11. ASC D s.a. 1057
12. CC s.a. 1016, pp. 487–9
13. ASC E s.a. 1016
14. ASC D s.a, p. 152
15. Enc. 10; pp. 24–7
16. Ibid.; pp. 26–7
17. Ibid.
18. Ibid.
19. Enc. 11; pp. 28–9
20. They carry, in fact, some of the earliest uses of the term ‘England’ to be found anywhere, proof that the concept of England had become sufficiently concrete by the eleventh century to be common currency outside Britain (Jesch, Ships and Men, pp. 70–7)
21. U194
22. U344; see discussion in S. B. F. Jansson, Swedish Vikings in England: The Evidence of the Rune Stones (1966, UCL)
23. Jansson, Swedish Vikings in England, pp. 12–13
24. DR337
25. Loe et al., Given to the Ground
26. N 184
27. M. O. Townend, English Place-Names in Skaldic Verse (1998, English Place-Name Society), p. 31
28. ASC CDE s.a. 1017
29. HA, vi. 13, pp. 360–1
30. Enc. ii.15; CC s.a. 1017
31. In addition to a previous wife, an English noblewoman named Ælfgifu
32. M. Biddle and B. Kjølbye-Biddle, ‘Danish Royal Burials in Winchester: Cnut and his Family’ in Lavelle and Roffey (eds), The Danes in Wessex, pp. 231–2
33. Ibid., p. 232
Epilogue
1. B. E. Crawford, The Northern Earldoms: Orkney and Caithness from AD 870 to 1470 (2013, Birlinn); Woolf, From Pictland to Alba, pp. 275–311
Further Reading
The Vikings and Viking Age Scandinavia
S. Brink with N. Price (eds), The Viking World (2008, Routledge)
J. Graham-Campbell and G. Williams, Silver Economy in the Viking Age (2007, Left Coast Press)
K. Helle (ed.), The Cambridge History of Scandinavia, Vol. 1: Prehistory to 1520 (2003, Cambridge University Press)
J. Hines, A. Lane and M. Redknapp (eds), Land, Sea and Home: Proceedings of a Conference on Viking-Period Settlement (2004, Northern Universities Press)
J. Jesch, Ships and Men in the Late Viking Age: The Vocabulary of Runic Inscriptions (2001, Boydell & Brewer)
J. Jesch, The Viking Diaspora (2015, Routledge)
N. Price, The Vikings (2017, Routledge)
P. Sawyer (ed.), Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings (1997, Oxford University Press)
B. B. Smith, S. Taylor and G. Williams (eds), West over Sea: Studies in Scandinavian Sea-Borne Expansion and Settlement Before 1300 (2007, Brill)
G. Williams, P. Pentz and M. Wemhoff (eds), Vikings: Life and Legend (2014, British Museum Press)
Myths and Beliefs
C. Abram, Myths of the Pagan North: The Gods of the Norsemen (2011, Bloomsbury)
A. Andrén, K. Jennbert and C. Raudvere (eds), Old Norse Religion in Long-term Perspectives: Origins, Changes, and Interactions (2006, Nordic Academic Press)
N. Price, The Viking Way (2017, 2nd edition, Oxbow)
Vikings in Britain and Ireland
J. Carroll, S. H. Harrison and G. Williams, The Vikings in Britain and Ireland (2014, British Museum Press)
C. Downham, Viking Kings of Britain and Ireland (2007, Dunedin)
J. Graham-Campbell (and contributors), The Cuerdale Hoard and Related Viking-Age Silver and Gold from Britain and Ireland in the British Museum (2013, 2nd edition, British Museum Press)
K. Holman, The Northern Conquest: Vikings in Britain and Ireland (2007, Signal Books)
England
J. Graham-Campbell, R. Hall, J. Jesch and D. N. Parsons (eds), Vikings and the Danelaw: Select Papers from the Proceedings of the Thirteenth Viking Congress (2001, Oxbow)
D. M. Hadley, The Vikings in England: Settlement, Society and Culture (2006, Manchester University Press)
D. M. Hadley and J. D. Richards (eds), Cultures in Contact: Scandinavian Settlement in England in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries (2000, Brepols)
R. Hall, Viking Age England (2004, The History Press)
R. Lavelle and S. Roffey (eds), The Danes in Wessex (2016, Oxbow)
Scotland
B. Crawford, Scandinavian Scotland (1987, Leicester University Press)
J. Graham-Campbell, Vikings in Scotland: An Archaeological Survey (1998, Edinburgh University Press)
A. Woolf, From Pictland to Alba, 789–1070 (2007, Edinburgh University Press)
Western Britain and the Irish Sea
D. Griffiths, Vikings of the Irish Sea (2010, Oxbow)
M. Redknapp, Vikings in Wales: An Archaeological Quest (2000, National Museum of Wales Books)
D. Wilson, Vikings in the Isle of Man (2008, Aarhus University Press)
The Viking Revival
D. Clark and C. Phelpstead (eds), Old Norse Made New: Essays on the Post-Medieval Reception of Old Norse Literature and Culture (2007, Viking Society for Northern Research)
M. Townend, The Vikings and Victorian Lakeland: The Norse Medievalism of W. G. Collingwood and His Contemporaries (2009, Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society)
A. Wawn, The Vikings and the Victorians (2000, Boydell)
