trade 147-149, 159-162, (with India) 506
Western methods 172
Zheng-he tablet 160-161
Chinese 114-116, 134-149, 150, 158-163, 169-172, 328-329, 490, 520, 528, 547
dialects 116, 147, 528, 530
báihuà (white speech) dialect 171-172
Cantonese (Yuè) dialect 136, 141, 147, 528 and English 476-477
literacy 157
major language groups 139
Mandarin dialect 7, 115n, 116-117, 136, 141, 145, 147, 162-163, 171, 172n, 526, 528-530
Min dialect 147, 162
phonetics 209-210
Pinyin romanization 115n, 155, 172n
Chinese (cont.)
popular literature 172n
and Portuguese 390, 476
Putōnghuà116
script 11, 12n
speaking traditions 12, 21, 106
writing 135-136, 137-138, 144-145, 154-158, 163, 172n, 173, 329
Chiriguano dialect of Guarani 363
Chontal de Tabasco 348
Christianity 22, 87-90, 92, 96, 99, 117, 121, 132-133, 141, 150, 156, 158-159, 165-167, 172
Calvinism 400-402
and codex book-format 256n
and Greek 255-256, 269-270
Greek Septuagint 248
Latin Vulgate 294
missionaries 345-347, 364, 368, 371, 373-375, 380, 387, 392-394, 413-414, 416, 481n, 485, 499, 509, 536, 540n
Monophysites 89
Nestorians 88-90, 119, 120, 141, 158, 536
Nonconformism 93
Orthodoxy 264, 269-270
Protestantism 326, 499-504
Samaritan Christians 87
scriptures
Acts of the Apostles 248
First Letter to the Corinthians 254
Synod of Whitby 517
texts in popular style 255-256
see also Americas, Dutch East Indies, Portugal, Spain
Chuvash 140n, 306n
Ci Xi, Chinese empress 151n
Cicero, Roman senator, 272, 329-330
Cilicia 83, 249
Cisneros, Cardinal, Spanish divine 365
Classic of Changes (Yì Jīng) 154
Classical languages
their fates compared 328-330 (Greek, Chinese, Sanskrit and Latin); and specifically
Sumerian 34, 50, 68; Ge’ez 92; Arabic 98, 110; Egyptian 124; Chinese 136, 169-170; Sanskrit 185-190, 206; Greek 229, 250-253, 267-271; Latin 299
Clement (Saint) of Alexandria, Christian apologist 256, 319
Clement VII, Pope 343
Cleopatra, queen of Egypt 131, 151n, 165n, 249, 259
Clouds (Aristophanes) 551
Clovis, king 404
Cochin-China see Indo-China
Codex book-format 256n
Coins 77, 83-84, 246-249, 258, 269
Colbert, Jean-Baptiste, French minister 414, 416n, 519
Coligny calendar 292n
Colonization see Population movement
Colombia 339, 349, 372
Columbus, Christopher, Genoese explorer 334-335, 336, 336n, 338-341, 348, 349, 365, 385
Commerce see Trade
Comoros 105
Confucius, Chinese sage, 114-115, 134, 136, 150, 154, 172
Congo 105, 380, 418
Conquest and discovery of the New Kingdom of Granada (Freyle) 341
Constantine, Roman emperor 92, 153, 256, 368
Constantine VII, Byzantine emperor 261
Constantinople 96, 240, 256-257, 260, 263, 329
Cook, Captain James 4
Coptic, modern Egyptian, 11, 90, 90n, 92, 97, 117, 121, 133-134, 166, 255, 554
Cordiner, Revd James, British writer 389
Córdoba 99
Corneille, Pierre, French dramatist, 410
Cornwallis, Lord, governor-general of Bengal, 498, 506
Corriente, Federico, Spanish linguist 99
Cortés, Hernán, Spanish conquistador 1-4, 14-16, 339, 342-343, 351, 353n, 355
Council of the Indies 374
Council of Mainz 318
Council of Tours 318
Council of Trent 374
Creolisation 10, 292
Creoles 390, 415-116, 444, 455, 508, 575n63
Crete 236
Croats 430n
Croesus, king of Lydia 41n
Crónica Mexicayotl 354
