Henrich, J., and R. McElreath. “The evolution of cultural evolution.” Evolutionary Anthropology 12 (2003), 123–35.
Henshilwood, C. S., F. d’Errico and I. Watts. “Engraved ochres from the Middle Stone Age levels at Blombos Cave, South Africa.” Journal of Human Evolution 57 (2009), 27–47.
The HUGO Pan-Asian SNP Consortium. “Mapping human genetic diversity in Asia.” Science 326 (2009), 1541–45.
Kingdon, J. Self-made Man and His Undoing. Simon & Schuster, London, 1993.
Klein, R. G. The Human Career. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1999.
_____. “Out of Africa and the evolution of human behavior.” Evolutionary Anthropology 17 (2008), 267–81.
Klein, R. G., G. Avery, K. Cruz-Uribe, D. Halkett, J. E. Parkington, T. Steele, P. Thomas, T. P. Volman and R. Yates. “The Ysterfontein 1 Middle Stone Age site, South Africa, and early human exploitation of coastal resources.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 101 (2004), 5708–15.
Lahr, M. M. The Evolution of Modern Human Diversity: A Study of Cranial Variation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1996.
Lahr, M. M., and R. A. Foley. “Multiple dispersals and modern human origins.” Evolutionary Anthropology 3 (1994), 48–60.
_____. “Towards a theory of modern human origins: Geography, demography and diversity in recent human evolution.” Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 41 (1998), 137–76.
Lieberman, D. E. “Speculations about the selective basis for modern human craniofacial form.” Evolutionary Anthropology 17 (2008), 55–68.
Lieberman, D. E., B. M. McBratney and G. Krovitz. “The evolution and development of cranial form in Homo sapiens.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 99 (2002), 1134–39.
Marean, C. W., M. Bar-Matthews, J. Bernatchez, J. Fisher, P. Goldberg, A. Herries, Z. Jacobs, A. Jerardino, P. Karkanas, T. Minichillo, P. J. Nilssen, E. Thompson, I. Watts and H. M. Williams. “Early human use of marine resources and pigment in South Africa during the Middle Pleistocene.” Nature 449 (2007), 905–8.
Miller, G. The Mating Mind: How Sexual Choice Shaped the Evolution of Human Nature. Heinemann, London, 2000.
O’Connell, J. F., and J. Allen. “Dating the colonization of Sahul (Pleistocene Australia–New Guinea): A review of recent research.” Journal of Archaeological Science 31 (2004), 835–53.
_____. “Pre-LGM Sahul (Pleistocene Australia–New Guinea) and the archaeology of early modern humans.” In P. Mellars, K. Boyle, O. Bar-Yosef and C. Stringer, eds., Rethinking the Human Revolution, pp. 395–410. McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, Cambridge, 2007.
O’Connell, J. F., J. Allen and K. Hawkes. “Pleistocene Sahul and the origins of seafaring.” In A. Anderson, J. Barrett and K. Boyle, eds., The Global Origins and Development of Seafaring, pp. 58–69. McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, Cambridge, 2010.
Oppenheimer, S. “The great arc of dispersal of modern humans: Africa to Australia.” Quaternary International 202 (2009), 2–13.
Parkington, J. E. Shorelines, Strandlopers and Shell Middens. Creda Communications, Cape Town, 2006.
Pearson, O. M. “Postcranial remains and the origin of modern humans.” Evolutionary Anthropology 9 (2000), 229–47.
_____. “Statistical and biological definitions of ‘anatomically modern’ humans: Suggestions for a unified approach to modern morphology.” Evolutionary Anthropology 17 (2008), 38–48.
Petraglia, M. D. “Mind the gap: Factoring the Arabian Peninsula and the Indian Subcontinent into Out of Africa models.” In P. Mellars, K. Boyle, O. Bar-Yosef and C. Stringer, eds., Rethinking the Human Revolution, pp. 383–94. McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, Cambridge, 2007.
Petraglia, M. D., M. Haslam, D. Q. Fuller, N. Boivin and C. Clarkson. “Out of Africa: New hypotheses and evidence for the dispersal of Homo sapiens along the Indian Ocean rim.” Annals of Human Biology 37 (2010), 288–311.
Petraglia, M. D., R. Korisettar, N. Boivin, C. Clarkson, P. Ditchfield, S. Jones, J. Koshy et al. “Middle Paleolithic assemblages from the Indian subcontinent before and after the Toba Super-Eruption.” Science 317 (2007), 114–16.
Pettitt, P. B. “The living as symbols, the dead as symbols: Problematising the scale and pace of hominin symbolic evolution.” In C. Henshilwood and F. d’Errico, eds., Homo Symbolicus: The Origins of Language, Symbolism and Belief. University of Bergen Press, Bergen, in press.
