Fidel Castro
Page 47
29 Blight/Kornbluh, The Politics of Illusion, p. 86.
30 Ibid.
31 Szulc, Fidel, p. 523.
32 Ibid., p. 524.
33 Simons, Cuba, p. 306.
34 Blight/Kornbluh, The Politics of Illusion, p. 86.
35 Simons, Cuba, p. 306.
36 Marita Lorenz, Marita: One Woman’s Extraordinary Tale of Love and Espionage from Castro to Kennedy, pp. 59ff.
37 Gabriele Wojtiniak, “Alemanita mia!,” Freitag (Berlin), July 14, 2000.
38 In Lieber Fidel – Maritas Geschichte, a film by Wilfried Huismann, Sur Films Bremen, October 2000.
39 Lorenz, One Woman’s Extraordinary Tale, pp. 62, 65ff., 80ff.
40 Wojtiniak, “Alemanita mia!,” op. cit.
41 Claudia Furiati, ZR Rifle – The Plot to Kill Kennedy and Castro. Cuba Opens Secret Files, pp. 48ff.
42 Blight/Kornbluh, The Politics of Illusion, p. 88.
43 Kornbluh, Bay of Pigs Declassified, p. 2.
44 News Conference No. 9, April 12, 1961, John F. Kennedy Library.
45 Betto, pp. 208–9.
46 Ibid.
47 Szulc, Fidel, p. 545.
48 Hawkins, “Secret Memorandum for the Record,” p. 25.
49 Hinckle/Turner, Deadly Secrets, p. 93.
50 Kornbluh, Bay of Pigs Declassified, p. 309.
51 Ibid., p. 311.
52 Franqui, Family Portrait with Fidel, p. 123.
53 Hawkins, “Secret Memorandum for the Record,” p. 39.
54 The People of Cuba vs. The Government of the United States of America for Human Damages. Demand Submitted to the Civil and Administrative Court of Law at the Provincial People’s Court in Havana, 31 May 1999, p. 24.
55 Kornbluh, Bay of Pigs Declassified, p. 2.
56 Hans Magnus Enzensberger, Das Verhör von Havanna, pp. 25ff.
57 Blight/Kornbluh, The Politics of Illusion, p. 169.
58 Ibid., pp. 65ff.
59 Ibid., pp. 266ff.
60 Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr, A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House, p. 293.
61 “The Inspector General’s Survey of the Cuban Operation,” in Kornbluh, Bay of Pigs Declassified, pp. 23–132.
62 Blight/Kornbluh, The Politics of Illusion, p. 169.
63 Aleksandr Fursenko/Timothy Naftali, One Hell of a Gamble. The Secret History of the Cuban Missile Crisis, Khrushchev, Castro, and Kennedy 1958–1964, p. 144.
64 Hawkins, “Secret Memorandum for the Record,” pp. 7ff.
65 Quirk, Fidel Castro, pp. 328ff.
66 Hinckle/Turner, Deadly Secrets, pp. 75ff.
67 Blight/Kornbluh, The Politics of Illusion, pp. 183ff.
68 Franqui, Family Portrait with Fidel, p. 124.
69 Betto, pp. 209–10.
70 Pérez Jr, Between Reform and Revolution, p. 331.
71 Betto, p. 205.
72 Ibid.
73 Franqui, Family Portrait with Fidel, pp. 124, 126–7, 128.
74 Ibid., p. 140.
75 Szulc, Fidel, p. 547.
76 Fursenko/Naftali, One Hell of a Gamble, p. 135.
77 Ibid., pp. 136ff.
78 Franqui, Family Portrait with Fidel, p. 233.
79 Lee Lockwood, Castro’s Cuba, Cuba’s Fidel. An American Journalist’s Inside Look at Today’s Cuba – in Text and Picture, pp. 160ff.
80 Ibid., p. 162.
81 “Information über eine Aussprache mit dem Generalsekretär der SVP Kubas, Blas Roca, am 13. Juni in Havanna,” SAPMO-Barch, DY 30/3647, Bl. 43–50.
82 Ibid.
83 Betto, p. 143.
84 Nikita Khrushchev, Khrushchev Remembers, p. 492.
85 Quoted in Fursenko/Naftali, One Hell of a Gamble, p. 161.
86 “1. Erweiterte Konzeption zur gegenwärtigen Lage und Entwicklung in den ORI,” April 5, 1962, PAAA, Bestand MfAA, A 3371/3, Bl. 198–206.
