by Angus Calder
Campbell, J.R., 81–2
Canada, 197; internees sent to, 113–14, 124
Capra, Frank, x, 253; war films of, 245–50
Cardiff, 135; bombing of, 37
Cardus, Neville, 12, 198
Cavalcanti, Alberto, 190, 195, 235, 237, 259–60, 265
Cazalet, Major, 116, 117
CBS (Columbian Broadcasting Service), 211, 214, 215, 217, 218, 222
Central Office of Information (COI), 261
Chamberlain, Neville, 20–1, 48, 58, 60, 71, 81, 91, 92, 211, 228; fall of (May, 1940), 22–5, 46, 47, 83, 92, 134; Munich Agreement (1939), 71; Tory MPs’ loyalty to, 92
The Changing Face of Europe (film), 263
Channel Islands, German occupation of, 45, 124, 260
Cheer Boys Cheer (film), 264
Chicago Daily News, 216, 222
Children’s Newspaper (ed. Mec), 204
‘Christian Peace Movement’ station, 75
Christiansen, Arthur, 223, 225, 232
Christmas Under Fire (film), 233, 248
Churchill, Winston, 10, 20, 23, 24, 26, 29, 33, 38–9, 46, 47, 48, 49, 56, 90, 95, 110, 113, 136, 146, 148, 150, 155, 160, 176, 181, 196, 197, 202, 211–12, 222, 224, 225, 238, 246; and Anglo–US relations, 49–52; Brenton’s play about, 266–7; broadcasts, 37, 50–1, 123; distrust of, 92; Dunkirk speech, 27–8, 50, 92, 98; fallibility of, 90; ‘Finest Hour’ speech, 14–15, 29–30, 50; A History of the English-Speaking Peoples, 52; and Norway débâcle, 23, 91; preface to Battle of Britain film, 247–8, 249–50; replaces Chamberlain as Prime Minister (May 1940), 24–5, 92, 270; speeches, 14–15, 18–19, 21–2, 25, 26, 27–8, 29–30, 31–2, 50, 51, 92. 120, 127, 146, 180, 241; unpopularity among Welsh miners, 69; view of history, 38, 48, 271; War Cabinet, 25, 29, 47, 71, 80, 83, 91, 117, 270–1
Citrine, Walter, 56
Clark, Andrew, 5–6
Clark, Sir Kenneth, 110
Clark, R.T., 213, 218
Clarke, T.E.B. (‘Tibbie’), 265, 266
Clinton-Baddeley, V.C., 54
Cliveden Set, 47, 224–5
Clydeside/Clydebank, Blitz, 37, 130, 141, 170, 171, 240, 267; class war and industrial relations, 130; Rent Strike, 70
Cockburn, Claude, 88–9
Colebaugh, Charles, 224
Colefax, Sybil, 221
Colliers Weekly Magazine, 209, 223, 224, 225, 259
Cologne, RAF’s ‘Thousand Bomber’ attack on, 39
Communist Party, British, 46, 47, 56, 57, 58, 71, 74, 75, 77–89, 90, 126, 129; air-raid shelter campaign, 83–4, 85; banning of Worker and The Week, 88–9; Convention organised in London by (1941), 85–8; in Coventry, 78, 84; and fifth column, 77–8; and Labour Party, 77, 78, 79–80, 82–3; loses control of Left Book Club, 57, 79; membership, 77, 84; ‘The People’s Convention’, 82–3, 85, 88, 89; scare campaign against, 111; in Scotland, 69–70, 77, 78, 85, 130; in Wales, 68–9, 78
Connolly, Cyril, 254
conscientious objectors, 46–7, 71, 72, 76–7, 108–9, 111
conscription, 63, 66, 72, 76, 84, 168
consensus, post-war, 46, 48, 267, 271
Conservative Party/Government, 20, 63, 75–6, 78–9, 191, 197, 266; appeasement policy, 20, 47, 75–6, 78, 92, 100, 117, 204; Churchill replaces Chamberlain as Prime Minister (May 1940), 22–5; distrust of Churchill within, 92; Falklands War (1982), vii, viii, 2, 269–70, 271; general elections, 48, 75, 269; ‘guilty men’ thesis, 92; middle-class support for, 59; right-wing, 112–13
Constable, John, 184, 185
Constantine, Eddie, 267
Convention (Royal Hotel, London, 1941), 85–8
Cooper, Sir Alfred Duff, 123, 225
‘Cooper’s Snoopers’, 116
Cornelius, Henry, 265
Coventry, Communist Party’s strength in, 78, 84; IRA bomb explosion, 65; Nazi Blitz on, 36, 37, 84, 129, 132, 168, 169, 249, 250
Coward, Noël, In Which We Serve, 230; Peace In Our Time, 251–2, 260.
