miniature, watercolor on ivory, 1796
Courtesy of the Mount Vernon Ladies’ Association
Frances “Fanny” Bassett (1767-1796), by Robert Edge Pine (ca. 1730-1788)
Oil on canvas, 1785
Courtesy of the Mount Vernon Ladies’ Association
The Washington Family, by David Edwin (1776 -1841) after Edward Savage (1761-1817)
Stipple engraving, 1798
National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution / Art Resource, NY
George Washington, by Charles Willson Peale (1741-1827)
Oil on canvas, 1795
Collection of the New-York Historical Society, 1867.299
INDEX
Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations.
Abbot, W. W.
Adams, Abigail
on Adams’s election
on GW
GW’s death and
on Lafayette
on Martha Washington
at Martha Washington’s receptions
on Mount Vernon
on Philadelphia
Adams, John
Alien and Sedition Acts and
on Battle of Lexington and Concord
cabinet of
character and personality of
on Continental Army
death of
diplomatic assignment of
diplomatic overtures toward France by
in election of 1789
in election of 1796
on federal district
on French alliance
on GW
GW’s death and
at GW’s inauguration
GW supported by
on Hamilton
on Jefferson
national bank disapproved by
new army and conflict with GW
on New York
as president
Society of the Cincinnati condemned by
as vice president
vice presidential reelection of
XYZ Affair and
Adams, John Quincy
Adams, Samuel
on Boston Tea Party
GW supported by
Adams administration
Addison, Joseph
“Address to the Cherokee Nation,”
Adventurers for Draining the Dismal Swamp
/>
agriculture
Albany, N.Y.
Albemarle, Lord
alcohol, alcohol abuse
Alexandria, Va.
Alexandria Academy
Algiers
Alice (slave)
Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)
Allegheny Mountains
Allegheny River
Allen, Ethan
Allen, John
Alton, John
American Museum
American Revolution
French Revolution and
as global conflict
GW’s view of moral struggle in
Native Americans and
origin in measured protests of
Paris peace treaty in
profiteering during
Ames, Fisher
Amson, John
Anderson, Fred
Anderson, James
André, John
Annals of Agriculture (Young)
Annapolis, Md.
conference on Articles of Confederation in
antifederalists
Apotheosis of Washington
Appalachian Mountains
Appleby Grammar School
Arbuthnot, Admiral
Argand, Aimé
Armistead, James
Armstrong, John
Armstrong, John, Jr.
army:
GW’s proposed command of new
Indians and request for expansion of
