Petrovsky, Vladimir, xiv, 18, 20, 40, 192
“Philosophical Letters” (Chaadaev), xii
Pichugin, Aleksei, 334n21
Pitirim, Metropolitan (Konstantin V. Nechaev), 42
Podgorny, Nikolai, xxxvii
political assassinations, xvi, 304, 305; Putin’s suppression of dissent and, xxi, 172, 234–45
political parties: “active measures” (aktivka) and, 209; government control of, 218–21
political power, perestroika and, 36–39
Politkovskaya, Anna, xxi, 13, 231–32, 236, 241
pollution. See ecology
Pope, Edmond, 250, 265
Popov, Sergei, 195–96
Popovkin, Vladimir, 272
Potanin, Vladimir, 81
Pravda (Truth) newspaper, 205
Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR: criminal codes and, 32–33; psychiatric care and, 50; travel restrictions and, 30–31
Prikhodko, Sergei, xvii, 141–42, 146–47
Primakov, Yevgeny, xvii, xviii, 147; August 1991 coup and, 69, 88–89; diplomatic services and, 161, 163; ideological state and, 183–84; NATO and, 123, 263; special services and, 178–79, 207
“The Protection of Persons with Mental Illness and the Improvement of Mental Health Care,” 58
psychiatry, political abuse of, xiv–xv, 61, 164; Anatoly Kovalev and, 72–77; conditions before perestroika, 20, 45–50, 178; directives to improve, 50–52; resistance to draft of laws about, 57–59; U.S. psychologists’ visit to USSR, 52–57
Pugo, Boris, 63, 71, 92
Pussy Riot, 193, 195, 303
Putin, Vladimir, 1, 121, 149, 173, 286; appointed president by Yeltsin, 185; character and personality of, 293–94, 300–301; Chechnya and, 130, 139; Fradkov and, 155; as head of Federal Security Service, xvi–xvii, xx; Litvinenko’s murder and, 305; 1999 parliamentary elections and, 139–40; Patriots SS and, 81; special services and rise to power of, 98, 178–82. See also Putin era; “vertical of power” of Putin
Putin era: anti-Western foreign policy and, 265–72; control of elections and, 221–24; domestic policies and, xix–xxi; espionage and, 247; failure of policies of, 291–95; foreign policy and, xxii–xxiv, 159–60, 184; foreign policy likened to Hitler’s, 285; former SSRs and, 272–85; National Idea and search for internal enemies, 175, 198, 269–70, 295; neo-stagnation during, 298–302, 309–10; “overseas compatriots” and Russian language speakers and, 275–76, 285, 291; political assassinations during, 13, 234–45; revival of national pride, 184–86; Soviet dogma and, 210; suppression of freedoms, 170; Syria and, 305–9; terrorism and need for enemy of Russia, 229–34; violence against Russian citizens, 225–26; weak protests against policies of, 295–98. See also Russia, today
Putinjugend (Putin Youth), xxi, 208
Radio Liberty, 212, 242
Reagan, Ronald, 1
Reagan administration, 287–88
Realpolitik, of West, xxiii, 286–90
refuseniks and right of return: conditions regarding, 20, 23, 25–29, 288; draft law to improve conditions, 29–31, 63–64
Regent, Tatyana, 158
Reiman, Leonid, 334n12
religious freedom: National Idea and, 188–97; perestroika and, xiv, xv–xvi, 24, 36, 39–45, 60, 189, Putin’s suppression of, 171
Reshetov, Yury, 29, 41, 51, 54, 57
revanchism. See Yeltsin era, revanchism and rejections of democracy during
Richter, Sviatoslav, 205
Rokhlin, Lev, 234
Roman Catholic Church. See Vatican
Romania, 271
Rose revolution, in Georgia, 251, 274, 281
Roth, Dr. Loren, 53, 56
Rushailo, Vladimir, xix, 149
Russia, today: dangers of disintegration of, 4, 12–13, 295, 310–14; Nazism in, 11; psychological rejection of freedoms, 7–15; renewed conflicts with West, 302–5; suppression of information on living conditions outside, 202, 204–5
Russian Academy of Sciences, 212