Crouset, F. 510, 575-576n65
Crusades 263, 407
Crystal, David, British linguist 543
Cuba 337, 346n, 480
Cumbrian 464
Cuneiform see writing
Cunliffe, Barry, British archaeologist 290
Cursor Mundi 469
Curzon, George N., British statesman 572n43
Cushitic languages 36, 98
Cuzco 356-358
Cyprus 44, 71, 236
Cyrus, king of Persia 41n, 47, 68, 80
Czech 573n14
Czechs 430n
Dacia 310
Dalmatia 310
Damascenus, Joannes, Greek Secretary 97
Damascus 43, 66, 167, 250
Daniel, Samuel 323
Dante Alighieri, Italian poet 320
Dari dialect of Persian 108
Darius, king of Persia 47-48, 57, 81, 85, 85n, 108, 243, 356, 548
Das Kapital (Marx) 438n
Dede Korkut, Turkish traditional epic 105
De Excidio Britonum (Gildas) 311
De la Cruz, Fray Rodrigo, Spanish friar 364
De la Salle, Robert Cavelier, French explorer 412, 520
De las Casas, Fray Bartolomé, Spanish friar 335, 365
Deimakhos, Seleucid ambassador 247
Delhi Sultanate 108
Denmark 411
Deportation 47, 56, 64-66, 79-80, 197, 360, 485, 489, 505; see also Population movement
Desertification of North Africa 37
Descartes, René, French philosopher 409-410
Diakonov, Igor, specialist on Iranian prehistory 43n
Dialogue of Pessimism 31
Dialogues in the English and Malaiane Languages (Spaulding) 323
Dialogus Ciceronianus (Erasmus) 329
Dias, Bartolomeu, Portuguese navigator 385
Díaz del Castilla, Bernal, Spanish conquistador 4n
Die Jungfrau von Orleans (Schiller) 446
diglossia (classical Arabic and dialects) 98, (Greek and Aramaic) 247
Diodorus Siculus, Greek historian 272, 276
Dionysius the Thracian, Greek grammarian 238n, 247
Diori, Hamani, Nigerian 420
Discours de la méthode (Descartes) 409-410
Disease see Epidemics
Dmitriy Donskoy, Grand Prince 426
Don Quixote de la Mancha (Cervantes) 332
Doric dialect of Greek 235-236, 237n
Dorians 240
Dostoyevsky, Fyodor M., Russian writer 422, 437, 439-440, 442
Drake, Sir Francis, English privateer 478
Dravidian languages 39, 177, 187, 197
Druids 183, 302
Dutch 325n, 380, 395-403, 446, 539
as basa Perteges389n
Dutch interests
Calvinism 400
and China 148-149
East Indian empire 396-397, 506
and North America 482, 486, 492
and Portuguese 389, 389n, 391-392, 401
Dutch East India Company see United East India Company (VOC)
Dutch Reformed Church 401
East Africa 101, 103-104, 412, 507-508
East Asia 209, 210n, 507
East India Company 148, 225, 457, 479, 497-499, 501, 504, 506, 518-519, 536, 539
East Indies 148, 385, 387, 390-391, 395n, 396-403, 493, 498
East Prussia 447
Ebla 37, 40, 60
Eblaite 40
Edessa 87-88, 90, 247
Edom 83
Edomite 70, 71
Edubba, Sumerian school 62-63
Edward I, English king 463
Egeria 259
&
nbsp; Egypt 34, 39, 41-42, 45, 46-48, 62, 71, 76, 79, 86, 420
archaeology 124-129
barbarians 163
chronological charts 117-122
Greek overlordship 245, 248, 259-260
immigration 163-167
invasions 163-167, 260
multilingual 165
and neighbouring lands 123
population 152-153, 158, 173, 260n
religion 150-152, 166-167, 172
Saite Egypt and the Near East 130, 165
trade 158
use of Aramaic 83, 129-132
Egyptian 11n, 12, 20-21, 36, 83, 90, 93, 97, 101, 113-117, 122-126, 129-132, 133-134, 149-153, 164-167, 248-250, 255, 292, 514, 517, 520
hieroglyphs 11n, 34, 113-116, 121, 124-125, 128, 132-133, 154-158, 173
Egyptian (cont.)
