The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich

by William Shirer

  8. NCA, III, pp. 968–70 (N.D. 1390–PS).

  9. NCA, IV, p. 496 (N.D. 1856–PS).

  10. NCA, V, p. 669 (N.D. 2962–PS).

  11. Dokumente der deutschen Politik, I, 1935, pp. 20–24.

  12. François-Poncet, op. cit., p. 61.

  13. Text of law, NCA, IV, pp. 638–39 (N.D.2001–PS).

  14. Laws of March 31 and April 7, 1933, and January 30, 1934, all in NCA, IV, pp. 640–43.

  15. NCA, III, p. 962 (N.D. 1388–PS).

  16. Goebbels, Kaiserhof, p. 307.

  17. NCA, III, pp. 380–85 (N.D. 392–PS).

  18. Law of May 19, 1933, NCA, III, p. 387 (N.D.405–PS).

  19. Goebbels, op. cit., p. 300.

  20. N. S. Monatshefte, No. 39 (June 1933).

  21. The July 1 and 6 quotations in Baynes, I, p. 287 and pp. 865–66.

  22. From a study entitled My Relations with Adolf Hitler and the Party, which Admiral Raeder wrote in Moscow after his capture by the Russians and which was made available at Nuremberg. NCA, VIII, p. 707.

  23. Baynes, I, p. 289.

  24. Spengler, Jahre der Entscheidung, p. viii.

  25. Blomberg’s directive, TMWC, XXXIV, pp. 487–91 (N.D. C–140).

  26. Quoted by Telford Taylor in Sword and Swastika, p. 41. The Seeckt papers are now at the National Archives in Washington.

  27. The source for the “Pact of the Deutschfond” is Weissbuch ueber die Erschiessung des 30 Juni, 1934 (Paris, 1935), pp. 52–53. Herbert Rosinski in his The German Army, pp. 222–23, confirms the terms of the pact. Bullock and Wheeler-Bennett accept it in their books on this period. The source for the May 16 meeting of the generals is Jacques Bénoist-Méchin’s Histoire de l’Armée Allemande depuis l’Armistice, II, pp. 553–54.

  28. Rede des Vizekanzlers von Papen vor dem Universitaetsbund, Marburg, am 17 Juni, 1934 (Berlin: Germania-Verlag).

  29. Papen, op. cit., p. 310.

  30. NCA, V, pp. 654–55 (N.D. 2950–PS).

  31. Papen, op. cit., pp. 330–33.

  CHAPTER 8

  1. Leo Stein, I Was in Hell with Niemoeller, p. 80.

  2. Neumann, Behemoth, p. 109. He states that the quotations are from the research project “Antisemitism” of the Institute of Social Research, published in Studies in Philosophy and Social Science, 1940.

  3. Rauschning, The Voice of Destruction, p. 54.

  4. Stewart W. Herman, Jr., It’s Your Souls We Want, pp. 157–58. Herman was pastor of the American Church in Berlin from 1936 to 1941.

  5. The text is given in Herman, op. cit., pp. 297–300; also in the New York Times of Jan. 3, 1942.

  6. Affidavit of Nov. 19, 1945, NCA, V, pp. 735–36 (N.D. 3016–PS).

  7. Most foreign correspondents in Berlin kept a collection of such gems. My own has been lost. The quotations are from Philipp Lenard, Deutsche Physik, preface; Wallace Deuel, People under Hitler; William Ebenstein, The Nazi State.

  8. Wilhelm Roepke, The Solution of the German Problem, p. 61.

  9. Quoted in Frederic Lilge’s The Abuse of Learning: The Failure of the German University, p. 170.

  10. Schirach’s American ancestry is given by Douglas M. Kelley, the American psychiatrist at the Nuremberg jail during the trial of the major war criminals, in his book, 22 Cells in Nuremberg, pp. 86–87.

  11. Reichsgesetzblatt, 1936, Part 1, p. 933. Quoted in NCA, III, pp. 972–73 (N.D. 1392–PS).

  12. From his book, Basic Facts for a History of German War and Armament Economy. Quoted in NCA, I, p. 350 (N.D. 2353–PS).

  13. The ministry’s report of September 30, 1934, NCA, VII, pp. 306–9 (N.D. EC-128); Schacht’s report of May 3, 1935, NCA, III, pp. 827–30 (N.D. 1168–PS); text of the secret Reich Defense Law, NCA, IV, pp. 934–36 (N.D. 2261–PS).