Cowles, Virginia, 216
cricket mythology, 198; England vs. Australia Test Matches (1981), 3–4; feats of Compton and Edrich at Lord’s (1947), 251; ‘googly’ ball, 175–6; Old Trafford, 11, 12
Cripps, Sir Stafford, 79, 80
Crompton, Richmal, William the Hero, 177
Cronin, James, 59
Crosby, Professor Travis L., 61–2
Crown Film Unit, 146, 180, 224, 229, 231, 232, 233, 240, 242, 243; see also GPO Film Unit
The Cruel Sea (film), 264
Crystal Palace, burning down of (1936), 235
Cull, Nicholas, 211–12
Curtis, Margaret, 222
Daily Express, 113–14, 166, 216, 223, 225
Daily Herald, 78, 87, 113–14, 132
Daily Mail, 118, 206
Daily Mirror, 88, 159
Daily Telegraph, 111
Daily Worker, 47, 77, 81, 82, 83, 84; banning of (1941), 88–9; Scottish edition, 84
Dalrymple, Ian, 231, 242, 261
The Dam Busters (film), 43
Dandy Monster Comic annual (1941), 205
Daniel, Professor, 68
De Valera, Eamon, 65, 66, 168
Dean, Basil, 191. 203
‘Deep England’ mythology, 182–3, 185, 188, 190, 193, 194, 195, 199, 201, 207, 209, 233, 259; Auden’s rejection of, 188
Deighton, Len, 104
Delderfield, R.F., The Avenue Goes to War, 172–3
Demi-Paradise (film), 230
Denmark, 77; Nazi occupation of, 22, 91
Desert Victory (film), 246
Diary for Timothy (film), 261
Dickinson, Thorold, 259
Dilke, Charles Wentworth, Greater Britain, 52
Dim Little Island (film), 261–2
Diplock, Babs, 104–6; ‘Battle of Britain War Hero’, 105
Disney, Walt, 247, 249
Domville, Admiral Sir Barry, 112, 113
Documentary News Letter, 243
Donne, John, 181
Dorsey, Jimmy, 210
Dover, 107–8; US press corps in, 215–17
Dowding, Air Chief Marshal, 30, 98, 99, 103, 160
Drake, Sir Francis, 12, 13
Dreiser, Theodore, 86
Dresden, RAF incendiary attack on, 42
Du Cann, Edward, 270
Dublin, Nazi accidental bombing of, 66
Dunkirk, evacuation of BEF from (‘Operation Dynamo’, 1940), vii, ix, 1, 4, 7, 8, 18, 26–8, 50, 89, 92–8, 101, 106, 107, 108, 123, 135, 155, 156–7, 197, 199, 227, 244, 253, 258, 268; debunking of myth, 92–8; role of the little ships, 96–8, 156–7, 199
Dunkirk (film), 266
Dunkirk Postscript, Priestley’s, 199
Dunkirk speech, Churchill’s, 27–8, 50, 92, 98
Dunne, Eileen, 222
Duranty, Walter, 209
Dutt, R. Palme, 81, 82, 87
Ealing Studios, 237, 259, 263–6
Economic League, 122
Eden, Sir Anthony (Lord Avon), 25
Edwards, Sebastian Rice, 175
El Alamein, Battle of, 38, 253
Elgar, Edward, 182, 189, 194, 206; ‘Pomp and Circumstance’, 194–5
Eliot, T.S., 16, 151, 244; Four Quartets, 145–8: ‘Burnt Norton’, 145; ‘The Dry Salvages’, 145, 146; ‘East Coker’, 145–6; ‘Little Gidding’, 145, 146–8, 244
Elizabeth, Queen (George VI’s consort), 34, 54, 219, 221, 238, 239, 250, 268
Ellis, Clough Williams, 193
Emergency Powers Act (1940), 123, 220
Empire Day Movement, 54
Empire Youth Movement, 54
England, Len, 135, 139
Ensor, R.C.K., 61
evacuation of city (slum) dwellers, 59, 60–4, 106, 124, 126, 130
Eyre, Richard, 267
Falklands War (1982), vii, viii, 2, 269–70, 271
Family Portrait (film), 262–3
Farson, Negley, 209, 220–1; Bomber’s Moon, 209
