by Angus Calder
3 R. Barthes, Mythologies, Granada 1973, 142–3.
4 M. Brearley, Phoenix from the Ashes, Unwin 1983, 175.
5 See Keegan and Holmes, op. cit., 243.
6 Barthes, op. cit., 130.
7 R. Lacour-Gayet, A Concise History of Australia, Penguin 1976, 297.
8 Quoted ibid., 298.
9 G. Dallas and D. Gill, The Unknown Army, Verso 1985, 137.
10 J. Munson, ed. Echoes of the Great War: The Diary of the Reverend Andrew Clark 1914–1919, OUP 1985, 199–200.
11 Ibid., 208–9.
12 R. Ward, The Australian Legend, OUP 1958, 1–2 ct seq.
13 As argued, for instance, by Dr Adrian Graves in the Trevor Reece Memorial Lecture at the University of London, on 30 January 1986: ‘Race and Immigration: The White Backlash in Britain and Australia’.
14 A. Thomson, ‘Gallipoli – A Past That We Can Live By?’ in Melbourne Historical Journal, 14, 1982, 56–72.
15 A. Bryant, Years of Victory, Collins 1944, 206–7, 333–4, 355.
16 T. Wintringham, New Ways of War, Penguin 1940, 125, 127–8.
17 P. Wright, On Living in an Old Country, Verso 1985, 16.
18 Ibid., 23.
19 Ibid., 24.
20 Ibid., 83–4.
21 J.A. Williamson, The Age of Drake, A. & C. Black 1938, 316.
22 W.G. Hoskins, The Making of the English Landscape, Penguin 1970, 13.
23 C. Royster, A Revolutionary People at War: The Continental Army and American Character, 1775–1783, University of North Carolina Press (Chapel Hill) 1979, 3–24.
24 W. Churchill, Into Battle … War Speeches, Cassell 1941, 234.
25 J. Keegan, The Face of Battle, Vintage (NY) 1977, 257–60, 263, 283.
26 Quoted in S. Hynes, The Auden Generation, Bodley Head 1976, 191.
27 P. Fussell, The Great War and Modern Memory, OUP 1975, 139, 169, 174–9.
28 Ibid., 179–83.
29 Ibid., 188.
30 Ibid., 119.
31 V. Hodgson, Few Eggs and No Oranges, Dennis Dobson 1976, 92–3.
2 ‘Finest Hours’
Epigraph: B. Brecht Poems 1913–1956, ed. J. Willett et al., Eyre Methuen 1976, 350.
1 R. Kee, The World We Left Behind: A Chronicle of the Year 1939, Weidenfeld & Nicolson 1984, 300–1.
2 Ibid., 307–10.
3 Churchill, op. cit., 156.
4 Ibid., 183.
5 J. Terraine, The Right of the Line: The Royal Air Force in the European War 1939–1945, Hodder & Stoughton 1985, 115.
6 P. Addison, The Road to 1945: British Politics and the Second World War, Cape 197, 93–8.
7 J. Keegan and R. Holmes, Soldiers, Hamish Hamilton 1985, 189–90.
8 Addison, op. cit., 75–9.
9 C. Graves, The Home Guard of Britain, Hutchinson 1943, 13–14.
10 M. Thomson, The Life and Times of Winston Churchill, Odhams n.d. (1945), 267.
11 P. Guedalla, Mr Churchill: A Portrait, Hodder & Stoughton 1941, 294–5.
12 The War Illustrated, vol. 2, no. 41, 14 June 1940, 622–3, 626.
13 Churchill, op. cit., 215–23.
14 L. Thompson, 1940: Year of Legend, Year of History, Collins 1966, 138–40.
15 Churchill, op. cit., 215–23, 225–34.
16 Terraine, op. cit., 169–70; George Orwell, Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters, vol. 2, Penguin 1970, 50; Vera Brittain, England’s Hour, Macmillan 1941, 62.
