The Secret Lives of Codebreakers

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by Sinclair McKay


  It might be true that their story lacks the pyrotechnic thrills of the bomber boys, or the icy suspense of the Atlantic convoys, and it might well be that this is one of the reasons that recognition has been so long in coming. Yet, as Eisenhower said, these were the men and women who shortened the war by two years.

  And there are countless thousands of people across the continent who survived, who just might not have done without the brilliance of Bletchley Park.

  Notes

  1 Reporting for Duty

  1 Memo in the National Archives. Most documents cited in this book are held within the HW 62 series, with the exception of a few in HW 25 and HW 67

  2 S. Gorley Putt, quoted in Margaret Drabble, Angus Wilson: The Biography (Secker and Warburg, 1995)

  2 1938–39: The School of Codes

  1 Ruth Sebag-Montefiore, A Family Patchwork: Five Generations of an Anglo-Jewish Family (Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1987)

  2 Penelope Fitzgerald, The Knox Brothers (Macmillan, 1977)

  3 Documents in the National Archives

  4 John Herivel, Herivelismus (M & M Baldwin, 2008)

  5 Peter Hilton, interviewed by the BBC

  6 Letter now in the National Archives

  3 1939: Rounding Up the Brightest and the Best

  1 F. H. Hinsley and Alan Stripp, Codebreakers: The Inside Story of Bletchley Park (Oxford University Press, 1993)

  2 Professor E. R. P. Vincent, quoted in Christopher Andrew, Secret Service: The Making of British Intelligence (Heinemann, 1985)

  3 Irene Young, Enigma Variations: A Memoir of Love and War (Mainstream, 1990)

  4 Gordon Welchman, The Hut Six Story (Allen Lane, 1982)

  4 The House and the Surrounding Country

  1 Malcolm Muggeridge, Like It Was (Methuen, 1982)

  2 Landis Gores, quoted by Kathryn A. Morrison in her monograph “The Mansion at Bletchley Park” (English Heritage)

  3 Bletchley Park Trust Archive, quoted in Marion Hill, Bletchley Park People (The History Press, 2004)

  5 1939: How Do You Break the Unbreakable?

  1 Robin Denniston, Thirty Secret Years (Polperro Heritage Press, 2005)

  2 Aileen Clayton, The Enemy Is Listening (Hutchinson, 1980)

  3 Denniston, Thirty Secret Years

  4 John Herivel, Herivelismus (M & M Baldwin, 2008)

  5 Jack Copeland, The Essential Turing: Seminal Writings in Computing, Logic, Philosophy (Clarendon, 2004)

  6 Penelope Fitzgerald, The Knox Brothers (Macmillan, 1977)

  7 Herivel, Herivelismus

  8 Peter Twinn, interviewed by the BBC

  6 1939–40: The Enigma Initiation

  1 F. H. Hinsley and Alan Stripp, Codebreakers: The Inside Story of Bletchley Park (Oxford University Press, 1993)

  2 This memo and many other communications from Dilly Knox are in the National Archives

  3 Gordon Welchman, The Hut Six Story (Allen Lane, 1982)

  7 Freezing Billets and Outdoor Loos

  1 Baroness Trumpington, interview conducted at Bletchley Park by the BBC

  2 Stuart Milner-Barry, quoted in F. H. Hinsley and Alan Stripp, Codebreakers: The Inside Story of Bletchley Park (Oxford University Press, 1993)

  3 Irene Young, Enigma Variations: A Memoir of Love and War (Mainstream, 1990)

  4 Memos on billets, National Archives

  5 John Herivel, Herivelismus (M & M Baldwin, 2008)

  8 1940: The First Glimmers of Light

  1 Ruth Sebag-Montefiore, A Family Patchwork: Five Generations of an Anglo-Jewish Family (Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1987)

