1. Eisenhower interview, EC.
2. Eisenhower to Walter Cronkite on CBS-TV’s “D-Day Plus Twenty Years,” a documentary shown on June 6, 1964, transcript copy in EC.
3. Smith interview, American Military Institute, Carlisle, Pa.
4. G. Harrison interview with De Guingand, ibid.
5. Ibid.
6. Friedrich Ruge interview, EC.
7. David Irving, The Trail of the Fox (New York: Dutton, 1977), p. 323.
8. Samuel Mitcham, Rommel’s Last Battle (New York: Stein & Day, 1983), p. 36.
9. Ibid., p. 42.
10. Ruge interview, EC.
11. Irving, Trail of the Fox, pp. 344–45.
12. Ibid., p. 345.
13. Hans von Luck, Panzer Commander (New York: Praeger, 1989), p. 133.
14. Gordon A. Harrison, Cross-Channel Attack (Washington, D.C.: Dept. of the Army, 1951), p. 254.
15. Mitcham, Rommel’s Last Battle, p. 37.
16. Heydte interview, EC.
17. Hechler interview with Bayerlein, July 12, 1949, American Military Institute, Carlisle, Pa.
18. Detlef Vogel, “Morale and Fighting Power of the Wehrmacht in the West on the Eve of the Invasion,” paper delivered at the 1992 Military History Institute conference, copy in EC.
19. Paul Carell, Invasion—They’re Coming!, tr. E. Osers (New York: Dutton, 1963), pp. 26–27.
20. Carlo D’Este, Decision in Normandy (London: Collins, 1983), pp. 74–76.
21. Joseph Balkoski, Beyond the Beachhead: The 29th Infantry Division in Normandy (Harrisburg, Pa.: Stackpole, 1989), pp. 142–43.
22. John Barnes oral history, EC.
23. Robert Miller oral history, EC.
24. Lord’s typewritten account is in American Military Institute, Carlisle, Pa.
25. Russell Miller interview with George Lane, EC.
26. Van Fleet memoir, copy in EC.
27. Samuel Eliot Morison, The Invasion of France and Germany 1944–1945 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1959), p. 70.
28. D’Este, Decision in Normandy, pp. 83–86.
29. Stephen Ambrose, The Supreme Commander (Garden City: Doubleday, 1971), pp. 399–400.
7. TRAINING
1. Eisenhower to Marshall, 2/24/43, EL.
2. Van Fleet memoir, copy in EC.
3. John Robert Slaughter manuscript memoir, EC.
4. Robert Walker oral history, EC.
5. Felix Branham oral history, EC.
6. Joseph Balkoski, Beyond the Beachhead: The 29th Infantry Division in Normandy (Harrisburg, Pa.: Stackpole, 1989), p. 2.
7. John Robert Slaughter manuscript memoir, EC.
8. Weldon Kratzer letter, EC.
9. Thor Smith interview, EC.
10. Tom Plumb oral history, EC.
11. I am indebted to Billy Arthur’s paper, “Pre-Invasion Training: Key to D-Day Success,” delivered to the American Historical Institute in Washington, June 1992, for information on Thompson and the Assault Training Center.
12. Ibid.
13. Quoted in Warren Tute, John Costello, and Terry Hughes, D-Day (London: Pan Books, 1975), p. 83.
14. Eugene Bernstein oral history, EC.
15. R. Younger interview, Imperial War Museum (IWM), copy in EC.
16. David Thomas oral history, EC.
17. Harry Parley oral history, EC.
18. Geoffrey Perret, There’s a War to Be Won (New York: Random House, 1992), p. 311.
19. Robert Rader oral history, EC.
20. Currahee! scrapbook published in Germany in 1945, unpaged.
21. Russell Miller interview with D. Zane Schlemmer, copy in EC.
22. Jim Wallwork interview, EC.
23. James Eikner oral history, EC.
24. John Robert Slaughter manuscript memoir, EC.
25. Henry Glassman, “Lead the Way, Rangers”: A History of the Fifth Ranger Battalion (printed in Germany, 1945), pp. 12–13.
26. Walter Sidlowski oral history, EC.
27. James Eikner oral history, EC.
28. Script of Paul Thompson talk, EC.
29. Barnett Hoffner oral history, EC.
30. Robert Piauge interview, EC.
31. Peter Masters oral history, EC.
32. Harry Nomburg oral history, EC.
33. Fred Patheiger oral history, EC.
34. Stephen E. Ambrose and James A. Barber, editors, The Military and American Society: Essays and Readings (New York: The Free Press, 1972), p. 177.