17 V. Hodgson, op. cit., 36.
18 Churchill, op. cit. 252–62.
19 Brittain, op. cit., 115.
20 Terraine, op. cit., 222.
21 H. Asquith, ‘Youth in the Skies’, The Best Poems of 1941 (sic), ed. T. Moult, Cape 1942, 28.
22 M. Panter-Downes, London War-Notes 1939–1945, Longman 1972, 98–101.
23 C. Ritchie, The Siren Years, Macmillan 1974, 61.
24 Panter-Downes, op. cit., 102, 105, 106.
25 Ibid., 110–12.
26 Ritchie, op. cit., 74–5.
27 Hodgson, op. cit., 95–7.
28 W. Churchill, The Second World War, vol. 3, The Grand Alliance, Cassell 1950, 539–40.
29 Terraine, op. cit., 485–8.
30 Ibid., 488, 505–11, 513.
31 Ibid., 545–8.
32 Ibid., 554–7.
33 C. Bielenberg, The Past is Myself, Chatto & Windus 1968, 125.
34 M. Balfour, Propaganda in War 1939–1945, Routledge & Kegan Paul 1979, 378.
35 D. Botting, In the Ruins of the Reich, Allen & Unwin 1985, 64.
36 J. Stevenson, British Society 1914–45, Allen Lane 1984, 448–9.
37 M. Middlebrook and C. Everitt, The Bomber Command War Diaries, Viking 1985, 663–4.
38 T. H. O’Brien, Civil Defence, HMSO 1955, 677.
39 Middlebrook and Everitt, op. cit., 708.
40 A. Harris, Bomber Offensive, Collins 1947, 267.
41 Churchill, Into Battle, 259.
42 Terraine, op. cit., 538–9.
3 No Other Link
Epigraph: R. Skelton, ed., Poetry of the Forties, Penguin 1968; 93–4.
1 Index on Censorship 14:8, December 1985, 7–10.
2 Ibid., 21.
3 Correlli Barnett, The Audit of War, Macmillan 1986, 144.
4 A.J.P. Taylor, English History 1914–1945, OUP 1965, 513.
5 Barnett, op. cit., 144–5, 88.
6 Taylor, op. cit., 495.
7 Churchill, Into Battle, 223.
8 Ibid., 232, 234.
9 Ibid., 249–51.
10 Ibid., 262.
11 C.W. Dilke, Greater Britain, vol. 2, Macmillan 1868, 406.
12 A.J.P. Taylor et al., Churchill: Four Faces and the Man, Penguin 1973, 39–40.
13 C. Thorne, The Issue of War: States, Societies and the Far Eastern Conflict of 1941–1945, Hamish Hamilton 1985, 226–7.
14 Quoted in V.G. Kiernan, America: The New Imperialism, Zed 1978, 193.
15 Mass-Observation, Change No 2: Home Propaganda, Advertising Service Guild (1941), 18.
16 I. McLaine, Ministry of Morale, Allen & Unwin 1979, 223–4.
17 J. Mackenzie, Propaganda and Empire: The Manipulation of British Public Opinion 1880–1960, Manchester UP 1984, 253–8.
18 Ibid., 235–8, 90.
19 McLaine, op. cit., 263–8.
20 Mass-Observation File Report, 1095, Opinion on America, 16.3.42 (Mass-Observation Archive).
21 H. Pelling, America and the British Left, A. & C. Black 1956, 130–46.
22 Laski in Pelling, loc. cit.; N. Branson, History of the Communist Party of Great Britain 1927–1941, Lawrence & Wishart 1985, 214–15.
23 J. Strachey, A Programme for Progress, Gollancz 1940, 169, 230 etc.
24 W. Willkie, One World, 1943.
25 J. Stevenson, op. cit. 457–8.
26 A. Marwick, Britain in Our Century: Images and Controversies, Thames & Hudson 1984, 114.
27 James E. Cronin, Labour and Society in Britain 1918–1979, Batsford 1984.
28 Terraine, op. cit. 11–13.
29 T.L. Crosby, The Impact of Civilian Evacuation in the Second World War, Croom Helm 1986, 31–3.
30 Ibid., 33–5.
31 Ibid., 46–8, 50.
32 Ibid., 50–8.
33 Ibid., 35.
34 B.S. Johnson, ed., The Evacuees, Gollancz 1968, 38–41.
35 Kenneth O. Morgan, Labour in Power 1945–1951, OUP 1984, 328.
36 J. Lee, My Life with Nye, Penguin 1981, 188–90.
4 Celts, Reds and Conchies
Epigraph: Hugh MacDiarmid, Complete Poems, vol. 1, Martin Brian & O’Keeffe 1978, 603.
