by Gail Dines
12. http://www.adultvest.com/index.php (accessed March 23, 2009).[back]
13. Stephen Yagielowicz, “The State of the Industry,” XBIZ, March 20, 2009, http://www.xbiz.com/articles/106157/ (accessed March 23, 2009).[back]
14. Alex Henderson, “Making Bank,” XBIZ, April 16, 2007, http://www.xbiz.com/articles/22392/steve+Hirsch (accessed March 20, 2009).[back]
15. Ibid.[back]
16. Ibid.[back]
17. Ibid.[back]
18. Cronin and Davenport, “E-rogenous Zones,” 42.[back]
19. “Pink Visual Launches New Mainstream-Friendly Promo Site PVExposed.com,” January 20, 2009, http://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS200142+20-Jan-2009+MW20090120 (accessed April 2, 2009).[back]
20. Coopersmith, “Does Your Mother Know What You Really Do?” 12.[back]
21. Joel Russell, “Brand-New Skin: Publicist Brian Gross Helps Adult Stars, Companies Establish Mainstream Profiles,” Los Angeles Business Journal, August 18, 2008, http://www.allbusiness.com/entertainment-arts/broadcasting-industry/11581040–1.html (accessed April 1, 2009).[back]
22. Ibid.[back]
23. “Joanna Angel’s ‘I Am Legend’ Cameo,” December 20, 2007, http://hotmoviesforher.blogspot.com/2007/12/boys-over-at-hotmovies-blog-have.html (accessed June 3, 2008).[back]
24. Johnson Reed, “Porn Stars Are the New Crossover Artists,” Los Angeles Times, November 3, 2008, http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/la-et-porn3–2008nov03,0,6573308.story (accessed November 29, 2008). [back]
25. “Kevin Smith Talks about Zack and Miri Make a Porno,” XCritic.com, n.d., http://www.xcritic.com/columns/column.php?columnID=1200 (accessed April 24, 2009).[back]
26. Tod Hunter, “Adam Sandler Prepping Porn-Themed Comedy,” XBIZ, April 6, 2009, http://www.xbiz.com/news/106797 (accessed April 7, 2009).[back]
27. Anne Winter, “Liberator Gear to Make Appearance in Adam Sandler Romantic Comedy,” XBIZ, April 23, 2009, http://www.xbiz.com/news/107437 (accessed April 28, 2009).[back]
28. Acme Andersson, “Adult Marketing to the Mainstream,” XBIZ, April 27, 2009, http://www.xbiz.com/articles/107548 (accessed April 27, 2009).[back]
29. Coopersmith, “Does Your Mother Know What You Really Do?” 13.[back]
30. Free Speech Coalition, http://www.freespeechcoalition.com/FSCview.asp?coid=87 (accessed May 3, 2009).[back]
31. Association of Sites Advocating Child Protection, http://www.asacp.org/page.php (accessed April 5, 2009).[back]
32. Barely Legal, http://barelylegal.com/mansion1/gallery.php?s=4&p=1&w=396250&t=0&c=0&cs=1 (accessed April 6, 2009).[back]
33. Jack Morrison, “The Distracted Porn Consumer: You Never Knew Your Online Customers So Well,” Adult Video News, June 1, 2004, http://business.avn.com/articles/16315.html (accessed July 20, 2009).[back]
34. Jack Morrison, “Best Marketing Practices,” Adult Video News, March 1, 2003, http://business.avn.com/articles/16449.html (accessed July 9, 2006).[back]
Four: Grooming for Gonzo
1. Robert Jensen, Getting Off: Pornography and the End of Masculinity (Boston: South End, 2007), 26.[back]
2. James Gilligan, Violence (New York: Vintage, 1996), 237.[back]
3. For an analysis of masculinity, see Michael Kimmel, Guyland: The Perilous World Where Boys Become Men (New York: Harper, 2008).[back]
4. Henry J. Kaiser Foundation, http://www.kff.org/entmedia/upload/Key-Facts-TV-Violence.pdf, 2009 (accessed February 12, 2009).[back]
5. Matt Ezzell, “Pornography, Lad Mags, Video Games and Boys: Reviving the Canary in the Cultural Coal Mine,” in The Sexualization of Childhood, ed. Sharna Olfman (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2009), 21.[back]
6. For a review of the research on media and violence, see Joanna Cantor, “The Psychological Effect of Media Violence on Children and Adolescents,” 2002, http://yourmindonmedia.com/downloads/media_violence_paper.pdf (accessed April 6, 2009).[back]
7. http://assplundering.com/tr/index.php (accessed November 1, 2009).[back]
8. http://www.britishbukkakebabes.com (accessed May 10, 2007).[back]
9. Adult DVD Talk, November 7, 2007, http://forum.adultdvdtalk.com/forum/topic.dlt/topic_id=110848/forum_id=1/cat_id=1/110848.htm (accessed April 7, 2009).[back]
10. I am assuming that most of the contributors to the discussion group are men as they talk in a male voice, often making reference to how “hard” they are or how quickly they ejaculated. They also talk about what they would like to do to women in a way that suggests male subjectivity.[back]
11. Sir Rodney, http://www.sirrodney.com/porn-review/West-Coast-Gang-Bangs.html#commentlist (accessed February 6, 2009).[back]