35. Ulysses Lee, The Employment of Negro Troops (Washington, D.C.: Office of the Chief of Military History, 1966), pp. 623–24.
36. Ibid., 627.
37. Ibid., 630.
38. Hans von Luck, Panzer Commander (New York: Praeger, 1989), p. 134.
39. Detlef Vogel, “Morale and Fighting Power of the Wehrmacht in the West on the Eve of the Invasion,” paper delivered at the 1992 Military History Institute conference, copy in EC.
40. Peter Masters oral history, EC.
8. MARSHALING AND BRIEFING
1. Eugene Bernstein oral history, EC.
2. John Robert Slaughter oral history, EC.
3. Ralph Eastridge memoir, EC.
4. John Howard oral history, EC.
5. John Robert Slaughter memoir, EC.
6. Edward Jeziorski oral history, EC.
7. John Robert Slaughter oral history, EC.
8. Peter Masters oral history, EC.
9. John Barnes oral history, EC.
10. Edward Jeziorski oral history, EC.
11. Richard Winters oral history, EC.
12. Paul Fussell, Wartime: Understanding and Behavior in the Second World War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), pp. 240–41.
13. Arthur Schultz oral history, EC. Schultz went on to say “I am one of the characters in Connie Ryan’s The Longest Day. He had this crap game taking place at the airfield, which is not actually true. It took place at camp. He felt I was a good Catholic boy who shouldn’t be betting, so he had me losing the money because of my religious convictions, which was not the case at all. It was because I was trying to humiliate the guy I disliked.” For Ryan’s version, see The Longest Day: June 6, 1944 (New York: Popular Library, 1959), pp. 63–64.
14. David Thomas oral history, EC.
15. John Robert Slaughter memoir, EC.
16. Peter Masters oral history, EC.
17. Gerden Johnson, History of the Twelfth Infantry Regiment in World War II (Boston: 4th Division Association, 1991), p. 53.
18. Ralph Eastridge letter to his parents, July 27, 1946, EC.
19. Felix Branham oral history, EC.
20. Robert Healey oral history, EC.
21. Merical Dillon oral history, EC.
22. William Dillon oral history, EC.
23. Leroy Jennings oral history, EC.
24. Charles Skidmore oral history, EC.
25. Alan Anderson oral history, EC.
26. Russell Miller interview with Cyril Hendry, copy in EC.
27. Arthur Schultz oral history, EC.
28. David Thomas oral history, EC.
29. John Barnes oral history, EC.
30. Joseph Dragotto oral history, EC.
31. Richard Winters oral history, EC.
32. Alan Anderson oral history, EC.
33. Charles Jarreau interview, EC.
34. Bannerman carried the unfinished letter with him into Normandy. It was captured by the Germans and read by Rommel (David Irving, Trail of the Fox [New York: Dutton, 1977], pp. 356–58).
35. Paul Thompson memoir, EC.
36. Richard Freed oral history, EC.
37. John Keegan, Six Armies in Normandy (New York: Penguin Books, 1983), p. 331.
38. Copy No. 42 of this “strictly limited” document is in EL.
39. A copy of the document is in EL.
40. Franz Gockel memoir, EC, translated by Derek Zumbro.
9. LOADING
1. Ronald Lewin interview, EC.
2. Clair Galdonik oral history, EC.
&nbs
p; 3. Charles Jarreau interview, EC.
4. Ralph Eastridge letter, EC.
5. Gen. James Van Fleet memoir, EC.
6. Charles Jarreau interview, EC.
7. Robert Patterson oral history, EC.
8. Ralph Eastridge letter, EC.
9. Samuel Eliot Morison, The Invasion of France and Germany 1944–1945 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1959), p. 83.
10. All Eisenhower’s Orders of the Day are in EL.
11. John Robert Slaughter memoir, EC.
12. Felix Branham oral history, EC.
13. Anthony Duke oral history, EC.
14. Ralph Eastridge letter, EC.
15. Oscar Rich oral history, EC.
16. Clair Galdonik oral history, EC.
17. Walter Sidlowski oral history, EC.
18. Frank Beetle interview, EC.
19. Clyde Kerchner oral history, EC.
20. Robert Walker oral history, EC.
21. Charles Ryan oral history, EC.
22. Michael Foot interview, EC.
23. Dwight D. Eisenhower, At Ease: Stories I Tell to Friends (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1967), p. 275.
24. David Irving, The Trail of the Fox (New York: Dutton, 1977), p. 354; Samuel Mitcham, Rommel’s Last Battle (New York: Stein & Day, 1983), p. 62.