1 R. Kee, op. cit., 101–3, 241–2, 283–4.
2 A. Briggs, History of Broadcasting in the United Kingdom, vol. 3: The War of Words, OUP 1970, 315; F.S.L. Lyons, Ireland Since the Famine, Fontana 1973, 557.
3 M.M. Postan, British War Production, HMSO 1952, 221.
4 J.W. Blake, Northern Ireland in the Second World War, HMSO (Belfast) 1956, 206–49; Lyons
, op. cit., 556–7, 728–37.
5 Tom Nairn, The Break-Up of Britain, New Left Books 1977, 207.
6 Balfour, op. cit., 138–9; Briggs, op. cit., vol. 3, 221–33.
7 J. Stevenson, op. cit., 269–73.
8 Kenneth O. Morgan, Rebirth of a Nation: Wales 1880–1980, OUP 1981, 206–9, 254–7.
9 Gwyn A. Williams, When Was Wales?, Penguin 1985, 253, 261–72, 274–5.
10 Morgan, Rebirth of a Nation, 295; A. Calder, The People’s War, Cape 1969, 245.
11 Addison, op. cit., 76.
12 M. Foot, Aneurin Bevan, vol. 1, 1897–1945, MacGibbon & Kee 1962, 320–21.
13 W. Knox, ed., Scottish Labour Leaders 1918–39: A Biographical Dictionary, Mainstream (Edinburgh) 1984, 119.
14 R.J. Morris, review of I. McLaine, The Legend of Red Clydeside, in Scottish Economic and Social History, vol. 4, 1984, 90–1.
15 C. Harvie, No Gods and Precious Few Heroes: Scotland 1914–1980, Edward Arnold 1981, 15–23, 32.
16 R.P. Arnot, A History of the Scottish Miners, Allen & Unwin 1955, 247, 252, 257: Knox, ed., op. cit., 252–3.
17 John McNair, James Maxton – The Beloved Rebel, 1955, 289; A. Calder, The Common Wealth Party 1942–1945, University of Sussex D Phil. Thesis, 1968, 80–2.
18 C. Harvie, Scotland and Nationalism, Allen & Unwin 1977, 46–54; Knox, op. cit., 217–21.
19 Harvie, No Gods …, 103.
20 E. Muir, Collected Poems, Faber 1959, 97–8.
21 R. Watson, The Literature of Scotland, Macmillan 1984, 367–73.
22 Briggs, op. cit., vol. 3, 232–3.
23 Ibid., 235.
24 Emile Burns, quoted in N. Branson, History of the Communist Party of Great Britain 1927–1941, Lawrence & Wishart 1985, 139.
25 A. Marwick, Britain in the Century of Total War, Bodley Head 1968, 249.
26 A. Marwick, The Deluge, Bodley Head 1965, 81–3.
27 A. Calder, The People’s War, 52, 494–8.
28 P. and L. Gillman, Collar The Lot!, Quartet 1980, 84–6.
29 Branson, op. cit., 191, 275, 285.
30 McLaine, Ministry of Morale, 55–9.
31 J. Hinton, ‘Coventry Communism: A Study of Factory Politics in the Second World War’, History Workshop 10, 1980, 93.
32 Tribune, 8.9.39, 22.9.39, 1.12.39, 8.12.39.
33 Left News, 4, 40.
34 Left News, 7, 40; J. Strachey, A Faith to Fight For, Gollancz 1941, 121.
35 F. Brockway, Bermondsey Story, 1949, 221.
36 Labour Discussion Notes, 6, 40. Three future Labour MPs were members of LDN’s ‘Publication Committee’ – Patrick Gordon Walker, Austen Albu and William Warbey.
