25 A Sermon of the Moral Condition of Boston (1849), ibid., 7:115–16.
26 Ibid., 7:144–45.
27 Ibid., 7:145.
28 A Sermon of War (1846), ibid., 4:5–6.
29 Ibid., 4:16.
30 Ibid., 4:25.
31 Ibid., 4:29.
32 A Sermon of the Mexican War (1848), ibid., 7:42–43.
33 Ibid., 7:59–60.
34 Ibid., 7:76.
35 Elizabeth Peabody, “Introduction,” Aesthetic Papers 1 (1849), iii.
36 Henry David Thoreau, Journal, John C. Broderick, general editor, 7 vols. to date (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1981–), 2:263–64.
37 Henry David Thoreau, “Resistance to Civil Government,” in Reform Papers, ed. Wendell Glick (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1973), 67, 74–75.
38 Ibid., 68–69.
39 Ibid., 72–73.
40 Ibid., 75.
41 Ibid., 89.
42 On the Fuller-Emerson relationship, see especially Christina Zwarg, Feminist Conversations: Fuller, Emerson, and the Play of Reading (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1995). See also Joel Myerson, “Margaret Fuller’s 1842 Journal: At Concord with the Emersons,” Harvard Library Bulletin 21 (July 1973), 320–40.
43 See Adam-Max Tuchinsky, “‘Her Cause Against Herself’: Margaret Fuller, Emersonian Democracy, and the Nineteenth-Century Public Intellectual,” American Nineteenth Century History 5, no. 1 (Spring 2004), 66–99.
44 For a good description of the Tribune’s operations at this time, including descriptions of Fuller’s coworkers, see Catherine C. Mitchell, ed., Margaret Fuller’s New York Journalism: A Biographical Essay and Key Writings (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1995), 3–50.
45 Judith Mattson Bean and Joel Myerson, eds., Margaret Fuller, Critic: Writings from the New-York Tribune, 1844–1846 (New York: Columbia University Press, 2000), 5.
46 Robert N. Hudspeth, ed., The Letters of Margaret Fuller, 6 vols. (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1983–94), 6:294, 296 n. 6.
47 Margaret Fuller, Woman in the Nineteenth Century (1845; reprint, New York: W. W. Norton, 1971), 38–39.
48 Ibid., 115–16.
49 Ibid.
50 Ibid., 171.
51 Ibid., 62, 38.
52 Ibid., 40.
53 See Jeffrey Steele, Transfiguring America: Myth, Ideology, and Mourning in Margaret Fuller’s Writings (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2001), 240–50, for a discussion of Channing’s influence on Fuller.
54 See Octavius Brooks Frothingham, Memoir of William Henry Channing (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1886), 210.
55 Margaret Fuller to Elizabeth Hoar, October 20 (28?), 1844, in Letters of Fuller, 3:237.
56 Ibid., 3:238.
57 Bean and Myerson, eds., Margaret Fuller, Critic, 8–13.
58 Ibid., 134–37.
59 Ibid., 128–30.
60 These and subsequent quotations from this article are ibid., 98–104.
61 See Jerzy Jan Lerski, A Polish Chapter in Jacksonian America: The United States and the Polish Exiles of 1831 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1958), esp. 3–13.
62 Charles Kraitsir, The Significance of the Alphabet (Boston: E. P. Peabody, 1846). The same year she also published his First Book of English (Boston: E. P. Peabody, 1846), a textbook for children.
63 See Philip F. Gura, The Wisdom of Words: Language, Theology, and Literature in the New England Renaissance (Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 1981) for a general discussion of the Transcendentalists’ interest in language.
64 Margaret Fuller to Caroline Sturgis, November 16(?), 1846, in Letters of Fuller, 4:239–40.
65 Margaret Fuller to Ralph Waldo Emerson, March 15, 1847, ibid., 4:261.
66 Margaret Fuller, “These Sad But Glorious Days”: Dispatches from Europe, 1846–1850, Larry J. Reynolds and Susan Belasco Smith, eds. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1991), 119.