_____. “The Neanderthal dead: Exploring mortuary variability in Middle Palaeolithic Eurasia.” Before Farming 1 (2002), 1–19.
Powell, A., S. Shennan and M. Thomas. “Late Pleistocene demography and the appearance of modern human behavior.” Science 324 (2009), 1298–1301.
Revel, M., E. Ducassou, F. E. Grousset, S. M. Bernasconi, S. Migeon, S. Revillon, J. Mascle, A. Murat, S. Zaragosi and D. Bosch. “100,000 years of African monsoon variability recorded in sediments of the Nile margin.” Quaternary Science Reviews 29 (2010), 1342–62.
Rightmire, G. P. “Homo in the Middle Pleistocene: Hypodigms, variation, and species recognition.” Evolutionary Anthropology 17 (2008), 8–21.
Rohling, E. J., Q. S. Liu, A. P. Roberts, J. D. Stanford, S. O. Rasmussen, P. L. Langen and M. Siddall. “Controls on the East Asian monsoon during the last glacial cycle, based on comparison between Hulu Cave and polar ice-core records.” Quaternary Science Reviews 28 (27–28) (2009), 3294–302.
Rose, J. I. “New light on human prehistory in the Arabo-Persian Gulf Oasis.” Current Anthropology 51(6) (2010), 849–83.
Rosenberg, K. R., L. Zuné and C. B. Ruff. “Body size, body proportions and encephalization in a Middle Pleistocene archaic human from northern China.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 103 (2006), 3552–56.
Ryosuke, K., T. Yamaguchi, M. Takeda, O. Kondo, T. Toma, K. Haneji, T. Hanihara, H. Matsukusa, S. Kawamura, K. Maki, M. Osawa, H. Ishida and H. Oota. “A common variation in EDAR is a genetic determinant of shovel-shaped incisors.” American Journal of Human Genetics 85(4) (2009), 528–35.
Sauer, C. “Seashore—primitive home of man?” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 106 (1962), 41–47.
Scholz, C., A. Cohen, T. Johnson, J. King, M.Talbot and E. Brown. “Scientific drilling in the Great Rift Valley: The 2005 Lake Malawi Scientific Drilling Project—an overview of the past 145,000 years of climate variability in Southern Hemisphere East Africa.” Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 303 (2011), 3–19.
Scholz, C. A., T. C. Johnson, A. S. Cohen, J. W. King, J. A. Peck, J. T. Overpeck, M. R. Talbot et al. “East African megadroughts between 135 and 75 thousand years ago and bearing on early-modern human origins.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 104 (2007), 16422–27.
Shea, J. “Homo sapiens is as Homo sapiens was.” Current Anthropology 52 (2011), 1–35.
Shennan, S. “Demography and cultural innovation: A model and its implications for the emergence of modern human culture.” Cambridge Archaeological Journal 11 (2001), 5–16.
_____. “Descent with modification and the archaeological record.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 366 (2011), 1070–79.
Soares, P., L. Ermini, N. Thomson, M. Mormina, T. Rito, A. Röhl, A. Salas, S. Oppenheimer, V. Macaulay and M. B. Richards. “Correcting for purifying selection: An improved human mitochondrial molecular clock.” American Journal of Human Genetics 84 (2009), 1–20.
Soffer, O. “Ancestral lifeways in Eurasia—the Middle and Upper Paleolithic records.” In M. H. Nitecki and D. V. Nitecki, eds., Origins of Anatomically Modern Humans, pp. 101–19. Plenum Press, New York, 1994.
Stringer, C. B. “Coasting out of Africa.” Nature 405 (2000), 24–27.
_____. “Reconstructing recent human evolution.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London (B) 337 (1992), 217–24.
Svoboda, J. “The Upper Paleolithic burial sites at Pşedmostí: Ritual and taphonomy.” Journal of Human Evolution 54 (2008), 15–33.
Texier, J.-P., G. Porraz, J. Parkington, J.-P. Rigaud, C. Poggenpoel, C. Miller, C. Tribolo, C. Cartwright, A. Coudenneau, R. Klein, T. Steele and C. Verna. “A Howiesons Poort tradition of engraving ostrich eggshell containers dated to 60,000 years ago at Diepkloof Rock Shelter, South Africa.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 107 (2010), 7621–22 (doi: 10.1073/pnas.0913047107).
Tierney, J. E., J. M. Russell, Y. S. Huang and A. S. Cohen. “Northern Hemisphere controls on tropical Southeast African climate during the last 60,000 years.” Science 322 (2008), 252–55.
Trinkaus, E., and J. Svoboda, eds. Early Modern Human Evolution in Central Europe: The People of Dolní Vĕstonice and Pavlov. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2006.