87 Quirk, Fidel Castro, p. 366.
88 “Informationsbericht des ADN-Korrespondenten in Havanna,” PAAA, Bestand MfAA, A 3151, Bl. 359.
89 Theodore Draper, Castroism: Theory and Practice, p. 152.
90 Quoted from Franqui, Family Portrait with Fidel, pp. 234ff.
91 “Einige bemerkenswerte Gedanken aus einem Gespräch mit Blas Roca am 29. Oktober 1963,” secret report, November 7, 1963, PAAA, Bestand MfAA, A 3363/Az.: 9211.
92 “Einschätzung zur Entwicklung und zum gegenwärtigen Entwicklungsstand der Einheitspartei der Sozialistischen Revolution (PURS),” August 24, 1964, PAAA, Bestand MfAA, A 3363/Az.: 9211.
93 Fursenko/Naftali, One Hell of a Gamble, p. 150.
94 Ibid.
95 Ibid., pp. 144ff.
96 Ibid., p. 147.
97 Simons, Cuba, pp. 306ff.
98 Ronald Steel, In Love with Night. The American Romance with Robert Kennedy, pp. 79ff.
99 Hinckle/Turner, Deadly Secrets, p. 140.
100 Fursenko/Naftali, One Hell of a Gamble, pp. 152ff.
101 Ibid., pp. 150ff.
102 Jane Franklin, Cuba and the United States – A Chronological History, p. 50.
103 Robert McNamara, “Foreword,” in Chang/Kornbluh, The Cuban Missile Crisis, p. xii.
104 Khrushchev, Khrushchev Remembers, p. 493.
105 Fursenko/Naftali, One Hell of a Gamble, p. 171.
106 Khrushchev, Khrushchev Remembers, p. 494.
107 Mark J. White, Missiles in Cuba: Kennedy, Khrushchev, Castro and the 1962 Crisis, p. 35.
108 Fursenko/Naftali, One Hell of a Gamble, p. 179.
109 Foreign Broadcast Information Service, “Transcript of Fidel Castro’s Remarks at the Havana Conference on the Cuban Missile Crisis, 11 January 1992,” in Chang/Kornbluh, The Cuban Missile Crisis, p. 346.
110 Fidel Castro, CNN television interview, September 13, 1998.
111 McNamara, “Foreword,” p. xi.
112 Fursenko/Naftali, One Hell of a Gamble, pp. 188ff.; Yuri I. Pavlov, Soviet–Cuban Alliance 1959–1991, pp. 40ff.; and Ernest R. May/Philip D. Zelikow, The Kennedy Tapes: Inside the White House during the Cuban Missile Crisis, pp. 676ff.