  2 Sir Anthony Quayle, A Time to Speak (Barrie and Jenkins, 1990)

  3 William Millward, address to an Enigma symposium, Bedford, 1992

  4 F. H. Hinsley and Alan Stripp, Codebreakers: The Inside Story of Bletchley Park (Oxford University Press, 1993)

  5 Peter Twinn, quoted in Michael Smith, Station X (Channel Four Books, 1998)

  6 Peter Calvocoressi, Top Secret Ultra (Cassell, 1980)

  7 Marian Rejewski, quoted in Hugh Skillen, Enigma and Its Achilles Heel (Pinner, 1992)

  8 F. L. Lucas, quoted in Enigma: The Battle for the Code (Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 2000)

  9 Memo from Dilly Knox to Alistair Denniston, National Archives

  9 1940: Inspiration—and Intensity

  1 John Herivel, Herivelismus (M & M Baldwin, 2008)

  2 Gordon Welchman, The Hut Six Story (Allen Lane, 1982)

  3 Memo from Alistair Denniston, National Archives

  4 Jack Copeland (ed.), The Essential Turing: Seminal Writings in Computing, Logic, Philosophy (Clarendon Press, 2004)

  5 Memo from Dilly Knox, National Archives

  6 Memo from Dilly Knox, National Archives

  7 Welchman, The Hut Six Story

  8 Aileen Clayton, The Enemy Is Listening (Hutchinson, 1980)

  9 Andrew Hodges, Alan Turing—The Enigma (Burnett Books, 1983)

  10 Gwen Watkins, Cracking the Luftwaffe Codes (Greenhill, 2006)

  10 1940: The Coming of the Bombes

  1 Captain Frederick Winterbotham, The Ultra Secret (Purnell Books, 1974)

  2 Andrew Hodges, Alan Turing, The Enigma (Burnett Books, 1983)

  3 F. H. Hinsley and Alan Stripp, Codebreakers: The Inside Story of Bletchley Park (Oxford University Press, 1993)

  4 Memo from Frank Birch to Edward Travis, National Archives

  5 Correspondence between Dr Dunlop and Commander Bradshaw, National Archives

  6 Quoted in Paul Gannon, Colossus—Bletchley Park’s Greatest Secret (Atlantic, 2006)

  11 1940: Enigma and the Blitz

  1 Peter Calvocoressi, interviewed by the BBC

  2 Aileen Clayton, The Enemy Is Listening (Hutchinson, 1980)

  3 Clayton, The Enemy Is Listening

  4 Captain Frederick Winterbotham, The Ultra Secret (Purnell Books, 1974)

  5 R. A. Ratcliff, Delusions of Intelligence: Enigma, Ultra and the End of Secure Ciphers (Cambridge University Press, 2006)