Faulkner, William, The Sound and the Fury, 256
Festival of Britai
n (1951), 262
Festival of Empire (1944), 54
Fielden, Lionel, 132
Fields, Gracie, 191, 199
fifth column, 77–8, 94, 109–10, 111, 112, 116, 176, 259–60
‘Fight for Right’ organisation, 194
Fighter Command, RAF, 30, 31, 253; Battle of Britain, 1, 31, 32, 33, 42, 98–100, 102–6, 157, 158, 159–61, 162–3, 215–17, 249; Commonwealth and European pilots, 104, 106; at Dunkirk, 98; morale of pilots and groundstaff, 62–4; Norwegian campaign, 22; supply of aircraft to, 31, 32, 100–2
Finland, Russian invasion of (1939), 79, 91
Fires Were Started (film), 180, 229, 237, 241, 242–4, 260
The First Days (film), 195–6
The First of the Few (film), 206, 256
First World War (Great War, 1914–18), 59, 65, 70, 74, 75, 117, 184, 193, 198, 211; language of the, 15–18; persecution of conscientious objectors, 76; trench poets, 151, 152
Fisher, James, 262
Fisher, Jane, 230
Fontanne, Lynne, 210
Foot, Michael, 96, 252, 269–70, 271
Foreign Correspondent (film), 214
The Foreman Went to France (film), 264
Forrester, Helen, Three Women in Liverpool, 167–8
Forster, E.M., 88, 261
France, French, 21, 24, 58, 92–3, 95; D-Day landings (1944), 41; fall of (1940), 2, 24, 28, 29, 30, 31, 67, 77, 80, 82, 106, 107, 123, 124, 135, 215, 240; post-liberation culture, 252; see also Dunkirk
Frantisek, Sergeant Pilot Josef, 106
Fremlin, Celia, 86–7
Frend, Charles, 264
Freud, Lucien, 143
Front Line (MoI’s account of Blitz), 128
Fuller, Roy, 150–1, 152; ‘Autumn, 1940’, 150–1; ‘Soliloquy in an Air Raid’, 119, 151
Fussell, Paul, 151; The Great War and Modern Memory, 16, 17
Gallacher, Willie, 69, 70, 71, 81, 87
Galland, Generalleutnant Adolf, 40
Gallipoli (1915), 91; myth of, 4–5, 6–7, 8
Gallipoli (film, 1981), 6
Gardner, Charles, 31
Garson, Greer, 244
Gaulle, General Charles de, 95
General Election (1945), 48, 59, 260, 266; (1983), 269
General Strike (1926), 69
George VI, King, 30, 54, 134, 219, 236, 249, 250
George Cross, 128
Gibbon, Lewis Grassic, A Scots Quair, 171
Gibson, Jock, 78
Glasgow, 67, 70, 71, 72, 130
Goebbels, Dr Joseph, 39, 40, 52, 108, 180, 225
Goering, Hermann, 40, 158, 200
Gollanez, Victor, 56, 57, 79, 96, 200, 209
Gone With the Wind (film), 205
Gort, Lord, 26, 95
GPO Film Unit, x, 190, 195, 224, 231, 235, 236, 237, 238; see also Crown Film Unit
Graebner, Walter, 221
Graf Spee, scuttling of, 21
Grahame, Kenneth, The Wind in the Willows, 193
Gram Swing, Raymond, 221
Graves, Robert, 15
Gray, Dulcie, 160, 161
Greene, Graham, 197, 259
Gregson, John, 160
Grierson, John, 190, 224, 231, 235, 236, 237, 238, 242, 243, 245, 247
Griffiths, Fred, 242
Griffiths, Trevor, Country, 266
Guedalla, Philip, 26–7
Guilty Men (‘Cato’), 96, 269
Gulf War (1991), 271
Gunther, John, 209
Haldane, Professor J.B.S., 83, 87
Halifax, Lord, 30, 31
Hamburg, RAF bombing of, 39–40, 244
Hamer, Robert, 266
Hamilton, Sir Ian, 5
Hammerton, Sir John, 27
Hardy, Bert, 142
Hardy, Thomas, 13, 201; ‘In Time of the Breaking of Nations’, 201; Tess of the D’Urbervilles, 13; Wessex of, 181, 182, 201