Picture Section
A ninth-century gravestone from the monastery at Lindisfarne depicts the onslaught of armed men (Photo by CM Dixon/Print Collector/Getty Images)
The late-tenth-century Gjermundbu helmet, the only complete Viking Age helmet ever found in Scandinavia (© 2017 Kulturhistorisk museum, UiO/CC BY-SA 4.0)
A lead weight, adapted from a piece of ecclesiastical metalwork (© The Trustees of the British Museum)
The Inchmarnock ‘hostage stone’; a graffito that appears to depict a slave-raid in progress (© Headland Archaeology (UK) Ltd)
The reconstructed Viking Age long-house at Borg, Lofoten (Hemis/Alamy Stock Photo)
The Gokstad Ship, built c.890, now housed in Oslo (© Thomas J. T. Williams)
The Coppergate Helmet, a Northumbrian helmet forged between 750 and 775 (courtesy of York Museums Trust: http://yorkmuseumstrust.org.uk/CCBY-SA4.0)
Sigurd pierces the body of the dragon Fáfnir from beneath on a runestone from Ramsund, Södermanland (Sweden) (robertharding/Alamy Stock Photo)
This image, from a twelfth-century life of St Edmund, depicts Ivar and Ubbe setting sail for England (Photo by Fine Art Images/Heritage Images/Getty Images)
Wayland’s Smithy in c.1900, before restoration of the barrow took place in the 1960s (Photo by Henry Taunt/English Heritage/Arcaid/Corbis via Getty Images)
When the Somerset levels flood, the early medieval landscape is briefly restored. The village of East Lyng is to the left, attached to the Isle of Athelney, the strip of green extending diagonally up and right from the centre of the photograph (© Historic England Archive)
A reconstruction of the Viking camp at Repton (© Compost Creative)
An Anglo-Saxon font, carved in the ninth century, at Deerhurst in Gloucestershire (Colin Underhill/Alamy Stock Photo)
The early medieval crypt of St Wystan’s Church at Repton (Heritage Image Partnership Ltd/Alamy Stock Photo)
A reconstruction of the Viking camp at Torksey (© Compost Creative)
The eighth-century Stockholm Codex Aureus. Comments by ealdorman Ælfred were added in the ninth century above, below and to the right of the illuminated letters (Art Collection 3/Alamy Stock Photo)
Tingwall: an assembly site on Mainland, Shetland (© Thomas J. T. Williams)
A hogback stone, carved in the tenth century, from Govan Old Church, Glasgow (Glasgow University Library, Special Collections)
The whalebone plaque from the tenth-century boat burial at Scar, Orkney (World History Archive/Alamy Stock Photo)
Thorwald’s Cross, at Andreas Parish on the Isle of Man, depicts – on one side – Odin swallowed by the wolf Fenrir at Ragnarök. The other side displays an apparently Christian scene (Photographs by CM Dixon/Print Collector/Getty Images)
The Cuerdale Hoard: 90 pounds of buried treasure (only a fraction of the total is shown in
this image) (© The Trustees of the British Museum)
Coins of Viking rulers in England (obverse at top, reverse at bottom). From left to right: Guthrum-Æthelstan of East Anglia (reigned c.880–90), Siefred of Northumbria (reigned c.894–8), Olaf Guthfrithsson of Northumbria (r. 939–41), Sihtric II of Northumbria (reigned c.942–3), Eric ‘Bloodaxe’ of Northumbria (r. 947–8 and 952–4) (© The Trustees of the British Museum)
Reconstruction of tenth-century dwellings at Coppergate, York (© York Archaeological Trust)
Northey Island, Essex: a Viking army crossed the causeway (upper right) to fight the Battle of Maldon in 991 (© Terry Joyce; Creative Commons Attribution Share-alike license 2.0)
The Sanctuary monument at Overton Hill, Wiltshire, erected around 2000 BC, as drawn by William Stukeley in 1723 (Chronicle/Alamy Stock Photo)
‘Áli had this stone raised in memory of himself. He took Knútr’s payment in England. May God help his spirit’: so runs the inscription on this runestone in Väsby, Uppland (Sweden) (Berig, Wikimedia Commons)
‘Ginna and Toki had this stone set up’ reads the runic inscription on this stone, found in 1852 in the graveyard of St Paul’s Cathedral, London (Granger Historical Picture Archive/Alamy Stock Photo)
A mass grave of over fifty decapitated men, most of them originally from Scandinavia, found near Weymouth in Dorset in 2011 (© Oxford Archaeology)
Cnut and his queen, Emma (Ælfgifu), depicted in the pages of the eleventh-century Winchester Liber Vitae (Photo by Photo12/UIG/Getty Images)
Index
The page numbers in this index relate to the printed version of this book; they do not match the pages of your ebook. You can use your ebook reader’s search tool to find a specific word or passage.