  14. NCA, VII, p. 474 (N.D. EC-419).

  15. Thyssen, I Paid Hitler, pp. xv, 157.

  16. Quoted by Neumann in Behemoth, p. 432.

  17. Ebenstein, op. cit., p. 84.

  18. NCA, III, pp. 568–72 (N.D. 787, 788–PS).

  19. The Third Reich, ed. by Baumont et al., p. 630.

  20. Eugen Kogon’s phrase. See his Der SS Staat—das System der deutschen Konzentrationslager. A somewhat abridged version appeared in English, The Theory and Practice of Hell. It is the best study of Nazi concentration camps yet written. Kogon spent seven years in them.

  21. Quoted in NCA, II, p. 258 (N.D. 1852–PS).

  22. NCA, VIII, pp. 243–44 (N.D. R–142).

  23. Voelkischer Beobachter, May 20, 1936.

  CHAPTER 9

  1. Friedelind Wagner, Heritage of Fire, p. 109.

  2. Papen, op. cit., p. 338.

  3. Daily Mail, Aug. 6, 1934.

  4. Le Matin, Nov. 18, 1934.

  5. Wolfgang Foerster, Ein General kaempft gegen den Krieg, p. 22. This book is based on Beck’s papers.

  6. NCA, VII, p. 333 (N.D. EC–177).

  7. NCA, I, p. 431 (N.D. C–189).

  8. NCA, VI, p. 1018 (N.D. C–190).

  9. Ibid.

  10. TMWC, XX, p.603.

  11. My New Order, ed. by Roussy de Sales, pp. 309–33. The text of the speech is also in Baynes, II, pp. 1218–47.

  12. My New Order, pp. 333–34.

  13. Pertinax, The Grave Diggers of France, p. 381.

  14. The author’s Berlin Diary, p. 43.

  15. François-Poncet, op. cit., pp. 188–89.

  16. NCA, VI, pp. 951–52 (N.D. C–139), the text of the order. See also TMWC, XV, pp. 445–48.

  17. NCA, VII, pp. 454–55 (N.D. EC–405), minutes of the meeting.

  18. NCA, VI, pp. 974–76 (N.D. C–159).

  19. TMWC, XV, p. 252, for Jodl’s evidence; Hitler’s Secret Conversations, pp. 211–12, for Hitler’s figure.

  20. François-Poncet, op. cit., p. 193.

  21. Berlin Diary, pp. 51–54.

  22. François-Poncet, op. cit., p. 190.

  23. Ibid., pp. 194–95.

  24. TMWC, XV, p. 352.

  25. Hitler’s Secret Conversations, pp. 211–12. Remarks of January 27, 1942.

  26. Paul Schmidt, Hitler’s Interpreter, p. 41.

  27. TMWC, XV, p. 352.

  28. TMWC, XXI, p. 22.

  29. Hitler’s Secret Conversations, p. 211.

  30. Quoted by François-Poncet, op. cit., p. 196.

  31. NCA, VII, p. 890 (N.D. L–150).

  32. Kurt von Schuschnigg, Austrian Requiem, p. 5.

  33. NCA, I, p. 466 (N.D. 2248–PS).

  34. Documents on German Foreign Policy [hereafter referred to as DGFP], Series D, I, pp. 278–81 (No. 152).

  35. Papen, op. cit., p. 370.

  36. DGFP, III, pp. 1–2.

  37. Ibid., pp. 892–94.

  38. DGFP, I, p. 37.

  39. Ibid. III, p. 172.

  40. Ciano’s Diplomatic Papers, ed. by Malcolm Muggeridge, pp. 43–48.

  41. Milton Shulman, Defeat in the West, p. 76. His source is given as a British War Office Intelligence Review, December 1945. It would seem to be from an interrogation of Goering.

  42. Text of the secret protocol, DGFP, I, p. 734.

  43. TWC, XII, pp. 460–65 (N.D. NI–051).

  44. TMWC, IX, p. 281.

  45. DGFP, I, p. 40.

  46. Ibid., pp. 55–57.

  47. NCA, VI, pp. 1001–11 (N.D. C–175).

  48. The Hossbach minutes, dated Nov. 10, 1937. The German text is given in TMWC, XXV, pp. 402–13, and the best English translation is in DGFP, I, pp. 29–39. A hasty English version was done at Nuremberg and printed in NCA, III, pp. 295–305 (N.D. 386–PS). Hossbach also gives an account of the meeting in his book Zwischen Wehrmacht und Hitler, pp. 186–94. The brief testimony of Goering, Raeder and Neurath on the conference is printed in TMWC.