67 Margaret Fuller to William Henry Channing, May 7, 1847, in Letters of Fuller, 4:271.
68 Margaret Fuller to William Henry Channing, March 29, 1848, ibid., 5:58.
69 Margaret Fuller to Richard Fuller, February 23, 1849, ibid., 5:192.
70 Fuller, Dispatches from Europe, 165.
71 Ibid., 230.
72 Margaret Fuller to Marcus and Rebecca Spring, February 5, 1850, in Letters of Fuller, 6:55. Fuller’s European years are illuminated by Charles Capper in Margaret Fuller: An American Romantic Life: The Public Years (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007).
73 See Donald S. Spencer, Louis Kossuth and Young America: A Study of Sectionalism and Foreign Policy, 1848–1852 (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1977).
9: THE INWARD TURN
1 William C. Gannett, Ezra Stiles Gannett: Unitarian Minister in Boston, 1824–1871 (Boston: Roberts Brothers, 1875), 407.
2 Caroline Healey Dall, Transcendentalism in New England: A Lecture (Boston: Sold by Roberts Brothers, 1897), 38.
3 Octavius Brooks Frothingham, Transcendentalism in New England: A History (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1876), 331.
4 On the Compromise of 1850 see Hamilton Holman, Prologue to Conflict: The Crisis and Compromise of 1850 (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 2005).
5 See Len Gougeon, Virtue’s Hero: Emerson, Antislavery, and Reform (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1990).
6 Ralph Waldo Emerson, Journals and Miscellaneous Notebooks (hereafter JMN), eds. William H. Gilman et al., 16 vols. (Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1960–82), 8:360.
7 Ibid., 11:152.
8 Ibid., 11:345–46.
9 Ibid., 11:349.
10 On antislavery in Concord see Sandra Harbert Petrulionis, To Set the World Right: The Antislavery Movement in Thoreau’s Concord (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2006).
11 This account follows Emerson’s in his address; see Joel Myerson and Len Gougeon, eds., Emerson’s Antislavery Writings (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995), 14–15.
12 Ibid., 20.
13 Ibid., 24–25.
14 Ibid., 32.
15 Ralph Waldo Emerson, “Address to the Citizens of Concord on the Fugitive Slave Law,” ibid., 53.
16 Ibid., 53–54.
17 Ibid., 56.
18 Ibid., 58.
19 Ibid., 60, 62, 66, 68, 70.
20 Ibid., 73, 76, 78, 82.
21 Ralph Waldo Emerson, “Historic Notes on Life and Letters in New England,” Lectures and Biographical Sketches (1883), in Complete Works of Ralph Waldo Emerson, ed. Edward Waldo Emerson, 12 vols. (Boston and New York: Houghton, Mifflin, 1903–04), 10:324.
22 John White Chadwick, Theodore Parker: Preacher and Reformer (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1900), 235.
23 Theodore Parker, A Letter to the People of the United States … Touching the Matter of Slavery (1848), in The Collected Works of Theodore Parker, ed. Frances Power Cobbe, 12 vols. (London: Trüber, 1863–65), 5:34, 79.
24 Speech at the New England Anti-Slavery Convention (1850), ibid., 6:115, 132.
25 The Chief Sins of the People (1851), ibid., 7:262, 267.
26 Ibid., 7:274–75.
27 Ibid., 7:292–93.
28 Ibid., 7:294.
29 The Boston Kidnapping (1852), ibid., 5:177.
30 Ibid., 5:209, 219.
31 See Albert J. Von Frank, The Trials of Anthony Burns: Freedom and Slavery in Emerson’s Boston (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998), for the definitive account of the Burns affair.
32 Parker, The New Crime against Humanity (1854), in Collected Works, 6:48–49, 59.
33 The Rights of Man in America (1854), ibid., 6:121, 125, 136, 155–56.
34 John Weiss, Life and Correspondence of Theodore Parker, 2 vols. (New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1864), 2:140.
35 Octavius Brooks Frothingham, Theodore Parker: A Biography (Boston: J. R. Osgood and Company, 1874), 429.
36 Parker, The Great Battle between Slavery and Freedom (1856), in Collected Works, 6:
215 for Garrison.
37 The Present Crisis in American Affairs (1856), ibid., 6:242–43.
38 Ibid., 6:252.
39 Ibid., 6:268-69, 270–72, 285.
40 On Brown see David S. Reynolds, John Brown, Abolitionist: The Man Who Killed Slavery, Sparked the Civil War, and Seeded Civil Rights (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2005).