Russian Federal Service on Currency and Export Control (VEK), 148
Russian Federation, sovereign rights and, 125–27, 329nn16–17
Russian Federation Automatized State Election System (RFASES), 333n1
Russian Orthodox Church: de facto state religion and, 292; KGB and, 39, 171, 180, 188, 192; National Idea and suppression of true religion, 187–97, 199; perestroika and, xv–xvi, 39–41, 43, 44–45; Pope John Paul’s visit and, 23; in Putin era, 171; Soviets’ use of, 105
Russkii newsweek (Russian newsweek), 301
Rutskoi, Alexander, 70
Ryaguzov, Pavel, 236
Rybkin, Ivan, xvii–xviii, xxviii, 149–50
Ryzhkov, Nikolai, 47
Saakashvili, Mikheil, 281
Sakha (Yakutia) Republic, 125, 126, 134–35, 329nn16–17
Sakhalin, 127
Sakharov, Andrei, 35–36, 38, 87, 312
Samutsevich, Ekaterina, 193
Sanchez, Ilyich Ramirez (Carlos the Jackal), 227
Savchenko, Yevgeny, 330–31n25
Schifter, Richard, 21, 54, 287–88
Schröder, Gerhard, 302
Schwartz, Yevgeny, 301, 335n7
“screws,” and sensitive information, 204–5
Sebentsov, A., 58
Sechin, Igor, 301
Second Chechen War, 130–33, 139, 179, 330n24
Seliverstov (GUBOP colonel), 240
Semenov, Vladimir, xxxviii
September 11, 2001 attacks, Putin’s reactions to, 229–30, 266
Serbia, 161, 263
Serbsky Institute of Forensic Psychiatry, 54–55, 56, 204
Shakhnazarov, Georgy, 69, 89
Shaposhnikov, Yevgeny, 89
Shchekochikhin, Yury, 80–81, 202
Shchepin, Oleg, 48
Shelepin, Alexander, xxxv, xxxvii
Shevardnadze, Eduard, 75, 76, 162, 258, 313; attempts on life of, 236; August 1991 coup and, 69; Georgia and, 121, 280; Gorbachev and, 92; Moscow Conference on the Human Dimension and, 61–62; NATO and, 87, 123, 329n13; perestroika and, xiii–xv, 12, 17–19, 23–24, 25, 201–2; Pope John Paul’s visit and, 23; Realpolitik and, 289; religious freedom and, 40; residence permits and, 28–29; resigns from Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 60, 62; Soviet psychiatry and, 25–26, 45, 48, 50, 51–52, 55, 58
Shevchenko, Yuri, 192–93
Shoigu, Sergei, 156–58, 211, 280
Shultz, George, 54, 287
Shuvalov, Igor, 301
Siberia, in Yeltsin era, 133–35
Sidorov, V., 40
Silaev, Ivan, 70
siloviki, 112, 133, 285, 311; concept of and growth of, 5–6
Skokov, Yuri, 240
Skorzeny, Otto, 73, 328n1
slavery and serfdom: as foundation of Russian totalitarianism, 3, 104–5, 107–8; Russians’ psychological rejection of freedoms and return to, 7–15
Snezhnevsky, Andrei, 46
Sobchak, Anatoly, 182, 186
Solomentsev, Mikhail, 329n7
Solovki Islands, 224–25
Solzhenitsyn, Alexander, xxxiv–xxxv, 87, 101, 102, 272
South Ossetia, 279–81, 283, 285
“Soviet person,” stages of creation and lessons of, 100–108
Soviet Union. See USSR
special services: August 1991 coup and, outcomes of, 69, 77, 79–80, 84–85; consolidation of power in Yeltsin era, 91–93, 97–98, 110–13, 164–66; Georgia and, 283; history of growth in power of, 173–82; “hypnosis” and, 182–83, 205–16; ideological state, myths, and national pride, 183–86; National Idea creation, 186–201; political assassinations and, 234–45, 304; secrecy and, 175, 201–5; terrorist attacks and, 232–34
speech, freedom of, 33–35, 83, 178; suppression of, 206–7, 222, 224
spying. See espionage
stagnation: 1964–1985, xxiii, xxvi, xxix, xxxiv, 19, 99, 113–14, 186, 291; nostalgia for, 168; zastoi in Putin era, xxiii, 298–302, 309–10
Stalin, Josef, xxxviii, xxxix, 151, 180; Anato
ly Kovalev and, xxxiv; influence after death, 165, 174–76, 181, 225, 246; public opinion about, 99–100; religious bans and, xvi; state security and, 100, 201
Starovoitova, Galina, 234, 235