  CHAPTER 10

  1. Affidavit of Baroness von Ritter, a relative of Neurath, TMWC, XVI, p. 640.

  2. TMWC, XVI, p. 640.

  3. Ibid., p. 641.

  4. Schacht, Account Settled, p. 90.

  5. Jodl’s d
iary, TMWC, XXVIII, p. 357.

  6. Ibid., p. 356.

  7. Ibid., pp. 360–62.

  8. Ibid., p. 357.

  9. Telford Taylor, Sword and Swastika, pp. 149–50. The manuscript of Blomberg’s unpublished memoirs is in the Library of Congress.

  10. Bullock, op. cit., p. 381, and Wheeler-Bennett, Nemesis, p. 369.

  11. Wolfgang Foerster, Ein General kaempft gegen den Krieg, op. cit., pp. 70–73.

  12. TMWC, IX, p. 290.

  13. The Von Hassell Diaries. 1938–1944, p. 23.

  CHAPTER 11

  1. Dispatch to Hitler, Dec. 21, 1937, DGFP, I, p. 486.

  2. Papen, op. cit., p. 404.

  3. Ibid., p. 406.

  4. Schuschnigg, Austrian Requiem, pp. 12–19; NCA, V, pp. 709–12 (N.D. 2995–PS).

  5. Draft of protocol submitted to Schuschnigg, DGFP, I, pp. 513–15.

  6. NCA, V, p. 711 (N.D. 2995–PS).

  7. Schuschnigg, Austrian Requiem, p. 23.

  8. N.D. 2995–PS, op. cit.

  9. Schuschnigg gave slightly different versions of Hitler’s threats in his book, p. 24, and in his Nuremberg affidavit, 2995–PS (NCA, V, p. 712). I have used both in abbreviated form.

  10. Austrian Requiem, p. 24.

  11. Ibid.

  12. Ibid., p. 25, and Schuschnigg’s affidavit, N.D. 2995–PS, op. cit.

  13. Austrian Requiem, p. 25.

  14. NCA, IV, p. 357 (N.D. 1775–PS).

  15. NCA. IV, p. 361 (N.D. 1780–PS).

  16. From my own notes taken during the broadcast.

  17. Dispatch to the German Foreign Office on Feb. 25, 1938, marked “Very Secret,” DGFP, I, p. 546.

  18. For Miklas’ testimony, see NCA, Suppl. A, p. 523. Papen’s suggestion is in his Memoirs, p. 425.

  19. Austrian Requiem, pp. 35–36.

  20. NCA, IV, p. 362 (N.D. 1780–PS).

  21. NCA, VI, pp. 911–12 (N.D. C–102).

  22. Ibid., VI, p. 913 (N.D. C–103).

  23. DGFP, I, pp. 573–76.

  24. NCA, V, pp. 629–54 (N.D. 2949–PS).

  25. Austrian Requiem, p. 47.

  26. Testimony of Wilhelm Miklas on January 30, 1946, during anti-Nazi court proceedings against Dr. Rudolf Neumayer. Though the former President is a bit hazy about exact times and the exact sequence of events on the fateful day, his testimony is of great value and interest. NCA, Suppl. A, pp. 518–34 (N.D. 3697–PS).

  27. Austrian Requiem, p. 51.

  28. See NCA, Suppl. A, pp. 525–34 (N.D. 3697–PS). Also, NCA, V, p. 209 (N.D. 2465–PS, 2466–PS).

  29. NCA, VI, p. 1017 (N.D. C–182).

  30. DGFP, 1, pp. 584–86.

  31. Ibid., pp. 553–55.

  32. TMWC, XVI, p. 153.

  33. DGFP, I, p. 263.

  34. Ibid.,

  35. Ibid.,

  36. NCA, I, pp. 501–2 (N.D. 3287–PS).

  37. Text of circular cipher telegram, DGFP, I, pp. 586–87.

  38. TMWC, XX, p. 605.

  39. TMWC, XV, p. 632.

  40. Memorandum of Seyss-lnquart at Nuremberg, Sept. 9, 1945, NCA, V, pp. 961–92 (N.D. 3254–PS).

  41. TMWC, XIV, p. 429.

  42. Text of Schacht’s address, NCA, VII, pp. 394–402 (N.D. EC–297–A).

  43. NCA, IV, p. 585 (N.D. 1947–PS).

  CHAPTER 12

  1. The file for Case Green was kept at Hitler’s headquarters and was captured intact by American troops in a cellar at Obersalzbreg. The summary of the Apr. 21 Hitler-Keitel discussion is the second paper in the collection. The entire file was introduced in evidence at Nuremberg as N.D. 388–PS. An English translation is in NCA, III, pp. 306709; a better English version of the Apr. 21 talks is in DGFP, II, pp. 239–40.