37 N. Mitchison, Among You Taking Notes, Gollancz 1985, 62–6.
38 H. McShane and J. Smith, No Mean Fighter, Pluto 1978, 231.
39 Branson, op. cit., 265–71.
40 Ibid., 271–4.
41 Ibid., 287–90.
42 Ibid., 290–301.
43 Ibid., 301–6.
44 Hinton, loc. cit., 94–5.
45 McShane, op. cit., 233; Branson, op. cit., 306–8.
46 T. Harrisson, ‘Public Opinion About Russia’, Political Quarterly 12:4, 1941, 353–9.
47 See D.N. Pritt, Choose Your Future, 1941.
48 The People Speak, People’s Convention 1941, 40, 50–1, 58–9.
49 A. Calder and D. Sheridan, eds, Speak for Yourself: A Mass-Observation Anthology 1937–49, Cape 1984, 199–202.
50 Tribune, 17.1.41; New Statesman, 18.1.41.
51 Branson, op. cit., 315–19, 322–3; P.N. Furbank, E.M. Forster: A Life, vol. 2, OUP 1978, 241–2.
52 C. Cockburn, Crossing The Line, McGibbon & Kee 1958, 72.
5 Standing ‘Alone’
Epigraph: Quoted in K. McCormick and H. D. Perry, eds, Images of War, Cassell 1991, 6.
1 Taylor, op. cit., 468–9.
2 Addison, op. cit., 86–91.
3 Ibid., 104, 125.
4 H. Nicolson, Diaries and Letters 1939–45, Collins 1967, 85, 93; A. Calder, The People’s War, 86.
5 N. Harman, Dunkirk: The Necessary Myth, Coronet 1981, 17.
6 Ibid., 58–60.
7 Ibid., 60–5.
8 Ibid., 86–96, 106–7.
9 Ibid., 112–37.
10 ‘Cato’, Guilty Men, Gollancz 1940, 11–12.
11 H. Marchant, Women and Children Last, Gollancz 1941, 42–3.
12 Harman, op. cit., 181–3, 187–8.
13 Ibid., 201–4.
14 Ibid., 263–4; L. Deighton, Fighter, Granada 1979, 61–4.
15 Terraine, op. cit., 187, 219–20.
16 Thompson, op. cit., 139; Deighton, op. cit., 244.
17 Terraine, op. cit., 190–1.
18 Lee, op. cit., 148–52.
19 Terraine, op. cit., 191–2.
20 A. Calder, People’s War, 117–18; A. Bullock, The Life and Times of Ernest Bevin, vol. 2, Minister of Labour 1940–1945, Heinemann 1967, 80–1.
21 Lee, op. cit., 151–2.
22 Mass-Observation, People in Production, John Murray 1942, 55–6, 244.
23 Terraine, op. cit., 222.
24 P. Townsend, Duel of Eagles, Weidenfeld & Nicolson 1970, 343–4.
25 Deighton, op. cit., 107, 181–2.
26 Ibid., 207, 227–30, 240–3, 278–9; Townsend, op. cit., 345–6.
27 Deighton, op. cit., 297–8.
28 Babs Diplock, You Can’t Really Call it Poetry!!, Cleethorpes 1985; the final prose comment is given not as in this booklet but as in a typescript copy sent to me by Mrs Diplock.
29 Panter-Downes, op. cit., 65, 67, 70–1.
30 H. Agar, Britain Alone June 1940–June 1941, Bodley Head 1972, 69.
31 D. Middleton, The Sky Suspended, Seeker & Warburg 1960, 75.
32 Ritchie, op. cit., 55.
33 Brittain, op. cit., 92–7.
34 P. Mayhew, ed., One Family’s War, Hutchinson 1985, 66, 82–3.
35 Thompson, op. cit., 134–8.
36 McLaine, Ministry of Morale, 80–4.
37 Gillman, op. cit., 45–6.
38 Ibid., 73–80.
39 Ibid., 101–5.
40 Ibid., 115–29.
41 Mitchison, op. cit., 65.
42 Gillman, op. cit., 185–201.
43 C. Perry, Boy in the Blitz, Colin A. Perry 1980, 13–14.
44 T. Johnston, Memories, Collins 1952, 139.
45 Gillman, op. cit., 243–55; P. Grafton, You, You, and You: The People Out of Step with World War II, Pluto 1981, 20–3.
46 R. Stent, A Bespattered Page, André Deutsch 1980, 156–85.
47 F. Lafitte, The Internment of Aliens, Penguin 1940, 173 and title page.
48 Stent, op. cit., 248.
49 Lafitte, op. cit., 156.
50 Ibid., 170.
51 Daily Mail 12.7.40, quoted in Lafitte, op. cit.
6 Day by Day
Epigraph: R. Fuller, New and Collected Poems 1938–1961, Seeker & Warburg 1985.