25. Irving, Trail of the Fox, p. 351.
26. Ibid., pp. 354–55.
10. DECISION TO GO
1. Dwight Eisenhower interview, EC.
2. Dwight D. Eisenhower, Crusade in Europe (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1948), p. 246; Walter Cronkite interview with Eisenhower for CBS-TV, transcript in EC.
3. Eisenhower interview, EC; Eisenhower to Leigh-Mallory, 5/30/44, EL.
4. Cronkite interview with Eisenhower, EC.
5. Dwight Eisenhower interview, EC; the draft of Eisenhower’s speech is in EL.
6. Eisenhower diary, 6/3/44, EL.
7. Eisenhower, Crusade in Europe, p. 249.
8. Edwin Gale oral history, EC.
9. Dean Rockwell oral history, EC.
10. Homer Carey oral history, EC.
11. Harry Parley oral history, EC.
12. George Roach oral history, EC.
13. Joe Pilck oral history, EC.
14. Robert Miller oral history, EC.
15. Henry Gerald oral history, EC.
16. Eisenhower, Crusade in Europe, p. 249.
17. Eisenhower diary entry, 6/3/44, EL.
18. David Irving, The Trail of the Fox (New York: Dutton, 1977), p. 354.
19. Benjamin Frans letter, EC.
20. Dean Rockwell oral history, EC.
21. Samuel Grundfast oral history, EC.
22. Felix Branham oral history, EC.
23. Clair Galdonik oral history, EC.
24. John Howard diary, EC.
25. David Wood interview, EC.
26. Edward Jeziorski oral history, EC.
27. Jerry Eades oral history, EC.
28. James Edward oral history, EC.
29. Eugene Bernstein oral history, EC.
30. Gordon A. Harrison, Cross-Channel Attack (Washington, D.C.: Dept. of the Army, 1951), p. 276.
31. Kerchner oral history, EC.
32. Kenneth Strong interview, EC.
33. Interviews with Eisenhower, Kenneth Strong, Arthur Tedder, EC; Harry Butcher diary, 6/4–6/44, EL.
34. Samuel Eliot Morison, The Invasion of France and Germany 1944–45 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1959), p. 83.
35. Walter Cronkite interview with Eisenhower, EC.
36. Kenneth Strong interview, EC.
37. Cronkite interview with Eisenhower, EC.
38. Harry Butcher diary, 6/4–6/44, EL
39. This undated note is in EL. Eisenhower put it into his wallet and forgot about it. A couple of weeks later, he pulled it out, laughed, and commented that thank goodness he had not had to issue it. He threw it into a wastebasket; Butcher retrieved it. Butcher Diary, 6/20/44, EL.
40. Irving, Trail of the Fox, p. 364.
41. Heydte interview, EC.
42. Hans von Luck, Panzer Commander (New York: Praeger, 1989), p. 135.
43. Walter Warlimont, Inside Hitler’s Headquarters, 1939–1945 (New York: Praeger, 1964), p. 422.
44. Nat Hoskot interview, EC.
45. Sam Gibbons memoir, EC. Gibbons went on to represent the 7th District of Florida in the House of Representatives for many decades.
46. J. Frank Brumbaugh oral history, EC.
47. Edward Jeziorski and Donald Bosworth oral histories, EC.
48. John Delury oral history, EC.
49. Tom Porcella oral history, EC.
50. Carl Cartledge oral history, EC.
51. Charles Shettle oral history, EC.
52. L. Johnson oral history, EC.
53. Dwight Eisenhower interview, EC.
54. Sherman Oyler letter to Mack Teasley, 12/6/83, EL.
55. Wallace Strobble letter, EC.
56. John Richards oral history, EC.
57. Arthur Schultz oral history, EC.
58. Ibid.
59. Dwight Eisenhower interview, EC.
60. Kay Summersby Morgan, Past Forgetting: My Love Affair with Dwight D. Eisenhower (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1976), p. 216.
61. Professor Robert Love of the Naval Academy history department provided the transcript of Ramsay’s entry; Dr. Love is preparing the diary for publication.
11. CRACKING THE ATLANTIC WALL
1. James Elmo Jones oral history, EC.
2. For a description of the action, see Stephen E. Ambrose, Pegasus Bridge: June 6, 1944 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1985).