113 Fursenko/Naftali, One Hell of a Gamble, p. 294.
114 Chang/Kornbluh, The Cuban Missile Crisis, p. 350.
115 Fursenko/Naftali, One Hell of a Gamble, p. 196.
116 White, Missiles in Cuba, p. 62.
117 May/Selikow, The Kennedy Tapes, p. 678.
118 White, Missiles in Cuba, p. 49.
119 Fursenko/Naftali, One Hell of a Gamble, p. 218.
120 White, Missiles in Cuba, p. 63; Fursenko/Naftali, One Hell of a Gamble, p. 219.
121 Fursenko/Naftali, One Hell of a Gamble, p. 219.
122 Robert Kennedy, Thirteen Days. A Memoir of the Cuban Missile Crisis, pp. 22ff.
123 Ibid., p. 13.
124 May/Zelikow, The Kennedy Tapes, p. 169.
125 Robert Kennedy, Thirteen Days, pp. 48ff.
126 Ibid., p. 36.
127 Ibid., pp. 131–9.
128 Chang/Kornbluh, The Cuban Missile Crisis, p. 351.
129 Con la razón historica y la moral de baragua. 1962 Crisis de Octubre, p. 6.
130 Ibid., pp. 14ff.
131 Fursenko/Naftali, One Hell of a Gamble, p. 273.
132 Con la razón histórica y la moral de baragua. 1962 Crisis de Octubre, pp. 20ff.
133 Ibid., pp. 25ff.
134 Pavlov, Soviet–Cuban Alliance 1959–1991, p. 45.
135 Fursenko/Naftali, One Hell of a Gamble, p. 263.
136 Ibid., p. 275.
137 Robert Kennedy, Thirteen Days, pp. 173–9.
138 May/Zelikow, The Kennedy Tapes, p. 635.
139 Con la razón histórica y la moral de baragua. 1962 Crisis de Octubre, pp. 16ff.
140 Ibid., pp. 18ff.
141 Franqui, Family Portrait with Fidel, p. 194.
142 May/Zelikow, The Kennedy Tapes, p. 664.
143 White, Missiles in Cuba, p. 147.
144 Robert Kennedy, Thirteen Days, pp. 184ff.
145 Fursenko/Naftali, One Hell of a Gamble, p. 312.<
br />
146 Ibid., p. 296.
147 Ibid., pp. 305–6.
148 Ibid., p. 306.
149 Ibid., p. 307.
150 Ibid., p. 326.
151 Khrushchev, Khrushchev Remembers, pp. 494–500.
152 Henry A. Kissinger, The White House Years, p. 633.
153 Ibid., p. 634.
154 May/Zelikow, The Kennedy Tapes, p. 193.
155 Szulc, Fidel, pp. 559ff.
156 White, Missiles in Cuba, p. 150.
157 See Peter Kornbluh (ed.), Kennedy and Castro: The Secret Quest for Accommodation, George Washington University/ National Security Archive (NSA), Electronic Briefing Book No. 17, Documents 1–11, Washington 1999, http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv; and Peter Kornbluh, “JFK & Castro: The Secret Quest for Accommodation,” Cigar Aficionado, September/October 1999.
158 “The Cuban Problem,” option paper drafted by McGeorge Bundy, George Washington University/National Security Archive (NSA), Electronic Briefing Book No. 17, Document 2, Washington 1999, http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv.
159 “William Attwood’s Report to National Security Adviser McGeorge Bundy (8 November 1963, secret),” quoted in Castañeda, Compañero : The Life and Death of Che Guevara, pp. 242–3.
160 Geyer, Guerrilla Prince, p. 299.
161 Tomás Borge, Face to Face with Fidel Castro, p. 85.
162 Ibid., p. 84.
163 Lorenz, Marita: One Woman’s Extraordinary Tale of Love and Espionage from Castro to Kennedy, pp. 126–38.
164 Hinckle/Turner, Deadly Secrets, p. lii.
165 Geyer, Guerrilla Prince, p. 301.
166 Paterson, Contesting Castro, pp. 261ff.
167 Furiati, ZR Rifle, pp. 70ff.
168 Carol Oglesby, “The Conspiracy That Won’t Go Away,” Playboy magazine, February 1992, p. 149.
169 “To: President Lyndon B. Johnson, From: Prime Minister Fidel Castro; Verbal message given to Miss Lisa Howard of ABC News on February 12, 1965 in Havana , Cuba,” Lyndon Johnson Library/Peter Kornbluh, ed., “Kennedy and Castro: The Secret Quest for Accommodation,” George Washington University/National Security Archive (NSA), Electronic Briefing Book No. 17, Document 10, Washington 1999, http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv.
Chapter 6 The Long March with Che
1 Chang/Kornbluh, The Cuban Missile Crisis, p. 356.
2 Ibid.
3 See Pavlov, Soviet–Cuban Alliance 1959–1991, p. 56.
4 Chang/Kornbluh, The Cuban Missile Crisis, p. 357.
5 Sheldon B. Liss, Fidel! Castro’s Political and Social Thought, p. 36.
6 Lockwood, Castro’s Cuba, Cuba’s Fidel, p. 162.
7 Ibid., p. 163.
8 “Communists Take Over 90 Miles from U.S.”, US News and World Report, June 1960.
9 Che en la memoria de Fidel Castro, ed. David Deutschmann and with an introduction by Jesús Montané, Melbourne, 1998, p. 23.
10 Liss, Fidel!, p. 38.
11 Ibid., pp. 38–9.
12 “Man and Socialism in Cuba,” in Venceremos: Speeches and Writings of Che Guevara, ed. John Gerassi, London, 1969, p. 539.
13 “On Party Militancy,” in Venceremos, p. 348.
14 Brandstiftung oder Neuer Friede?, p. 18.
15 “On Sacrifice and Dedication,” in Venceremos, p. 148.