1 For convenience’s sake, I have used the series of Daily and Weekly Reports, with related documents, to be found in the Mary Adams papers in the Mass-Observation Archive at the University of Sussex. The reports have long been available in a 35 mm. microfilm edition produced by Harvester Press (Brighton), as well as in the archive held by the Public Record Office and well mined by Ian McLaine for his Ministry of Morale, Allen & Unwin 1979.
2 The Mass-Observation Archive is intricately filed and catalogued. Remarks in the main text should be enough to guide any enquirer to the right place – in this case, Box 180, ‘Air Raids’.
3 Some of this is printed in A. Calder and D. Sheridan, ed., Speak for Yourself: A Mass-Observation Anthology 1937–49, Cape 1984, 76–83.
7 Formulations of Feeling
Epigraph: L. MacNeice, Collected Poems, Faber 1979, 203–4.
1 T. McKendrick, Clydebank Blitz, no publisher, Clydebank 1986.
2 Bert Hardy, My Life, Gordon Fraser 1985, 40.
3 MacNeice, op. cit., 196, 217–1
8.
4 A. Calder, T.S. Eliot, Harvester Press 1987, 131–60.
5 T. S. Eliot, Collected Poems 1909–1962, Faber 1963.
6 J. Masefield, The Nine Days Wonder, Heinemann 1941, 58.
7 T. Moult, ed., The Best Poems of 1941, Cape 1942, 13, 28, 38–40, 72, 79–82.
8 I. Hamilton, ed., The Poetry of War 1939–45, Alan Ross 1965, 164–5.
9 Fuller, op. cit., 42–5.
10 Skelton, ed., op. cit., 19.
8 Fictions
Epigraph: Norman Lewis, Naples ’44, Pantheon (New York) 1978, 100.
1 Ibid., 124.
2 L. Wigmore, The Japanese Thrust, Australian War Memorial (Canberra) 1959, 287–8.
3 H. Klein et al., eds., The Second World War in Fiction, Macmillan 1984.
4 Masefield, op. cit., 51.
5 L. Thomas, The Dearest and the Best, Penguin 1985, 179–218.
6 R. Hillary, The Last Enemy, Macmillan 1942, 221.
7 Ibid., 11.
8 Ibid., 19–23.
9 Ibid., 52–4, 96–9.
10 Ibid., 70–1, 124–8.
11 Ibid., 135.
12 D. Robinson, Piece of Cake, Pan 1983; Author’s note, 668–72.
13 A. Munson, English Fiction of the Second World War, Faber 1989, 79.
14 N. Monsarrat, The Cruel Sea, Reprint Society, 1953 edn, 481, 508.
15 Ibid., 367–8.
16 Ibid., 314.
17 Ibid., 228–9.
18 Raynes Minns, Bombers and Mash, Virago 1980, 61.
19 H. Forrester, Three Women of Liverpool, Fontana 1984, 256.
20 R. Fisk, In Time of War: Ireland, Ulster and the Price of Neutrality 1939–45, Granada 1985, 478–508.
21 Brian Moore, The Emperor of Ice Cream, Mayflower 1967, 175–6, 181, 189–90.
22 R. Jenkins, Fergus Lamont, Canongate (Edinburgh) 1979, 287–93.
23 R.F. Delderfield, The Avenue Goes to War, Coronet 1971, 116, 132, 168.
24 J. Boorman, Hope and Glory, Faber 1987, 6–9.
25 Ibid., 47–9.
26 R. Westall, Children of the Blitz: Memories of Wartime Childhood, Viking 1985, 77.
27 R. Westall, The Machine-Gunners, Penguin 1977, 186.
9 Deep England
Epigraph: M.-L. Jennings, ed., Humphrey Jennings: Film-Maker, Painter, Poet, British Film Institute 1982, 25.
1 C. Chant, ed., Science, Technology and Everyday Life 1870–1950, Open University Press (Milton Keynes) 1989, 180.
2 W.J. Keith, The Rural Tradition, Harvester Press (Brighton) 1975, 238–40.
3 H.J. Massingham, Chiltern Country, Batsford 1940, 27.
4 Ibid., 6–7, 14.