Utrilla, P., C. Mazo, M. C. Sopena, M. Martínez-Bea and R. Domingo. “A Palaeolithic map from 13,660 calBP: Engraved stone blocks from the Late Magdalenian in Abauntz Cave (Navarra, Spain).” Journal of Human Evolution 57(2) (2009), 99–111.
Verschuren, D., and J. M. Russell. “Paleolimnology of African lakes: Beyond the exploration phase.” PAGES News 17(3) (2009), 112–14.
Watts, I. “Ochre in the Middle Stone Age of southern Africa: Ritualised display or hide preservative?” South African Archaeological Bulletin 57 (2002), 1–14.
_____. “Red ochre, body painting and language: Interpreting the Blombos ochre.” In R. Botha and C. Knight, eds., The Cradle of Language, pp. 62–92. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2009.
Weaver, T., C. Roseman and C. Stringer. “Were Neandertal and modern human cranial differences produced by natural selection or genetic drift?” Journal of Human Evolution 53 (2007), 135–45.
White, T. D., B. Asfaw, D. Degusta, W. H. Gilbert, G. D. Richards, G. Suwa and F. C. Howell. “Pleistocene Homo sapiens from Middle Awash, Ethiopia.” Nature 423 (2003), 742–47.
Wynn, T. “Archaeology and cognitive evolution.” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25 (2002), 389–438.
Wynn, T., and F. L. Coolidge. “Beyond symbolism and language.” Current Anthropology 51 (2010), 5–16.
_____. “Did a small but significant enhancement in working memory capacity power the evolution of modern thinking?” In P. Mellars, K. Boyle, O. Bar-Yosef and C. Stringer, eds., Rethinking the Human Revolution, pp. 79–90. McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, Cambridge, 2007.
_____, eds. “Working memory: Beyond language and symbolism.” Current Anthropology 51, supplement 1 (2010).
9. The Past and Future Evolution of Our Species
Ackermann, R. R. “Phenotypic traits of primate hybrids: Recognizing admixture in the fossil record.” Evolutionary Anthropology 19(6) (2010), 258–70.
Allsworth-Jones, P., K. Harvati and C. Stringer. “The archaeological context of the Iwo Eleru cranium from Nigeria, and preliminary results of new morphometric studies.” In R. Botha and C. Knight, eds., West African Archaeology, New Developments, New Perspectives, pp. 29–42. British Archaeological Reports International Series S2164, 2010.
Avery, D. M. “Taphonomy of micromammals from cave deposits at Kabwe (Broken Hill) and Twin Rivers in central Zambia.” Journal of Archaeological Science 29 (2002), 537–44.
Balter, M. “Are humans still evolving?” Science 309 (2005), 234–37.
Barham, L., A. Pinto Llona and C. Stringer. “Bone tools from Broken Hill (Kabwe) cave, Zambia, and their evolutionary significance.” Before Farming 2002/2 (2002); http://www.waspress.co.uk/.
Belluz, J. “Leading geneticist Steve Jones says human evolution is over.” Times (London), 7 October 2008.
Blum, M. G. B., and M. Jakobsson. “Deep divergences of human gene trees and models of human origins.” Molecular Biology and Evolution (2010) (doi: 10.1093/molbev/msq265).
Boyd, R., and P. J. Richerson. “Group beneficial norms spread rapidly in a structured population.” Journal of Theoretical Biology 215 (2002), 287–96.
Cochran, G., and H. Harpending. The 10,000 Year Explosion: How Civilization Accelerated Human Evolution. Basic Books, New York, 2009.
Crevecoeur, I., P. Semal, E. Cornelissen and A. S. Brooks. “The Late Stone Age human remains from Ishango (Democratic Republic of Congo): Contribution to the study of the African Late Pleistocene modern human diversity.” American Journal of Physical Anthropology (Program of the 79th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists) 141(50) (2010), 87.
Darwin, C. Obituary. http://darwin-online.org.uk/obit.
Foley, R. A., and M. Mirazón-Lahr. “The evolution of the diversity of cultures.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 366 (2011), 1080–89.
Gibbons, A. “Tracing evolution’s recent fingerprints.” Science 329 (2010), 740–42.
Gluckman, P., A. Beedle and M. Hanson. Principles of Evolutionary Medicine. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2009.
Gould, S. J. “The spice of life.” Leader to Leader 15 (2000), 14–19.
Gunz, P., F. L. Bookstein, P. Mitteroeker, A. Stadlmayr, H. Seidler and G. W. Weber. “Early modern human diversity suggests subdivided population structure and a complex Out-of-Africa scenario.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 106 (2009), 6094–98.
Hammer, M., A. Woerner, F. Mendez, J. Watkins and J. Wall. “Genetic evidence for archaic admixture in Africa.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA (in press).