12. Adult DVD Talk, November 7, 2007, http://forum.adultdvdtalk.com/forum/topic.dlt/topic_id=110848/forum_id=1/cat_id=1/110848.htm (accessed March 4, 2008). [back]
13. Adult DVD Talk, November 8, 2007, http://forum.adultdvdtalk.com/forum/topic.dlt/whichpage=4/topic_id=110374/forum_id=1/cat_id=1/reply=1142120#post1142120 (accessed April 8, 2009).[back]
14. Robert Jensen, “The Cruel Boredom of Pornography,” Last Exit, September 24, 2008, http://uts.cc.utexas.edu/~rjensen/freelance/boredom.htm (accessed January 2, 2009).[back]
15. Adult DVD Talk, n.d., http://forum.adultdvdtalk.com/forum/topic.dlt/whichpage=13/topic_id=108360/forum_id=1/cat_id=1/reply=1361794#post1361794 (accessed April 7, 2009).[back]
16. A study conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 2002 found that 38.2 percent of men and 32.6 percent of women had engaged in anal sex at least once. “Sexual Behavior and Selected Health Measures: Men and Women 15–44 Years of Age, United States, 2002,” http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/ad/ad362.pdf (accessed July 24, 2007). [back]
17. Quoted in Jensen, Getting Off, 58.[back]
18. Adult DVD Talk, May 8, 2004, http://forum.adultdvdtalk.com/forum/topic.dlt/topic_id=118429/forum_id=1/cat_id=1/reply=1264778#post1264778 (accessed April 7, 2009).[back]
19. “Interview with Legendary Adult Director Max Hardcore,” Foundry Music, July 20, 2005, http://www.foundrymusic.com/bands/displayinterview.cfm?id=130 (accessed February 18, 2009).[back]
20.Hardcore, directed by Steven Walker (2001). [back]
21. Adult DVD Talk, March 25, 2005, http://forum.adultdvdtalk.com/forum/topic.asp?topic_id=57083&forum_id=1&c (accessed March 8, 2009).[back]
22. Ibid.[back]
23. Doll Forum, http://www.dollforum.com/modules.php?name=Forums&file=viewtopic&t=19518&highlight=love (accessed April 23, 2009).[back]
24. Real Doll, http://www.realdoll.com/cgi-bin/snav.rd.[back]
25. Doll Forum, http://www.dollforum.com/ (accessed April 23, 2009).[back]
26. Doll Forum, May 28, 2008, http://www.dollforum.com/modules.php?name=Forums&file=viewtopic&t=19337&highlight=porn (accessed April 24, 2009).[back]
27. Doll Forum, June 10, 2008, http://www.dollforum.com/modules.php?name=Forums&file=viewtopic&t=19504&highlight=waiting (accessed April 24, 2009).[back]
Five: Leaky Images
1. For a fuller discussion of how media images influence consumer behavior, see Jean Kilbourne, Can’t Buy My Love: How Advertising Changes the Way We Think and Feel (New York: Free Press, 2000).[back]
2. Michael Bader, “Is Pornography Really Harmful?” November 7, 2007, http://www.alternet.org/story/67144/ (accessed November 7, 2007).[back]
3. Daniel Bernardi, “Interracial Joysticks: Pornography’s Web of Racist Attractions,” in Pornography: Film and Culture, ed. Peter Lehman (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2006), 221.[back]
4. The idea that images don’t simply change viewers’ attitudes but rather consolidate their ideas of the world was first developed by George Gerbner and Larry Gross. For an overview of their work, see George Gerbner, Larry Gross, Michael Morgan, and Nancy Signorielli, “Growing Up with Television: The Cultivation Perspective,” in Media Effects: Advances in Theory and Research, ed. J. Bryant and D. Zillman (Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1994), 17–41.[back]
5. Bernardi, “Interracial Joysticks,�
�� 240. [back]
6. Psychologists who study the effects of porn conduct laboratory-based experiments that involve showing (mostly) men varying degrees and amounts of soft-to hard-core porn to see if there is any shift in the way they think about or behave toward women after being exposed to the images. Some studies expose men to just one porn movie, while others use “massive doses,” often defined as less than an hour’s exposure each week for six weeks: hardly “massive” given today’s levels of use. What is surprising is that even this limited amount of exposure to porn yields consistent findings across a whole slew of studies conducted over three decades. In a review of seventeen studies in which men were shown “massive” amounts of porn, Dolf Zillman, a leading researcher in the field, found that prolonged consumption of pornography • alters perceptions of sexuality; specifically, it fosters presumptions of popularity for less common sexual practices; • breeds discontent with the physical appearance and the sexual performance of intimate partners; • trivializes rape as a criminal offense and also trivializes sexual child abuse as a criminal offense; and • promotes insensitivity toward victims of sexual violence and promotes men’s beliefs that they would be capable of committing rape.