Hare, David, Licking Hitler, 266
Harman, Nicholas, Dunkirk, 92, 94, 97
Harris, Air Chief Marshal ‘Bomber’, 39, 42
Harrison, Charles, 193–4
Harrison, Julius, 207–8; Bredon Hill, 208
Harrisson, Tom, 131–2, 133, 191–2, 235
Hartshorn, H.I., 79
Hawkins, Jack, 160, 161, 164
Hawkins, Sir John, 13
Hayman, David, 175–6
Heath, Edward, 267
Hemingway, Ernest, 225, 232
Henty, G.M., 54
Herbert, A.P., 198
Hess, Myra, 229, 238, 261
Hillary, 162; The Last Enemy, 157–60
Hills, Mary, 116
Hilton, James, 247
Hitchcock, Alfred, 214, 237
Hitler, Adolf, ix, 20, 21, 22, 31, 37, 38, 40, 41, 52, 58, 69, 78, 81, 82, 89, 92, 108, 111, 112, 113, 142, 246, 249
Hodgson, Vere, 46, 48; diaries of, 18–19, 20, 31, 36, 37
Hodson, H.V., 53
Holland (Netherlands), Nazi occupation of (May 1940), 2, 24, 25, 67, 106
Hollywood wartime films, 244–50
Home Defence (Security) Executive, 113
Home Guard (Local Defence Volunteers), 25–6, 29, 31, 33, 54, 69–70, 109, 146, 155, 173, 181, 196, 201; Ulster, 168
Home Intelligence Reports (MoI), 55, 77, 120–31, 132, 134, 197, 221
‘Home Propaganda’, MoI-directed, 125, 133
Hope and Glory (film), 173–6, 177, 178–9, 229, 266
Hopkins, Harry, 225
Hornbeck, William, 247
Horner, Arthur, 68, 69, 87
Hoskins, Bob, 267, 268
Hoskins, W.G., The Making of the English Landscape, 13
Hosley, David H., 214
House of Commons, 220; Falklands debate (1982), 269–70; Norway debate and fall of Chamberlain (May 1940), 22–4
Housman, A.E., 208
Howard, Leslie, 205–7, 256, 264
Howard, Peter, 96
Howe, General Robert, 14
Hughes, Kim, 4
Hull, bombing of, 37, 39, 128
Huston, Walter, 246–7
Hutchinson’s Camp for internees, 115–16
If War Should Come (film), 228
In Which We Serve (film), 230, 237
Independent Labour Party (ILP), 68, 71–2, 73, 198
Inge, Dean, The English Genius, 187
Ingersoll, Ralph, 215, 221–2, 224
International Surrealist Exhibition,
internees/internment of aliens, 106, 109, 110–12, 113–18, 155; artists, 115–16; deported and drowned at sea, 113–15, 124; Italian, 113, 114, 115; refugees, 106, 111
invasion threat, German, 31, 33, 37, 66, 99, 109, 123, 126, 132, 177, 259–60
Ireland (Eire), 65–6, 168, 169, 254, 255; Nazi espionage in, 66; neutrality, 65, 66, 223; threat of invasion through, 123
Irish Republican Army (IRA), 65, 66, 268; bomb outrages in Britain, 65–6; internment without trial in Eire, 66
Ironside, General, 110
Isherwood, Christopher, 16
Isle of Man internment camps, 115–16
Ismay, Colonel Hastings, 91–2
Italian League of the Rights of Man, 113
Italy, Italians, 38, 113, 114, 124; internees, 113, 114; invasion of Abyssinia, 75; neo-realistic films, 237
Japan, Japanese, 38, 75
Jay, Douglas, 270
Jeffrey, Ian, 192–3
Jenkins, Robin, Fergus Lamont, 170–2
Jennings, Humphrey, 180, 181, 192, 195, 228, 229, 231, 234–44, 260–3, 272; films directed by: Christmas Under Fire, 233; Diary for Timothy, 261; Dim Little Island, 261–2; Family Portrait, 262; Fires Were Started, 180, 229, 231, 237, 241; Listen to Britain, 229, 231, 237–8, 239, 240–1, 261; London Can Take It, 231–2, 233, 240; The Silent Village, 237, 260–1; Spare Time, 238–9; Spring Offensive, 231; Words for Battle, 231, 241; and Mass-Observation, 192, 235–6