41 Weiss, Life and Correspondence, 2:162.
42 Ralph Waldo Emerson to William Emerson, October 23, 1859, Letters of Ralph Waldo Emerson (hereafter LRWE), eds. Ralph L. Rusk and Eleanor M. Tilton, 10 vols. (New York: Columbia University Press, 1939–95), 5:178.
43 Weiss, Life and Correspondence, 2:170–71, 178.
44 Ralph Waldo Emerson, “Affairs in Kansas,” Miscellanies, in Emerson, Complete Works, 11:248.
45 Henry David Thoreau, Reform Papers, ed. Wendell Glick (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1973), 139.
46 Henry David Thoreau, “Slavery in Massachusetts,” ibid., 94.
47 Henry David Thoreau, “A Plea for Captain John Brown,” ibid., 112–15.
48 Ibid., 122–23.
49 Ibid., 137.
50 Cited ibid., 364.
51 Ralph Waldo Emerson, “Thoreau” in Lectures and Biographical Sketches, in Emerson, Complete Works, 10:429–30.
52 James Redpath, Echoes of Harper’s Ferry (Boston: Thayer and Eldridge, 1860).
53 Ralph Waldo Emerson to Moncure Daniel Conway, June 6, 1860, in LRWE, 5:221.
54 Emerson, JMN, 14:352–53.
55 See Gougeon, Virtue’s Hero, 264–65, quoting a report in The Liberator of February 1, 1861.
56 Emerson, “American Civilization,” Miscellanies, in Emerson, Complete Works, 11:277–79, 283.
57 Ibid., 286–87.
58 Ibid., 297.
59 See Charles R. Crowe, George Ripley, Transcendentalist and Utopian Socialist (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1967), 234.
60 Patrick W. Carey, Orestes A. Brownson, American Religious Weather vane (Grand Rapids, Mich.: W. B. Eerdmann’s Publ. Co., 2004), 268–81.
10: FREE RELIGION AND THE DREAM OF A COMMON HUMANITY
1 Thomas Wentworth Higginson, Cheerful Yesterdays (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1898), 168–69.
2 On The Atlantic’s early years see Bliss Perry, Park Street Papers (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1908), 205–77; and on the magazine’s cultural influence, Ellery Sedgwick, The Atlantic Monthly, 1857–1909: Yankee Humanism at High Tide and Ebb Tide (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1994).
3 Ralph Waldo Emerson, Collected Works of Ralph Waldo Emerson, vol. 5, English Traits; Historical Introduction by Philip Nicoloff; Notes by Robert E. Burkholder; Text Established and Textual Introduction and Apparatus by Douglas Emory Wilson (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1994), 18–19.
4 Ibid., 60–61.
5 Ibid., 131–32.
6 John B. Stallo, General Principles of the Philosophy of Nature: With an Outline of Some of Its Recent Developments among the Germans, Embracing the Philosophical Systems of Schelling and Hegel, and Oken’s System of Nature (Boston: Wm. Crosby and H. P. Nichols, 1848).
7 See Loyd D. Easton, Hegel’s First American Followers: The Ohio Hegelians: John B. Stallo, Peter Kaufmann, Moncure Conway, and August Willich, with Key Writings (Athens: Ohio University Press, 1966).
8 Theodore Parker, review of J. B. Stallo, General Principles, Massachusetts Quarterly Review 1 (1847), 263–65.
9 Henry A. Pochmann, German Culture in America: Philosophical and Literary Influences, 1600–1900 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1957), 199.
10 See Henry A. Pochmann, New England Transcendentalism and St. Louis Hegelianism (Philadelphia: Carl Schurz Memorial Foundation, 1948).
11 Octavius Brooks Frothingham, Transcendentalism in New England: A History (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1876), 341.
12 Cyrus Bartol, Discourses on the Christian Spirit and Life (Boston: Crosby & Nichols, 1850), 20.
13 Ibid., 40.
14 See Stow Persons, Free Religion, An American Faith (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1947), 45, and chapter 3 passim for a discussion of the organization’s founding.