  6 Roy Jenkins, Churchill (Macmillan, 2001)

  12 Bletchley and the Class Question

  1 Josh Cooper’s account, National Archives

  2 Recruitment documents, National Archives

  3 Lord Dacre, interviewed by Graham Turner, Daily Telegraph, 2000

  4 Quoted by Marion Hill, Bletchley Park People (The History Press, 2004)

  5 Hairdressing facility memos, National Archives

  13 1941: The Battle of the Atlantic

  1 Joan Murray, quoted in Enigma: The Battle for the Code (Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 2000)

  2 Jack Copeland (ed.), The Essential Turing: Seminal Writings in Computing, Logic, Philosophy (Clarendon Press, 2004)

  3 Hugh Alexander, quoted in Enigma: The Battle for the Code

  4 Asa Briggs, foreword to Gwen Watkins, Cracking the Luftwaffe Codes (Greenhill Books, 2006)

  5 Memos concerning staffing, National Archives

  6 Superintendent Blagrove, quoted in Marion Hill, Bletchley Park People (The History Press, 2004)

  14 Food, Booze, and Too Much Tea

  1 Irene Young, Enigma Variations: A Memoir of Love and War (Mainstream, 1990)

  2 Memos concerning Bletchley food, National Archives

  3 Memos concerning tea consumption, National Archives

  4 Memo from Captain Ridley concerning tea, National Archives

  5 Memo from Denniston concerning tea, National Archives

  15 1941: The Wrens and Their Larks

  1 Memo concerning Wren recruitment, National Archives

  2 Documents donated by Felicity Ashbee to the Imperial War Museum

  3 Documents held by Imperial War Museum

  16 1941: Bletchley and Churchill

  1 Gordon Welchman, The Hut Six Story (Allen Lane, 1982)

  2 Quoted in Marion Hill, Bletchley Park People (The History Press, 2004)

  3 Lecture to Sidney Sussex College given by John Herivel, 2005

  4 Lecture to Sidney Sussex College given by John Herivel, 2
005

  5 Welchman, The Hut Six Story

  17 Military or Civilian?

  1 Peter Calvocoressi, Top Secret Ultra (Cassell, 1980)

  2 Edward Thomas, essay in F. H. Hinsley and Alan Stripp, Codebreakers: The Inside Story of Bletchley Park (Oxford University Press, 1993)

  3 R. A. Ratcliff, Delusions of Intelligence (Cambridge University Press, 2006)

  18 1942: Grave Setbacks and Internal Strife

  1 Kim Philby, My Silent War (MacGibbon and Kee, 1968)

  2 F. H. Hinsley and Alan Stripp, Codebreakers: The Inside Story of Bletchley Park (Oxford University Press, 1993)

  3 P. W. Filby, addressing an Enigma symposium, 1992

  4 Robin Denniston, Thirty Secret Years (Polperro Heritage Press, 2005)

  5 Denniston, Thirty Secret Years

  6 Philby, My Silent War

  7 Gordon Welchman, The Hut Six Story (Allen Lane, 1982)

  8 Ralph Bennett, essay in Hinsley and Stripp, Codebreakers

  9 Hugh Skillen, Enigma and its Achilles Heel (Pinner, 1992)

  10 Hugh Denham, quoted in Michael Smith, The Emperor’s Codes (Bantam, 2000)

  11 Michael Loewe, essay in Hinsley and Stripp, Codebreakers

  12 Maurice Wiles, quoted in Smith, The Emperor’s Codes

  13 Michael Loewe, essay in Hinsley and Stripp, Codebreakers

  14 Hugh Denham, quoted in Smith, The Emperor’s Codes

  15 John Winton, Ultra at Sea (Leo Cooper, 1985)

  16 Edward Thomas, quoted in Hinsley and Stripp, Codebreakers

  17 Aileen Clayton, The Enemy Is Listening (Hutchinson, 1980)

  18 Ralph Bennett, essay in Hinsley and Stripp, Codebreakers

  19 Memos about blocks, National Archives

  20 Hugh Alexander, quoted in Enigma: The Battle for the Code

  19 The Rules of Attraction

  1 S. Gorley Putt, quoted in Margaret Drabble, Angus Wilson: The Biography (Secker and Warburg, 1995)

  2 Jon Cohen, interviewed by the BBC

  3 Wren interview, Bletchley Trust Archive, quoted in Marion Hill, Bletchley Park People (The History Press, 2004)

  20 1943: A Very Special Relationship

  1 Michael Howard, Times Literary Supplement, autumn 2009

  2 Barbara Abernethy, talking to Michael Smith, Station X (Channel Four Books, 1998)

  3 Andrew Hodges, Alan Turing—The Enigma (Burnett Books, 1983)

  4 Peter Calvocoressi, Top Secret Ultra (Cassell, 1980)

  5 Telford Taylor, essay in F. H. Hinsley and Alan Stripp, Codebreakers: The Inside Story of Bletchley Park (Oxford University Press, 1993)