3. Matthew Ridgway, Soldier (New York: Harper, 1956), p. 4.
4. Eugene Brierre oral history, EC.
5. Dwayne Burns oral history, EC.
6. Ken Russell interview, EC.
7. Clayton Storeby oral history, EC.
8. Harry Reisenleiter oral history, EC.
9. John Keegan, Six Armies in Normandy: From D-Day to the Liberation of Paris (New York: Penguin Books, 1983), p. 82.
10. Sidney Ulan oral history, EC.
11. Earl Peters oral history, EC.
12. Charles Ratliff oral history, EC.
13. John Fitzgerald and Carl Cartledge oral histories, EC.
14. William True and Parker Alford oral histories, EC.
15. Tom Porcella oral history, EC.
16. Dwayne Burns oral history, EC.
17. Dan Furlong interview by Russell Miller, EC.
18. Keegan, Six Armies in Normandy, p. 85.
19. Arthur DeFilippo oral history, EC.
20. John Taylor oral history, EC.
21. Sherman Oyler letter to Martin Teasley, EL.
22. Len Griffing oral history, EC.
23. Ibid.
24. John Fitzgerald oral history, EC.
25. Ray Aeibischer oral history, EC.
26. Richard Winters oral history, EC.
27. Sam Gibbons memoir, EC.
28. Parker Alford oral history, EC.
29. Arthur Schultz oral history, EC.
30. Len Griffing oral history, EC.
31. Clayton Storeby oral history, EC.
32. “Debriefing Conference,” 82nd Airborne, held on August 13, 1944 in Leicester, England. Copy in EC.
33. Parker Alford oral history, EC.
34. 82nd Airborne Debriefing Conference, August 13, 1944, copy in EC.
35. Michel de Vallavieille, D-Day at Utah Beach (Coutances, Normandy, 1982), p. 22.
36. Ken Russell interview by Ron Drez, EC.
37. Allen Langdon, “Ready”: A World War II History of the 505th Parachute Infantry Regiment (Indianapolis: 82nd Airborne Division Association, 1986), pp. 49–51. This is an indispensable account, highly detailed and accurate.
38. Ken Russell interview by Ron Drez, EC.
39. James Eads oral history, EC.
40. Tom Porcella oral history, EC.
41. David Jones oral history, EC.
42. There is a co
py of the report in EC.
43. Beaudin was liberated on July 16 by the 9th Division. Briand Beaudin oral history, EC.
44. Utah Beach to Cherbourg (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Army, Center of Military History, 1948), p. 15.
45. Michael Foot interview, EC.
46. Frederick von der Heydte interview, EC.
47. Charles Shettle oral history, EC.
48. Frederick von der Heydte interview, EC.
49. Vallavieille, D-Day at Utah Beach, pp. 25–26.
50. S. L.A. Marshall, Night Drop: The American Airborne Invasion of Normandy (Boston: Little, Brown, 1962), p. 269.
51. Hans von Luck interview, EC.
52. Zane Schlemmer oral history, EC.
53. James Elmo Jones oral history, EC.
54. Robert Butler oral history, EC.
55. Leonard Lebenson oral history, EC.
56. Charles Skidmore oral history, EC.
57. Harry Reisenleiter oral history, EC.
58. John Fitzgerald oral history, EC.
59. Zane Schlemmer oral history, EC.
60. Carl Cartledge oral history, EC.
61. 82nd Airborne Debriefing Conference, August 13, 1944, copy in EC.
12. “LET’S GET THOSE BASTARDS”
1. 82nd Airborne Debriefing Conference, August 13, 1944, copy in EC.
2. Francis Palys oral history, EC.
3. Quoted in Clay Blair, Ridgway’s Paratroopers: The American Airborne in World War II (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1985), p. 233.
4. Dwayne Burns oral history, EC.
5. Lynn Tomlinson oral history, EC.
6. Dan Furlong interview by Russell Miller, EC.
7. Arthur Schultz oral history, EC.
8. David Howarth, Dawn of D-Day (London: Collins, 1959), p. 55.
9. Ibid., pp. 56–60; Napier Crookenden, Drop Zone Normandy (New York: Scribners, 1976), pp. 205–9.
10. Major Roseveare and Bill Irving interviews, Imperial War Museum, London.
11. John Kemp interview, EC.
12. Carl Cartledge oral history, EC.
13. John Fitzgerald oral history, EC.
14. Sam Gibbons memoir, EC.
15. Charles Shettle oral history, EC.
16. 505th regimental history, pp. 53–54
17. Gordon A. Harrison, Cross-Channel Attack (Washington, D.C.: Dept. of the Army, 1951), p. 288.
13. “THE GREATEST SHOW EVER STAGED”
1. Charles Shettle oral history, EC.
2. Roger Lovelace oral history, EC.
3. Russell Weigley, Eisenhower’s Lieutenants: The Campaigns of France and Germany, 1944–1945 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1981), p. 70.
4. Roger Lovelace oral history, EC.
The Victors: Eisenhower and His Boys Page 110