Aachen, cathedral at, 70, 73
Abbasid Caliphate, 63
Abbo (Frankish Benedictine monk), 122–5
Aberdeen Assembly, 56
Aclea, battle at (851), 93
Adam of Bremen, 113, 114, 154
administrative systems see political, social, legal and economic systems
Ælfheah, archbishop of Canterbury, 328
Ælfric of Eynsham, abbot of Cerne, 125
Ælle, King of Northumbria, 97–8, 109, 110–12, 119, 122
Æsc (son of Horsa), 90
Æthelbald, King of Mercia, 147
Æthelbald, King of Wessex, 183
Æthelbald of Wessex, 93
Æthelberht, King of East Anglia, 8
Æthelberht, King of Wessex, 183
Æthelflæd, ‘the lady of the Mercians’, 120, 190, 198, 225–6, 227, 279
Æthelred, ealdorman of Mercia, 189–90, 226
Æthelred I, King of Northumbria, 7–8, 31
Æthelred, King of England, 312–13, 318–20, 328; death of (1016), 330; flees to Normandy (1013), 324; orders murder of all ‘Danish’ men (1002), 320–2; restored to throne (1014), 329–30
Æthelred, King of Wessex, 119, 121, 128–9, 130, 131–2, 133–4, 143, 183, 211–12
Æthelstan, King of East Anglia, 122, 183
Æthelstan, King of Kent, 183
Æthelswith, sister of Alfred, 119, 183
Æthelweard, West Saxon ealdorman, 214, 224, 285
Æthelwold, Alfred’s nephew, 211–13, 214, 223, 278
Æthelwulf, ealdorman of Berkshire levy, 128, 129, 204
Æthelwulf, King of Wessex, 93, 119, 133, 173, 183
Ahmad ibn Rusta, 62
Alcuin, English cleric, 29, 30–1, 34, 182
Alfred the Great, xviii; accord with Guthrum, 182–4, 185, 188–9, 190, 193, 231; at Athelney (878), 163–5, 166–7, 168; baptism of Guthrum, 180–1, 182–4; battle at Ashdown (Æscesdun) (870), 130–4, 135–7, 143, 177, 178; building programmes, 194–200, 211; buried at Winchester, 338, 339; and Carhampton, 86; childhood meeting with Pope, 196–7; coinage of, 185–7; death of (899), 211; as ‘founder of English navy’, 43, 175; as king of ‘all the Christians of the island of Britain’, 190–1, 228; makes terms with Vikings (872), 143, 147, 148; military and defensive innovations, 195–6, 197–9, 211, 224; muster at Egbert’s Stone (878), 170, 173; occupation of London (886), 190; repels new Viking raiders in 890s, 210–11; ‘resurrection narrative’ of, 176, 178; shaping his own legacy, 135–6, 140, 148–9, 176; and siege of Nottingham (868), 120, 121, 128; Victorian love of, 175–6, 177–8; victory at Edington (878), 170, 171, 173–5, 176, 177–9, 182, 191–2; and Wayland the smith, 139–40; and ‘Winchester Chronicle’ (A text), 13–14
Alt Clud (‘the rock of the Clyde’), kingdom of, 11, 244, 245, 247, 248, 252, 255
Angles, 32–3
Anglesey, 244–5, 278–9
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: and battle of Brunanburh, 285–6; battle of Maldon (991), 318; C manuscript, 319–20, 330; D text, 311, 319–20, 330; description of Athelney, 163–4; E manuscript, 285, 319–20, 330, 331; material from older sources, 14; Mercian Register, 225; micel hæðen here description, 95–6; ‘northern recension’ of, 14–15; not concerned with average warrior, 85; obituary for Alfred, 211; references to ‘Danes’, 1, 14, 41, 191, 192; A text (’Winchester Chronicle’), 1, 13–14, 131, 285–6, 293; Viking settlement in Northumbria, 161
Anglo-Saxons: Alfred as king of, 190–1; arrival of, 32–3, 89–90, 142–3; Christianity, 122–6; Hengest and Horsa, 89–90; myths of the pre-Christian past, 33, 34; northern heritage, 33–4, 43; pre-Christian burials, 171–3; royal genealogies, 33–4; slave-owners, 64; see also entries for associated people and kingdoms