Hawks, J., E. T. Wang, G. Cochran, H. C. Harpending and R. K. Moyzis. “Recent acceleration of human adaptive evolution.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 104 (2007), 20753–58.
Henrich, J., R. Boyd and P. J. Richerson. “Five misunderstandings about cultural evolution.” Human Nature 19 (2008), 119–37.
Hrdlicčka, A. The Skeletal Remains of Early Man. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, 1930.
Keinan, A., and D. Reich. “Can a sex-biased human demography account for the reduced effective population size of chromosome X in non-Africans?” Molecular Biology and Evolution 27(10) (2010), 2312–21.
Laland, K. N., J. Odling-Smee and S. Myles. “How culture shaped the human genome: Bringing genetics and the human sciences together.” Nature Reviews/Genetics 11 (2010), 137–48.
McAuliffe, K. “The incredible shrinking brain.” Discover Magazine, September 2010, 54–59.
Montgomery, P. Q., H. O. L. Williams, N. Reading and C. Stringer. “An assessment of the temporal bone lesions of the Broken Hill cranium.” Journal of Archaeological Science 21 (1994), 331–37.
Pennisi, E. “Evolutionary medicine: Darwin applies to medical school.” Science 324(5924) (2009), 162–63.
Premo, L. S., and J.-J. Hublin. “Culture, population structure and low genetic diversity in Pleistocene hominins.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 106 (2009), 33–37.
Relethford, J. H. “Genetic evidence and the modern human origins debate.” Heredity 100 (2008), 555–63.
Richerson, P. J., R. L. Bettinger and R. Boyd. “Evolution on a restless planet: Were environmental variability and environmental change major drivers of human evolution?” In F. M. Wuketits and F. J. Ayala, eds., Handbook of Evolution, vol. 2: The Evolution of Living Systems (Including Hominids), pp. 223–42. Wiley, Weinheim, 2005.
Richerson, P. J., R. Boyd and R. L. Bettinger. “Cultural innovations and demographic change.” Human Biology 81 (2009), 211–35.
Richerson, P. J., R. Boyd and J. Henrich. “Gene-culture coevolution in the age of genomics.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA (2010) (doi: 10.1073/pnas0914631107).
Ruff, C. “Variation in human body size and shape.” Annual Review of Anthropology 31 (2002), 211–32.
Sabeti, P. C., P. Varilly et al. “Genome-wide detection and characterization of positive selection in human populations.” Nature 449(7164) (2007), 913–18.
Stoneking, M. “Does culture prevent or drive human evolution?” On the Human (2009). http://onthehuman.org/2009/12/does-culture-prevent-or-drive-human-evolution/.
Templeton, A. “Out of Africa again and again.” Nature 416 (2002), 45–51.
Tishkoff, S. A., F. A. Reed, F. R. Friedlaender, C. Ehret, A. Ranciaro, A. Froment, J. B. Hirbo, A. A. Awomoyi et al. “The genetic structure and history of Africans and African Americans.” Science 324 (2009), 1035–44.
Trinkaus, E. “The human tibia from Broken Hill, Kabwe, Zambia.” PaleoAnthropology (2009), 145–65.
_____. “Modern human versus Neandertal evolutionary distinctiveness.” Current Anthropology 47 (2006), 569–95.
Wade, N. “Adventures in very recent evolution.” New York Times, 19 July 2010. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/20/science/20adapt.html.
Ward, P. “What will become of Homo Sapiens?” Scientific American 300 (2009), 68–73.
Acknowledgments
Having worked in the field of paleoanthropology for forty years, I owe a huge debt to many people, and my network of friends and collaborators seems to get larger rather than smaller as time progresses, which is gratifying. So I am not going to attempt to name and thank everyone who has helped me in significant ways, stretching back to my family and foster family, my first teachers and supervisors, and those who welcomed me all over Europe as I began to gather data for my Ph.D. But many of my fellow researchers are identified in the book and bibliography by name, or through their ideas and influences on my thinking, and I hope I have represented their views fairly and accurately. I am certainly standing on the shoulders of giants as I grapple with reconstructing our evolutionary past, but I have also been greatly helped along the way by innumerable acts of kindness and generosity. My membership in three consortia—the completed Cambridge Stage 3 Project, the NERC-funded RESET project, and the AHOB project, funded by the Leverhulme Trust—has also greatly benefited me.
For this book I am particularly grateful to Robert Kruszynski, Rebecca Varley-Winter, and Gabrielle Delbarre for their help with the bibliography, and for illustrations my thanks go to the Natural History Museum Department of Palaeontology, Photo Unit and Images Resources, and to Silvia Bello, John Reader, Francesco d’Errico, and Nicholas Conard. I am also very grateful to the editorial and production staff at Penguin Books and Henry Holt for all their work in bringing this book to publication.
Lone Survivors Page 36