  6 Christine Brooke-Rose, quoted in Smith, Station X

  7 Harry Fensom, addressing an Enigma symposium, 1992

  8 American soldier, quoted in Marion Hill, Bletchley Park People (The History Press, 2004)

  9 Asa Briggs, foreword to Gwen Watkins, Cracking the Luftwaffe Codes (Greenhill Books, 2006)

  10 Gordon Welchman, The Hut Six Story (Allen Lane, 1982)

  11 John Winton, Ultra at Sea (Leo Cooper, 1985)

  21 1943: The Hazards of Careless Talk

  1 Memo from H. Fletcher, National Archives

  2 Gordon Welchman, The Hut Six Story (Allen Lane, 1982)

  3 Memo to Nigel de Grey, National Archives

  4 Memo from Nigel de Grey to Colonel Wallace, National Archives

  5 Memo to Mr. Fletcher, National Archives

  6 Internal memos, National Archives

  7 Letter from Nigel de Grey, National Archives

  8 Letter to Nigel de Grey, National Archives

  9 Peter Calvocoressi, Top Secret Ultra (Cassell, 1980)

  22 Bletchley and the Russians

  1 Kim Philby, My Silent War (MacGibbon and Kee, 1968)

  2 Henry Dryden, essay in F. H. Hinsley and Alan Stripp, Codebreakers: The Inside Story of Bletchley Park (Oxford University Press, 1993)

  3 John Cairncross, The Enigma Spy: The Story of the Man who Changed World War Two (Century, 1997)

  4 Andrew Sinclair, The Red and the Blue: Intelligence, Treason and the Universities (Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1986)

  5 Quoted in the Independent, 1994

  6 Mavis Batey, From Bletchley with Love (Bletchley Park Trust monograph)

  23 The Cultural Life of Bletchley Park

  1 Lucienne Edmonston-Stowe, addressing an Enigma symposium, 1992

  2 John Cairncross, The Enigma Spy: The Story of the Man who Changed World War Two (Century, 1997)

  3 Irene Young, Enigma Variations: A Memoir of Love and War (Mainstream, 1990)

  4 Tennis court memos, National Archives

  5 Memos concerning journalists, National Archives

  6 Bletchley Gazette, 1945

  24 1943–44: The Rise of the Colossus

  1 Dilly Knox poem, quoted in Penelope Fitzgerald, The Knox Brothers (Macmillan, 1977)

  2 Dilly Knox farewell letter, National Archives

  3 George Vergine, quoted in Virtual Jewish Library

  4 Roy Jenkins, A Life at the Center (Macmillan, 1991)

  5 Harry Fensom, addressing an Enigma symposium, 1992

  6 Harry Fensom, addressing an Enigma symposium, 1992

  7 Letter from Gordon Welchman, National Archives

  8 Tommy Flowers, interview for an Imperial War Museum video presentation, London

  25 1944–45: D-Day and the End of the War

  1 Quoted in Marion Hill, Bletchley Park People (The History Press, 2004)

  2 Quoted in Hill, Bletchley Park People

  3 Rosemary Calder, quoted in Michael Smith, The Emperor’s Codes (Bantam, 2000)

  4 Demobilisation memo, National Archives

  5 Memo from Bletchley Park staffer, National Archives

  6 Memo from John Herivel, National Archives

  27 Bletchley’s Intellectual Legacy

  1 Bryan Magee, Clouds of Glory (Pimlico, 2004)

  2 Gwen Watkins, Cracking The Luftwaffe Codes (Greenhill Books, 2006)

  28 After Bletchley: The Silence Descends

  1 Walter Eytan, interviewed by the BBC

  2 Walter Eytan, interviewed by the BBC

  3 Gwen Watkins, Cracking the Luftwaffe Codes (Greenhill Books, 2006)

  29 The Rescue of the Park

  1 Gwen Watkins, Cracking the Luftwaffe Codes (Greenhill Books, 2006)

  Acknowledgments

  With a great many thanks, first of all, to Kelsey Griffin, Director of the Museum at Bletchley Park, for introducing me to such brilliant people. Among all those, and other brilliant people, thanks are also due to the Honorable Sarah Baring, to Mavis and Keith Batey, Ruth Bourne, Mimi Gallilee, Simon Greenish, John Herivel, Oliver and Sheila Lawn, Trudie Marshall, Geoffrey Pidgeon, Veronica Plowman, Nicolas Ridley, Captain Jerry Roberts, Sarah and John Standing, and especially to Jean Valentine. Thanks also to the Bletchley Park Trust—which has made the museum such an invaluable and fascinating draw for generations to come.