  2. Secret memorandum of the German Foreign Office, Aug. 19, 1938, NCA, VI, p. 855 (N.D. 3059–PS).

  3. DGFP, II, pp. 197–98.

  4. Ibid., p. 255.

  5. Weizsaecker memorandum, May 12, 1938, DGFP, II, pp. 273–74.

  6. Text of four telegrams exchanged, NCA, III, pp. 308–9 (N.D. 388–PS).

  7. Ibid., pp. 309–10.

  8. Text of Keitel’s letter and of the directive, DGFP, II, pp. 299–303.

  9. Ibid., pp. 309–10.

  10. Dispatch of the German minister and military attaché in Prague, May 21, 1938, ibid., pp. 309–10.

  11. Dispatch of Ambassador von Dirksen, May 22, 1938, ibid., pp. 322–23.

  12. Speech to the Reichstag, Jan. 30, 1939, in My New Order, ed. by Roussy de Sales, p. 563.

  13. According to Fritz Wiedermann, one of the Fuehrer’s adjutants, who was present and who later swore that he “was considerably shaken by this statement.” NCA, V, pp. 743–44 (N.D. 3037–PS).

  14. Undated Jodl diary entry, TMWC, XXVIII, p. 372 (N.D. 1780–PS).

  15. Item 11 of Case Green, NCA, III, pp. 315–20 (N.D. 388–PS); also DGFP, II, pp. 357–62.

  16. TMWC, XXVIII, p. 373. The TMWC volume gives the German text. An English translation of excerpts of Jodl’s diary is in NCA, IV, pp. 360–70.

  17. The texts of the memoranda are given by Wolfgang Foerster in Ein General kaempft gegen den Krieg, pp. 81–119.

  18. Jodl’s diary, TMWC, XXVIII, p. 374. English translation, NCA, IV, p. 364 (N.D. 1780–PS).

  19. Ibid.

  20. TMWC, XX, p. 606.

  21. The Von Hassell Diaries, p. 6.

  22. Ibid., p. 347.

  23. Foerster, op. cit., p. 122.

  24. Dispatches of June 8 and 9, 1938, DGFP, II, pp. 395, 399–401.

  25. Dispatch of June 22, ibid., p. 426.

  26. Ibid., pp. 529–31.

  27. Ibid., p. 611.

  28. Item 17 of the “Green” file, NCA, III, pp. 332–33 (N.D. 388–PS).

  29. TMWC, XXVIII, p. 375.

  30. Minutes of the Sept. 3, 1938, meeting, NCA, III, pp. 334–35 (N.D. 388–PS).

  31. Schmundt’s minutes of the Sept. 9 meeting, ibid., pp. 335–38. It is Item 19 in the “Green” file.

  32. Jodl’s diary note for Sept. 13, TMWC, XXVIII, pp. 378–79 (N.D. 1780–PS).

  33. DGFP, II, p. 536.

  34. Reports of Kleist’s visit are in Documents on British Foreign Policy [hereafter referred to as DBrFP], Third Series, II.

  35. Most of the text of Churchill’s letter is in DGFP, II, p. 706.

  36. DBrFP, Third Series, II, pp. 686–87.

  37. Nevile Henderson, Failure of a Mission, pp. 147, 150.

  38. DBrFP, Third Series, I.

  39. Erich Kordt gives his brother’s account of this meeting in his book Nicht aus den Akten, pp. 279–81.

  40. DGFP, II, p. 754.

  41. Ibid., p. 754.

  42. L. B. Namier, Diplomatic Prelude, p. 35.

  43. There is a considerable amount of material about the conference. The text of the official report drawn up by Paul Schmidt, who acted as interpreter and was the only other person present, is in DGFP, II, pp. 786–98. Schmidt has given an eyewitness account of the meeting in his book Hitler’s Interpreter, pp. 90–95. Chamberlain’s notes are in DBrFP, Third Series, pp. 338–41; his letter to his sister on the meeting is in Keith Feiling’s Life of Neville Chamberlain, pp. 366–68. See also Nevile Henderson’s Failure of a Mission, pp. 152–54.