State Emergency Committee, 64, 179–80, 328n9; August 1991 coup and, 67–71, 72, 75, 84, 85, 89
Sterligov, German, 216
Strugatsky, Arkady, 172
Stucka, Peteris, 50
stukachestvo (voluntary informing), xxi
Sukhodrev, Viktor, 61
Supreme Soviet of the USSR, perestroika and, 33, 42
Surkov, Vladislav, 198–99, 232
Suslov, Mikhail, xxxvii
Sutyagin, Igor, 248–49
SVR, 239, 334n16
Syria, 225, 305–9
Tajikistan, 335n5
Targamadze, Givi, 283
Tarpishchev, Shamil, 144
Tatarstan, 126
Tbilisi, Georgia, 37, 130, 166, 210, 280–83
Terkibaev, Khanpash, 232
terrorism: in Moscow, 201, 229, 239, 334n8; National Idea and struggle against, 198–99; in Paris, 307–8; Putin’s need to create enemy of Russia and, 226–34, 266, 269, 333n4
Timoshenko, Yulia, 274
Tishkov, V. A., 212
Tolokonnikova, Nadezhda, 193
Topolyanskii, V. D., 104
Trans-Dniestr, 238, 279, 283–85
travel restrictions: under Leninism-Stalinism, 106–7; relaxed under perestroika, 20, 23, 25–31
Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE), 270–71
Tsepov, Roman, xxi
Tskhai, Vladimir, 239
Turkmenistan, 335n5
Tuva, 125, 126
Twenty-Seventh Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), 18, 20, 67
Tyutchev, Fyodor, xxxviii
Udugov, Movladi, 329–30n18
Ukraine, xxiii, 78, 121, 225; ethnic Russians in, 335n5; Orange Revolution in, 170–71, 251, 268, 274; Putin’s policy toward, 273–77, 291, 292, 293, 294, 303, 309; U.S. rabbis’ wish to visit, 24–25
Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church, xv, 43
Ukrainian Greek Catholics (Uniates), 41, 44
Ukrainian Orthodox Church, 43
Ul’man, Eduard, 241–42, 334n20
United Civic Front, 208
United Nations: Gorbachev’s speech at, 22–23, 61; Optional Protocol to the International Treaty on Civil and Political Rights, 63; Security Council, 257, 261; Universal Declaration of Human Rights of, 21
United Russia party, of Putin, 157, 166, 170–71, 210, 300
United States: human rights violations of USSR and, 21; Magnitsky’s death and, 304; mistakes made after end of Cold War, 286–90; psychiatrists’ visit to USSR, 52–57; rabbis’ wish to visit Ukraine, 24–25; Russia’s post–Cold War foreign policy and, 264–65; Russia’s role in Syria and, 305; Yeltsin era and, xviii
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, of United Nations, 21
USSR: breakup of, 79–80; economic policies and arms race, 258; as “evil empire,” 1–2. See also Russia, today
Ustinov, Vladimir, 207
Uzbekistan, 335n5
Vartanian Mental Health Center, 56
Vatican, xxxiii, 39, 43–44, 91, 191. See also John Paul II, Pope
Vavilov, Andrei, 238
Venediktov, Aleksei, 170
“vertical of power,” of Putin, 164, 179, 273; future and, 138–39; as means to destroy democracy in Russia, 217–24
Veselovskii, Leonid, 82, 83
Vienna conference, of CSCE (1986–1989), 22, 28, 29, 60, 63
Vilnius tragedy, 60, 61, 62, 93, 166, 210, 328n7
Vinogradova, Liubov, 252
Vol’sky, Arkady, 69
Voronin, Vladimir, 284
Vorontsov, Yuly, 18
Voznesenskii, Andrei, xxx
Vremya (Time) television program, 205
Vysotsky, Vladimir, 10
Wahhabism, 131–33, 331n28
Warsaw Pact, 122, 257, 259
West: Putin’s anti-Western policies, 171–72, 265–72, 302–5; Russian hatred of European civilization, 160–61; weak responses to Russia’s renewed confrontations, 302–5; Yeltsin’s lack of understanding of values of, 110
within-system dissidents, xx, 2–3, 177, 297
World Psychiatric Association, xv, 46, 48, 52, 57
World War II, 211–14
xenophobia, xxii, xxxii, 14, 161, 171–72, 267, 277–78, 292, 295, 299–300. See also National Idea
Yabloko, 208