Anwend, Viking chieftain, 158, 165
archaeology, xx, xxi–xxii, 32, 38, 51–2, 83–5, 129, 246; direct evidence for Viking violence, 52–4, 56–8; early Anglo-Saxon burials, 171–3; and Freud’s unheimlich concept, 142; gullgubber (thin gold foils), 75; Inchmarnock slates, 58–60, 62; and Repton burials, 156–8; rural settlement in Northumbria, 229–30; at Torksey, 200–1; Vikings in London, 334; Wayland’s Smithy at Ashbury, 138–40; in York, 295, 296
architecture: early Scandinavian, 73–5; Palatine Chapel at Aachen, 70, 73; of Viking colonies in north Atlantic, 230; Viking long-houses, 230, 244, 251–2
Ardnamurchan, Scotland, 261
Argyll, 12, 244
art and culture, xviii, xix, 44, 49, 107; ‘Borre’ style (Viking art-form), 46; brooches, xvii, xviii, 205–6, 252–4, 260, 266, 337; fusion of influences, 7, 265, 337; illuminated gospels, 7, 27–8, 206; ‘Ringerike’ style (Viking art-form) 334, 337; see also architecture; literature; sculpture
Ashburnham House, 314
Ashbury, Oxfordshire (formerly in Berkshire), 134, 135, 136–7, 138–40
Ashdown (Æscesdun), battle at (870), 130–4, 135–7, 143, 177, 178
Assandun, battle at (1016), 331–3, 335
Asser, bishop of Sherborne, 141, 164–5, 166, 167, 170, 182, 184, 190, 192, 204; and Alfred’s building programmes, 194–6; background of, 130–1; baptism of Guthrum, 183; battle at Ashdown (Æscesdun) (870), 131–4, 135, 143
Assyrian Empire, 119
Athelney, Somerset, 163–5, 166–7, 168
Athelstan, King of the Anglo-Saxons, 281–7, 290, 292
Atkinson, Richard, 138
Atomic Energy Authority, 89
Avebury, 304, 306–7
Aylesford, gathering at (1016), 330, 331
Bacsecg, Viking chieftain, 130, 133, 158
Badbury Rings, Dorset, 212
Bældæg (Old Norse god Balder), 33
Bakewell, Derbyshire, 227
Ballantyne, R.M., 43, 44
Ballateare, Isle of Man, 256–8, 262
Bamburgh, Northumbria, 272, 282, 299
Basengum, battle at (871), 143
Bath, 197, 324
Bayeux Tapestry, 337–8
Beaduheard, 1, 2–3, 4, 12
‘beating of the bounds’, 19
Bede (northern monk), 6–7, 32–3, 34, 89–90, 142–3; Ecclesiastical History of the English People, 7, 191
Bedford, 226
Belarus, 41
Beorhtric, King of Wessex, 1, 3, 5, 9,
197
Beornwulf, King of Mercia, 82
Beowulf, 1, 3–4, 21–2, 25, 33, 34, 102–3, 140, 144, 172, 314
Berkshire, 128, 129, 204, 303–4
Bernicia, 7
Betham, William, 88
Betjeman, John, 146
Blatchford, Robert, 177
Bloodaxe, Erik, xviii–xix
Boethius, 139, 140
Borg, Vestvågøy, house at, 72–5, 77
Bornais, South Uist, 244
Braaid, Isle of Man, 244
Bratton Camp, Iron Age hill-fort, 170–1, 173
Braydon, 213
Bremesbyrig fortress, 226
Brentford, battle at (1016), 330
British Empire, xx, 42–4, 178, 286
British Isles, xix, xx; Athelstan’s reign as pivotal, 286–7; hybridized Norse–Gaelic culture, 252–4; inter-kingdom warfare, 64, 82, 94, 192–3, 213; Old Norse þing element in place-names, 219–20; Romano-British elites, 6; Viking Age political geography, 5–12, 33, 34–5, 82, 87, 244–7, 280; see also entries for individual peoples, regions and kingdoms
British Museum, 52, 119, 250, 261–2
Brittany, 10
Brøgger, Professor Anton Wilhelm, 46
Browne, Dik, 37
Brunanburh, battle of, 284–6, 287
Buckingham, 226
Burghal Hidage, 198
Burhred, King of Mercia, 119, 121, 148, 183
Bury St Edmunds, 125
Byrhtnoth, Essex ealdorman, 313, 315–16, 318
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