In addition, habitual male consumers of common pornography appear to be at greater risk of becoming sexually callous and sexually violent toward women than occasional users. Dolf Zillman, “Effects of Prolonged Consumption of Pornography,” in Pornography: Research Advances and Policy Considerations, ed. Dolf Zillman and Jennings Bryant (Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1989), 127–58.[back]
7. Pamela Paul, in her book Pornified, interviewed men about their porn use and found that they reported desensitization and habituation to porn, boredom with their sex life and their sex partners, and a dependency on porn for both masturbation and staying aroused during sex. In addition, some admitted to pressuring women into doing sex acts that they were uncomfortable with. Pamela Paul, Pornified: How Pornography Is Transforming Our Lives, Our Relationships, and Our Families (New York: Time Books, 2005).[back]
8. Stated by a male college student on 20/20, January 29, 1993.[back]
9. Simon Garfield, “Porn Addicts, Sex Offenders, Rapists, Paedophiles,” Observer, November 23, 2008, http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/2008/nov/23/health-wellbeing-therapy-society (accessed November 25, 2008).[back]
10. Wendy Maltz and Larry Maltz, The Porn Trap: The Essential Guide to Overcoming Problems Caused by Pornography (New York: HarperCollins, 2008), 4.[back]
11. Therapists are finding that there are an increasing number of nonpedophile men who, through boredom and desensitization to adult pornography, are turning to child pornography. See Lou Michel and Dan Herbeck, “The Child Porn Pipeline: Confessions of a Child Porn Addict,” Buffalo News, updated February 5, 2009, http://www.buffalonews.com/home/story/185614.html (accessed February 21, 2009).[back]
12. Neil Malamuth, Tamara Addison, and Mary Koss, “Pornography and Sexual Aggression: Are There Reliable Effects and Can We Understand Them?” Annual Review of Sex Research 11 (2000): 45.[back]
13. Frequent use is not an objective measure since participants were asked to rank their use on a four-point scale (never, seldom, somewhat frequently, and very frequently).[back]
14. Malamuth, Addison, and Koss, “Pornography and Sexual Aggression,” 81.[back]
15. These rape myths are taken from the slide show Who Wants to Be a Porn Star? The show, written and produced by Gail Dines, Rebecca Whisnant, and Robert Jensen, can be watched at Stoppornculture.org.[back]
16. http://porn.naughtyfiles.net/Reality/naughtybookworms.com/naughtybookworms-lystra (accessed June 8, 2006).[back]
17. http://www.herfirstanalsex.com/anal-porn/?revid=14215 (accessed June 8, 2006).[back]
18. http://porn.naughtyfiles.net/Teen/fasttimesatnau.com/jaclyn_case (accessed June 10, 2006).[back]
19. http://www.hdcreampies.com (accessed June 10, 2006).[back]
20. http://pluginfeeds.com/2.0/index.php?action=updates&product=1142 (accessed June 10, 2006).[back]
Six: Visible or Invisible
1. Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique (New York: Dell, 1963).[back]
2. Ariel Levy, Female Chauvinist Pigs (New York: Free Press, 2005), 32.[back]
3. Angela McRobbie, “Young Women and Consumer Culture,” Cultural Studies 22, no. 5 (2008): 543.[back]
4. Jennifer Benjamin, “How Cosmo Changed the World,” Cosmopolitan, September 2005, http://www.cosmopolitan.com/about/about-us_how-cosmo-changed-the-world (accessed July 7, 2008).[back]
5. http://www.assocmags.co.za/images/pdfs/Cosmopolitan%20Rate%20Card.pdf (accessed June 6, 2008).[back]
6.Ronnie Koenig, “Thrill Every Inch of Him,” Cosmopolitan, June 2006, 150.[back]
7.Cosmopolitan, http://www.cosmopolitan.com/sex-love/sex/420935 (accessed July 7, 2008). [back]