Johnson, Hewlett, ‘Red Dean’ of Canterbury, 87
Johnston, Tom, 73, 114
Jones, Jack, 78
Joyc
e, James, 16
Joyce, William, ‘Lord Haw-Haw’, 67, 108, 110, 112
Kauffer, E. McKnight, ‘Stonehenge’, 193
Keeffe, Barrie, 267, 268, 269
Keegan, John, 151; Face of Battle, 15–16
Keene, Ralph, 234
Kennedy, Joseph, 213
Kent, Johnny, 103
Kent, Tyler, 112
Keyes, Admiral Sir Roger, 23
Keynes, John Maynard, 49, 56
Kind Hearts and Coronets (film), 266
Kingsmill, Hugh, 187
Kipling, Rudyard, 52, 181, 182, 241, 244
Kirkpatrick, Helen, 216
Klein, Holger, 155
Knight, Erie, 246, 247
Korda, Alexander, 52
Labour Party, vii, viii, 46, 56, 63, 86, 92, 136, 262, 264, 268; and Communist Party, 77, 78, 79–80, 82–3; election defeat (1983), 269; election victory (1945), 48, 59, 260, 266; and Falklands War, 269–70; fall of Chamberlain, 23–4, 25; ILP disaffiliation from, 71; leaders join War Cabinet, 25, 47, 71, 80, 270–1; Left wing, 79, 80, 252; pacifism rejected by, 75; Peace Aims Group, 71, 79–80; in Scotland, 70, 71, 72, 130; welfare state, 260; Welsh, 68, 69; working-class support for, 59
Lafitte, François, 116, 117; The Internment of Aliens, 117
Lancaster, Osbert, 262
Lansbury, George, 75, 77
Laski, Harold, 56–7
Lawrence, D.H., 16
Lawrence, T.E., of Arabia, 16, 206
Le Sueur, Larry, 217
League of Nations, 75
Lee, Bill, Mass-Observation diary of, 136–8
Lee, Jennie, 56, 100, 101
Left Book Club, 56–7, 58, 79, 134, 191
left-wing, attitudes towards USA, 55–8; intellectuals and artists, 181, 252; and myth-making, 8, 9, 15, 45, 47–8
Lehmann, Beatrix, 87, 88
Lend-Lease, US, 37–8, 49, 51, 213
Leopold, King of Belgium, 93
Lestocq, Humphrey, 160
Lewis, Norman, Naples ’44, 153, 154–5
Lewis, Saunders, 67; trial of (1936), 67–8
Liberal Party, 59, 72, 262, 271
Liberal-SDP Alliance, 269
The Lion Has Wings (film), 200
Listen to Britain (film), 229, 231, 237–8, 239, 240–1, 248, 261
Liverpool, 119, 127, 166
Lloyd George, David, 23, 68, 70
London and the Blitz, 33–7, 121, 126, 127, 128, 141, 217, 254, 256, 258, 265, 267; air raids before Blitz, 124, 125; bombing of City, 221; casualties, 33, 35, 37, 42, 59, 213; Convention at Royal Hotel, 85–8; evacuation from, 59, 60–4, 106, 126, 130, 133; Festival of Britain, 262; filming of Blitz, 195–6, 224, 225, 227, 228–30, 231–3, 240–1, 242–4, 248–50; fires/fire bombing, 33, 36, 144, 147, 180, 217, 229, 242–4, 249; Hyde Park (4 August 1940), 108; morale, 33–7, 59, 125–6, 127, 128–9, 131, 133–4, 137, 139, 142–3, 180, 209, 215, 218–19; poetry of the Blitz, 144, 145, 147; prediction of effects of bombing on, 59, 60; psychological casualties, 130; start of Blitz (7 September 1940), 2, 33, 83, 106, 133–4; suburbia, 172–6; tube stations as shelters, 34–5, 47, 83, 209; US press corps in, 209–27 passim, 252–3; VI flying bombs (1944), 41