literacy 156, 157
Middle Egyptian 113, 125
scripts 132, 154-158
see also writing, hieroglyphs
Eisenstein, Sergei, Russian film director 447n
Elam 31, 35n, 39, 42, 43, 46, 53, 60, 65, 87
Elamite 32, 35n, 39-40, 50, 56-58, 60, 62
Eleanor of Aquitaine 407n
Elegantiarum Libri (Valla) 27
Elimam, Abdou, Algerian linguist 78n
Eliot, John, Massachusetts linguist 484-485
Eliot, Thomas Steams, poet 456
Elissa 69, 71
Elizabeth I 473, 478
Emegir dialect of Sumerian 52
Emesal dialect of Sumerian (women’s dialect) 52
Emmerkar and the Lord of Aratta 32
English
Act of Union 465
advent of 310-314
compared its other imperial languages 516-521
Anglo-Norman 460n, 461-465
Anglo-Saxon 125, 313, 456, 462, 466, 517
characteristics 474-477
Cockney 406
colonizing language 325n
dialects 468-172
Estuary English 406, 514
formal reinforcement 464-465, 468
foundation 24, 24n
grammar 475-476
Language Teaching (ELT) 513, 521, 554
and Latin 301-304, 310-311, 461, 464, 467, 474n
Law French 468n
Middle English 66n, 125
(Norman) French 458-461, 464, 465-468, 517
Norse 314, 447n, 468
Old English 314n, 475
parallels to 476-477
pirates and planters 478-480
possible futures 541-549
pronunciation 425n, 474-476
Provisions of Oxford 466
Received Pronunciation 514
second-language speakers 515-516, 575n63, 576n3
spread of 275, 331, 456-458, 477-495, 505-510, 527-528
standard 468-473, 474
Statute of Kilkenny 464-465
Statute of Pleading 467
UK regional dialects 514n
vernacular literature 461
world language 7, 13, 20, 103, 179, 378, 380, 476, 510-517, 525-533
English as a Global Language (Crystal) 543
Enheduanna, princess of Agade and poetess in Sumerian, 51, 60
Enlightenment era 374-375, 394n, 448
Ennius, Quintus, Latin poet, 17, 252, 280, 299, 330n
Enuma eliš, Babylonian creation epic 61
Ephorus, Greek historian 276
Epidemics 336-338, 506
degrees of immunity 22-24, 313
Epigrams (Martial) 523
Erasmus, Desiderius, Dutch humanist 329
Eritrea 36
Esarhaddon, king 83
Esperanto 171
Estonia 432-433, 443, 445
Ethiopia 36, 80, 92, 387
Ethiopian (language of Kush) 131
Ethnologue 412n, 576n2
Etruscans 45, 241-242, 285n, 290
Euclid, Greek mathematician, 182
Euphrates 39, 40n
Euripides, Greek dramatist, 254n, 258, 271
Europe 46, 273, 314
cultural change 275
Dante’s linguistic picture 320
global empires 380
language distribution 274-275, 331
Muslim invasion 306
spread of printing 326-327, 472-473, 540
European Union 19n, 515-516
Eusebius, Church historian 256
Excerpta (Nennius) 311
Exploits of Ninurta 55, 57-58
Fa-Xian, Chinese pilgrim 159, 193, 201, 207
Fadeyev, Rostislav, Russian general 434
Faliscan 242
Fars 43, 56
Farsi see Persia, language
Fatimid dynasty 100
Felipe (Philip) II, king of Spain 100, 340, 367
Felipillo, Peruvian interpreter 342-343
Fenni 280
Feringhee 497
Fertility see Population growth
Filipino see Tagalog
Finland 423, 432, 433
Firth, J.R., British linguist 20-21
Folangji (Europeans) 148
Forjando Patria (Gamío) 375
Fotudeng, Buddhist monk 139
France 12
and Catholicism 408, 415, 416n
colonies 415-416, 478, 482, 486, 519-520
culture 407, 409-410, 511, 514, 520
enclaves in the Holy Land 408
first empire 411-416
Nouvelle-France 412-414, 486, 492-495
population growth 407, 409
Revolution 416
second empire 416-421
varieties of Romance languages 405
France, Anatole, French writer 403
François I, king of France 326, 404, 519
Franks 20, 275, 306-307, 316, 400, 404, 457
Free enterprise 339, 457-458, 479, 481-482, 496, 513, 519, 550
Freedom of speech 549-550
French 179, 300, 331, 405-406, 472
colonizing language 325n, 380, 400, 411-414, 446, 528-533
Creole 415-416
and diplomacy 410-411
in Europe 404-411
La francophonie 403, 420-421, 532, 535, 540
Norman French 458-461, 464, 465-468 see also Anglo-Norman
Ordinance of Villers-Cotterěts 404, 409
retreat of 407n
Romance language 404-405, 529
typography 472
French Equatorial Africa 418
Empires of the Word: A Language History of the World Page 77