16 Quoted in Granma Weekly Review, December 13, 1987.
17 “On Sacrifice and Dedication,” pp. 164, 165–6.
18 “On Party Militancy,” pp. 343–4.
19 “Man and Socialism in Cuba,” p. 541.
20 “On the Budgetary System of Financing,” in Venceremos, p. 418.
21 See Hans-Jürgen Burckhardt, Kuba. Der lange Abschied von einem Mythos, p. 16.
22 Quoted in Matthews, Fidel Castro, p. 131.
23 Szulc, Fidel, pp. 597ff.
24 Castañeda, Compañero, p. 258.
25 “Einschätzung zur Entwicklung und zum gegenwärtigen Entwicklungsstand der Einheitspartei der Sozialistischen Revolution (PURS),” August 24, 1964, PAAA, Bestand MfAA, A 3363/Az.: 9211.
26 Guevara, “Freedom of competition or ‘A free fox among free chickens’?,” Address to the Geneva Trade and Development Conference, March 25, 1964, in Fidel Castro/Che Guevara, To Speak the Truth, pp. 99ff.
27 Guevara, “Colonialism Is Doomed,” Address to the General Assembly of the United Nations, December 11, 1964, in Venceremos, pp. 521ff.
28 Guevara, “Speech to the Second Economic Seminar of Afro- American Solidarity,” February 1965, in Che: Selected Works of Che Guevara, eds Rolando E. Bonachea and Nelson P. Valdes, Cambridge, Mass, 1969, pp. 351–2.
29 Castañeda, Compañero, p. 297.
30 “Alles dreht sich um die ‘Zafra’,” Informationsbericht des ADNKorrespondenten in Havanna, May 10, 1965, PAAA, Bestand MfAA 3363/3, Bl. 248–55.
31 Ibid.
32 Elmar May, Che Guevara, p. 79.
33 “Brief des DDR-Botschafters Jone in Havanna an den stellvertretenden DDR-Aussenminister Stibi,” October 12, 1965, PAAA, Bestand MfAA 3363/1, Bl. 144.
34 “Einschätzung zum Brief Ernesto Guevaras an die Wochenzeitschrift ‘Marcha’ (Uruguay),” Botschaft der DDR in der Republik Kuba, October 26, 1965, Bl. 133–8.
35 “Brief des DDR-Botschafters Jone in Havanna an den stellvertretenden DDR-Aussenminister Stibi,” October 12, 1965, PAAA, Bestand MfAA 3363/1, Bl. 143.
36 Quoted from Ernesto “Che” Guevara, The African Dream, London, 2000, p. xii.
37 Castañeda, Compañero, p. 319.
38 See Manual de los Partidos Políticos de América Latina, pp. 168ff.
39 May, Che Guevara, pp. 82ff.
40 Ibid.
41 Bonachea/ Valdes, Che: Selected Works of Che Guevara, pp. 313–28.
42 Daniel James, Che Guevara: A Biography, pp. 319ff., 382, 389. Cf. “Tania”. La guerrillera inolvidable, Havana, 1970, pp. 321ff.
43 Castañeda, Compañero, p. 388.
44 Ibid., p. 275.
Chapter 7 Bad Times, Good Times
1 Granma, January 13, 1968, quoted in Balfour, Castro, p. 90.
2 Szulc, Fidel, p. 610.
3 “2. Einschätzung zu den Ereignissen in Verbindung mit den Reden des Genossen Fidel Castro vom 19. April und 1. Mai 1964,” Vertrauliche Verschlussache B 7/27–10/64, May 16, 1964, PAAA, Bestand MfAA, A 3363, AZ:2001.
4 “Stand und Perspektive der ökonomischen Beziehungen zwischen der DDR und Kuba,” n.d., SAPMO-BArch, NY 4182/1242, Bl. 152.
5 “Aktenvermerk über eine Besprechung mit dem Stellvertreter des sowjetischen Botschafters, Ministro Consejero N.A. Belous, am 23. Dezember 1964,” Vertrauliche Verschlussache, 4. Januar 1965, PAAA, Bestand MfAA, A 3363, AZ: 900.
6 “Aktenvermerk über ein Gespräch mit dem sowjetischen Botschafter in der Republik Kuba, Genossen Alexejew, am 3. Juni 1964,” Vertrauliche Verschlussache B7/27–14/64, PAAA, Bestand MfAA, A 3363, AZ: 9211.