15 Ibid., 49.
16 Cyrus Bartol, Radical Problems (Boston: Roberts Brothers, 1872), 106.
17 Frederic Hedge, “The Destinies of Ecclesiastical Religion: A Concio ad Clerum,” Christian Examiner 82 (January 1867), 5.
18 See Mrs. John T. Sargent, ed., Sketches and Reminiscences of the Radical Club of Chestnut Street, Boston (Boston: J. R. Osgood and Company, 1880), passim.
19 Bartol, Radical Problems, 110. See also David M. Robinson, “‘The New Epoch of Belief’: The Radical and Religious Transformation in Nineteenth-Century New England,” New England Quarterly 79, no. 4 (December 2006), 557–77.
20 Bartol, Radical Problems, 112.
21 Ibid., 228. Bushnell presented these ideas most forcefully in the preface to his God in Christ (Hartford: Brown and Parsons, 1849).
22 Cyrus Bartol, Principles and Portraits (Boston: Roberts Brothers, 1880), 3, 6, 9–10.
23 Ibid., 73, 87, 94, 110.
24 Ibid., 411.
25 John Weiss, American Religion (Boston: Roberts Brothers, 1871), 2–3, 6.
26 Ibid., 42, 47, 56–59.
27 Ibid., 71.
28 Ibid., 86, 89, 107.
29 Ibid., 137.
30 Bartol, Principles and Portraits, 399, 402, 412.
31 Biographical information comes from Octavius B. Frothingham, “Biographical Sketch,” in David A. Wasson, Essays: Religious, Social, Political, with a Biographical Sketch by Octavius B. Frothingham (Boston: Lee and Shepard, 1889); Charles H. Foster, Beyond Concord: Selected Writings of David Atwood Wasson (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1965), 3–60; and Frank Preston Stearns, Sketches from Concord and Appledore (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1895), 134–79.
32 Frothingham, “Sketch of Wasson,” in Wasson, Essays, 43–44.
33 Frank Preston Stearns, Cambridge Sketches (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1905), 148.
34 Frothingham, “Sketch of Wasson,” in Wasson, Essays, 64–65, 60.
35 Ibid., 66.
36 David A. Wasson, The Radical Creed (Boston: Walker, Fuller, and Company, 1865), 3–4.
37 Ibid., 10.
38 Ibid., 13.
39 Ibid., 22.
40 Wasson, Essays, 182–83, 191–92.
41 Ibid., 195, 201, 203.
42 Ibid., 173.
43 Helen R. Deese, ed., Daughter of Boston: The Extraordinary Diary of a Nineteenth-Century Woman (Boston: Beacon Press, 2005). A longer version of her diary has recently been published; see Helen R. Deese, ed., Selected Journals of Caroline Healey Dall, in Massachusetts Historical Society, Collections 90 (2006). Also see Tiffany K. Wayne, Woman Thinking: Feminism and Transcendentalism in Nineteenth-Century America (Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books, 2005), chapters 3 and 4.
44 On The Una see Mari Boor Tonn, “The Una, 1853–1855: The Premiere of the Woman’s Rights Press,” in Martha M. Solomon, ed., A Voice of Their Own: The Woman Suffrage Press, 1840–1910 (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1991), 48–70; and Phyllis Cole, “The Literary Landscape of a Woman’s Rights Periodical: The Una, 1853–1855,” in ESQ: A Journal of the American Renaissance 49, nos. 1–3 (2003), 81–94.
45 Deese, Daughter of Boston, 111.
46 Mrs. [Caroline Healey] Dall, Historical Pictures Retouched (Boston: Walker, Wise, and Company, 1860), 243, 227.
47 Caroline Wells Healey Dall, The College, the Market, and the Court; or, Woman’s Relation to Education, Labor, and Law (Boston: Lee and Shepard, 1867), 116–17, 119.
48 Ibid., 440.
49 Caroline Wells Healey Dall, Essays and Sketches (Boston: Samuel G. Simpkins, 1849), 84.
50 Dall, College, Market, Court, 116, xvi, xvii.
51 Ibid., 358.
52 The lecture was published as a pamphlet in Boston in 1897.
53 Elizabeth Palmer Peabody to Caroline Healey Dall, February 21, 1859, in Bruce
A. Ronda, ed., Letters of Elizabeth Palmer Peabody: American Renaissance Woman (Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 1984), 297.
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