Yakovlev, Alexander, xiii, xvi, 93, 258, 313, 332nn22–23; Anatoly Kovalev and, xxxv, 76; August 1991 coup and, 69, 89; perestroika and, 3, 12, 17, 19, 23, 98–99; psychiatry and, 48, 51; Realpolitik and, 289; special services and, 173–74, 175, 176
Yalta-Potsdam system, and foundations of post-Soviet revanchism, 256–60
Yanaev, Gennady, 70
Yandarbiev, Zelimkhan, 236, 238
Yanukovich, Viktor, 274
Yastrzhembskii, Sergei, 232
Yazov, Dmitry, 92, 93
Year 2000 problem, 139–40
Yegorov, Vladimir, 55, 241
Yeltsin, Boris, xxi, 1, 234; anti-Russian sentiments in the CIS and, 121; appoints Putin as president, 185, 286; August 1991 coup and, 69; character and personality of, 144; health of, 128, 180; inadequate preparation for challenges of democratization, 109–13; seizure of power, 78, 91, 93. See also Yeltsin era
Yeltsin era: absence of system of governance and, 217; Arctic and Siberia and, 133–35, 139; Chechnya and, 123, 124, 127–33, 138, 329n18, 330–31nn19–27; corruption and, 145, 169–70; diplomatic services and, 152–64; disintegration of military and political power during, 122–25, 142–43; espionage and, 246, 247–48; financial and ecological policies and suffering of citizens, 4–5, 114–20, 127, 133–35, 329nn9–10; foreign policy of, 146–52, 260–63, 285; former socialist republics, NATO, and claiming of sovereign rights, 120–27, 329nn16–17; “hypnosis” and, 206–7; institutionalized practices and, 141–42, 144–46, 164–72; Kaliningrad region and, 124, 135–38; lack of accomplishments, 178, 185; Leninism-Stalinism and minds of citizens, 98–113; national idea in, 186–87; powers limited by legislature, 219–26; revanchism and rejections of democracy during, 3–7, 11–12, 97–172, 300; special services, 178, 180, 181–82, 291; terrorism and need for enemy of Russia, 226–34; two-party system and, 218; violence and, 224, 225; Year 2000 problem and, 139–40
Yevloev, Magomed, 242
Yezhov, Nikolai, 174
Young Communist League (YCL), 99, 100
Yugoslavia, 3, 157, 161, 261
yukos, 169, 243–44
Yur’iev, Mikhail, 199, 200
Yushchenko, Viktor, 236, 273, 274, 275
Yushenkov, Sergei, 235, 330n25
Yuvenaly, Metropolitan (Vladimir K. Poyarkov), 41–42
Zamyatin, Yevgeny, dystopia of, 313
zastoi. See stagnation
Zavalishin, Nikolai, xxxviii
Zhirinovsky, Vladimir, 11, 90–91, 139, 209
Zyuganov, Gennady, 84, 196–97
About Andrei A. Kovalev
Andrei A. Kovalev is a former member of the secretariat of President Mikhail Gorbachev. He worked in the Soviet and Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs on the staff of the Security Council of the Russian Federation during the Yeltsin and Putin administrations. He is the author of two books in Russian on politics.
About Steven I. Levine
Steven I. Levine, a retired professor of politics and history, is the coauthor of Mao: The Real Story and Arc of Empire: America’s Wars in Asia from the Philippines to Vietnam.
About Peter Reddaway
Peter Reddaway is professor emeritus of political science and international affairs at George Washington University and the author of books on politics and human rights in the Soviet and post-Soviet eras.
Table of Contents
Title Page
Copyright Page
Epigraph
Contents
Forewo
rd
Preface
Acknowledgments
Introduction
1. Diplomacy and Democratic Reforms
2. The August 1991 Coup
3. Anatomy of a Lost Decade, 1992–2000
4. How the System Really Works
5. Inside the Secret Police State
6. Strangling Democracy
7. The New Russian Imperialism
Conclusion
Cast of Characters
Chronology
Notes
Index
About Andrei A. Kovalev
About Steven I. Levine
About Peter Reddaway
Russia's Dead End: An Insider's Testimony from Gorbachev to Putin Page 45