7 “Brief der DDR-Botschaft in Havanna an das MfAA,” Vertrauliche Verschlussache, 5 September 1966, PAAA, Bestand MfAA, A3363/1, Bl. 6–14.
8 Szulc, Fidel, p. 604.
9 “Informationsbericht des ADN-Korrespondenten in Havanna,” May 11, 1966, Vertraulich, PAAA, Bestand MfAA, A3363/1, Bl. 49–51.
10 The available sources indicate that Che never actually used the legendary words: “Create two, three, many Vietnams!,” which seem to have been a freely rendered variant of the title given to the “Message” in the Feltrinelli collection Lateinamerika – Ein zweites Vietnam (Reinbek, 1968, pp. 99ff.): “Let us create two, three, many Vietnams!” In fact, even this formulation is inexact. For the original text on page 106 of that volume reads: “America … will have a task of greater significance: the creation of a second, third Vietnam in the world.”
11 “Brief der DDR-Botschaft in Havanna an das MfAA,” Vertrauliche Dienstsache, 8, August 1966, PAAA, Bestand MfAA, A3363/1, Bl. 17–21.
12 “Antwort der Kommunistischen Partei Venezuelas,” March 13, 1967, in Feltrinelli, Lateinamerika – Ein zweites Vietnam, pp. 285ff.
&
nbsp; 13 Castro, “Antwort auf die Stellungnahme der Kommunistischen Partei Venezuelas zu seiner Rede vom 13. März 1967,” in ibid., p. 297.
14 “Vermerk über ein Gespräch mit dem Vertreter der KP Honduras, Genossen Logino Becerra,” Botschaft der DDR in Havana, October 2, 1966, PAAA, Bestand MfAA, A 3363/1, Bl. 1–5.
15 “Stellungnahme zu den Veröffentlichungen über die Tagung des Zentralkommitees der Kommunistischen Partei Kubas. Abteilung Internationale Verbindungen des ZK,” Berlin, January 31, 1968, SAPMO-BArch, NY 4182/1241, Bl. 182ff.
16 Szulc, Fidel, p. 609.
17 “Brief von DDR-Aussenminister Otto Winzer an Staats- und Parteichef Walter Ulbricht,” July 11, 1968, SAPMO-BArch, NY 4182/1241, Bl. 185ff.
18 Quoted in Balfour, Castro, p. 95.
19 Quoted in Pavlov, Soviet–Cuban Alliance, p. 90.
20 Balfour, Castro, pp. 95ff.
21 Szulc, Fidel, p. 621.
22 Granma Weekly Review, October 26, 1969.
23 Quoted in Mauricio Vincent, “Navidades rojas,” El País (Madrid), December 22, 1997.
24 Balfour, Castro, pp. 98ff.; Szulc, Fidel, p. 622.
25 Quoted in Balfour, Castro, p. 105.
26 Ibid., p. 106.
27 Ibid., p. 108.
28 Thomas M. Leonard, Castro and the Cuban Revolution, p. 99.
29 Wayne S. Smith, The Closest of Enemies – A Personal and Diplomatic History of the Castro Years, p. 93.
30 See Pavlov, Soviet–Cuban Alliance, pp. 95ff.
31 “Unkorrigierte stenographische Niederschrift der Verhandlungen der Partei- und Regierungsdelegation der DDR und der Republik Kuba am 21. und 26. Februar 1974 in Havanna,” SAPMO-BArch, DY 30/J IV2/201–1157, Bl. 89–96.
32 Che Guevara, Guerrilla Warfare, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1985.
33 Balfour, Castro, p. 124.
34 Ibid., p. 126.
35 Szulc, Fidel, p. 627.
36 Balfour, Castro, pp. 125ff.
37 “Unkorrigierte stenographische Niederschrift der Verhandlungen der Partei- und Regierungsdelegation der DDR und der Republik Kuba am 21. und 26. Februar 1974 in Havanna,” SAPMO-BArch, DY 30/J IV2/201–1157, Bl. 81–86.
38 Paterson, Contesting Castro, p. 39.
39 “Unkorrigierte stenographische Niederschrift der Verhandlungen der Partei- und Regierungsdelegation der DDR und der Republik Kuba am 21. und 26. Februar 1974 in Havanna,” SAPMO-BArch, DY 30/J IV2/201–1157, Bl. 81–86.