8. “Cuddle Overkill,” Cosmopolitan, June 2007, 137.[back]
9. “You Had Sex—Now What?” Cosmopolitan, June 2007, 76.[back]
10. Rosalind Gill, “Supersexualize Me! Advertising and the Midriff,” in Mainstreaming Sex: The Sexualization of Western Culture, ed. Feona Attwood (London: I. B. Tauris, 2009), 106.[back]
11. Ibid., 107.[back]
12. Susan Bordo, Unbearable Weight: Feminism, Western Culture and the Body (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1994).[back]
13. Abra Fortune Chernik, “The Body Politic,” in Women, Images and Reality: A Multicultural Anthology, 3rd ed., ed. Amy Kesselman, Lily D. McNair, and Nancy Schniedewind (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2003).[back]
14. Neil Postman, Consuming Images (PBS Video, 1990). [back]
15. For a fuller discussion of the role of peers in adolescent development, see L. M. Brown and C. Gilligan, Meeting at the Crossroads: Women’s Psychology and Girls’ Development (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992).[back]
16. I would like to thank Meg Lovejoy for generously sharing her work and insights on hookup sex and for providing me with a list of resources.[back]
17. Michael Kimmel, Guyland: The Perilous World Where Boys Become Men (New York: Harper, 2008), 195.[back]
18. Kathleen Bogle, Hooking Up: Sex, Dating and Relationships on Campus (New York: New York University Press, 2008), 173.[back]
19. Paula England and Reuben J. Thomas, “The Decline of the Date and the Rise of the College Hook Up,” in Families in Transition, 14th ed., ed. A. S. Skolnick and J. H. Skolnick (Boston: Allyn & Bacon, 2006).[back]
20. Catherine M. Grello, Deborah P. Welsh, and Melinda S. Harper, “No Strings Attached: The Nature of Casual Sex in College Students,” Journal of Sex Research 43, no. 3 (2006): 255; Elaine Eshbaugh and Gary Gute, “Hookups and Sexual Regret among College Women,” Journal of Social Psychology 148, no. 1 (2008): 77–90.[back]
21. Grello, Welsh, and Harper, “No Strings Attached.”[back]
22. W. Walter-Bailey and Jesse Goodman, “Exploring the Culture of Sluthood among Adolescents,” in Contemporary Youth Culture: An International Encyclopedia (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2006), 282.[back]
23. Ibid.[back]
24. Marilyn Frye, “Oppression,” in Race, Class and Gender in the United States, ed. Paula Rothenberg (New York: Worth, 2007), 55.[back]
25. Bogle, Hooking Up, 110.[back]
26. William Flack Jr., Kimberly A. Daubman, Marcia L. Caron, Jenica A. Asadorian, Nicole R. D’Aureli, Shannon N. Gigliotti, Anna T. Hall, Sarah Kiser, and Erin R. Stine, “Risk Factors and Consequences of Unwanted Sex among University Students: Hooking Up, Alcohol, and Stress Response,” Journal of Interpersonal Violence 22 (2007): 139–57.[back]
27. Kimmel, Guyland, 209.[back]
28. Bogle, Hooking Up, 126.[back]
29. Report of the APA Task Force on the Sexualization of Girls, Executive Summary, http://www.apa.org/pi/wpo/sexualization_report_summary.pdf, 2 (accessed February 5, 2009). The full study can be found at http://www.apa.org/pi/wpo/sexualization.html (accessed February 5, 2009).[back]
30. Bogle, Hooking Up,
183.[back]
Seven: Racy Sex, Sexy Racism
1. David Sullivan, “Jeff Mullen: Long Dong Black Kong ‘Not Racist,’” Adult Video News, August 8, 2007, http://business.avn.com/articles/1699.html (accessed August 9, 2008).[back]
2.Adult Video News, n.d., http://www.avnonline.com/index.php?Primary_Navigation=Editorial&Action=Print_Article&Content_ID=105809 (accessed December 20, 2005).[back]
3. “Black Video: Forward or Back?” Adult Video News, June 1999, http://business.avn.com/articles/13323.html (accessed April 18, 2009).[back]