  Index

  Abernethy, Barbara 204

  Abwehr codes 118, 174–175

  Adcock, Frank 23–24

  Alexander, Hugh 19, 51, 61, 161, 162, 190, 191, 276, 287, 296, 309

  Alington, Jean 252

  Ascherson, Neal 319

  Ashbee, Felicity 152

  Athenia 133

  Atlantic Convoys 83, 130, 133–134, 177, 186–187

  Babbage, Dennis 197

  Baden-Powell, Lord 168

  Banburismus 133

  Baring, The Hon. Sarah 1, 2, 3, 18, 25–26, 31, 64–65, 71, 88, 120, 121, 123–124, 125–126, 140–141, 146, 150–151, 171, 172, 219, 222, 240, 274–275, 303, 310

  Batey, Keith 22, 44, 51, 52, 60–61, 70–71, 73, 74, 80, 87–88, 92, 167, 170, 195, 196, 220, 289, 290, 297, 308, 310

  Batey, Mavis 6, 14, 21, 22, 23, 44, 47, 50–51, 57, 60, 80, 86, 87, 119, 126, 131, 132, 133, 151, 169, 195, 196, 242, 258, 274, 275, 292, 301, 302, 303, 308, 309, 310, 319

  Battle of Britain 6, 98, 99, 100, 107, 108, 109, 120

  Battle of the
Atlantic 83–84, 87, 120, 130–136, 139, 177, 186, 191

  BBC 252, 280, 281

  Bennett, Ralph 182, 188, 273

  Berkeley Street 179

  Bertrand, Gustave 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 213

  bigram tables 84, 100, 132, 133

  Birch, Frank 13, 40, 85, 100, 133, 189, 190, 229, 230

  Birley, Maxine 122

  Bismarck 113, 135, 136

  Blitz 6, 109–110, 111, 116, 120

  Blunt, Anthony 230, 233, 235, 237

  bombes 54, 78, 84, 92, 94–106, 148–150, 154

  Bourne, Ruth 37, 102–103, 136–137, 165

  Bradshaw, Commander 28, 104, 251

  Bridgewater, Bentley 61

  Briggs, Asa (later Lord) 137, 211, 302

  British Tabulating Machine Company 95, 223, 267

  Britten, Benjamin 14

  Broadway Buildings (MI6) 10, 23, 41

  Brooke-Rose, Christine 209

  Brown, Gordon 298

  Brown, Tommy 192

  Bundy, William 207

  Burberry, Elizabeth 198

  Burgess, Guy 230, 239

  Cairncross, John 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 235, 236, 237, 238, 248

  Calvocoressi, Peter 34, 75, 107, 129, 166–167, 208, 209, 227, 235

  Chamberlain, Neville 11, 12, 52, 97

  Chatham intercept station 55–56, 57

  Chicksands 200

  Churchill, Winston 33, 39, 97, 98, 99, 107, 108, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 156–163, 174, 178, 188, 189, 202, 203, 213, 232, 233, 234, 239, 241, 243, 270, 274, 312

  Clarke, Joan (see Murray, Joan)

  Clayton, Eileen 38, 89, 90, 109, 114

  Clyde, HMS 177

  Cohen, Jon 197

  Colussus machines, 87, 259–271, 283

  Cooper, Josh 11, 14, 15, 39, 53, 70, 89, 90, 91, 119, 120, 126, 144, 152, 189, 304

  Copeland, Jack 45, 83, 100

  Coventry, the bombing of 107, 112–113, 114, 117

  Crete 134

  Cripps, Sir Stafford 234

  Cunningham, Admiral 131, 132

  D-Day 6, 272–274

  De Grey, Nigel 14, 31, 32, 34, 46, 172, 173, 178, 180, 209, 222, 223, 224, 226

  Denham, Hugh 185

  Denmark Hill (intercept Station) 57

  Denniston, Alistair 12, 13, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 31, 38–39, 40, 45, 48, 51, 59, 77, 78, 82, 85, 86, 123, 133, 143, 144, 151, 152, 160, 178, 179, 181, 182, 204, 205, 206, 257, 259

 

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