Ghost Empire
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Balkans, 53, 59, 69, 223, 246, 399, 437
Baltic Sea, 12, 273, 444
Baltoglu (Admiral), 407–10
bar mitzvah, 23
Barbaro, Niccolò, 404–6, 415, 426, 432
Bardanes (Emperor), 211, 219
Barlaam, 446–7
Bartholomew I (Patriarch), 450–1
Basil II (‘the Bulgar Slayer’) (Emperor, r. 976-1025), XIX, 16, 246, 277, 286
Basil (chamberlain), 267–8
Basilica Cistern (Yeribati), 141–4
Bassus Herculanus, 67
Baths of Zeuxippos, 99, 104, 200
Battle of Masts, 196
battles. see the names of places
battles, sea. see naval power
Bederiana, 78
Bedouins, 173
Beersheba, 194
Beijing, 296
Beirut, 140
Belisarius, 90–4, 101–2, 110–25, 130–2, 134, 151–2
Bellini, Gentile, 400, 442–3
Belsyrians, 215
Berengar, King of Italy, 17–18, 262
Beşiktaş (Double Columns), 147, 407–8, 410, 412
Bethlehem, 74
Beyoglu district, 412
Bible, 181, 185, 214, 295, 441. see also New Testament; Old Testament
Bithynia, 27, 53, 241
Blachernae, 345, 347, 351, 426, 437
gate, 207, 344
map, VIII
Palace, 6, 143, 207, 209, 234, 291, 343, 345–6, 367, 372, 381, 384, 421
Black Death (1347), XIX, 369
Black Sea, 12, 54, 124, 142, 204, 208, 210, 273, 319, 365, 373, 388
Bleda, 68–9
blood tax (devsirme), 399
Blue Mosque, 145–6, 180–1, 234–5
Blues (faction), 80–2, 98–9, 101–3, 118, 128, 153, 203
Boccaccio, 447
Bocchiardi brothers, 426
Bogaz Kezen (Throat Cutter fortress), XX, 385–9, 401
Bohemond I Guiscard (Prince of Antioch), 289, 292, 294–5
Bombyx mori (silkworms), 139–40
Boniface of Montferrat, 333, 339, 355–6, 365
Book of Animals, 391
Book of Kells, 450
Book of Tang, 302
Bosphorus
Constantinople, 4, 12, 42–3, 56, 88, 104, 157, 164–5, 167, 177, 225, 228–9, 240, 243, 266, 273, 292, 321, 323
Crusaders, 341–3
Istanbul, 77, 147, 198, 283, 412
map, VIII
Ottoman siege & fall of Constantinople (1452-53), XX, 385, 388, 401, 407–8, 410
bribery & corruption, 85, 95, 102, 120, 134, 207, 288–9, 321, 339, 368, 377, 397
Britain
ancient Roman Empire (before 300), 3, 22, 363, 429–30
Constantine’s empire, 33, 43, 53
after Constantine, 23, 74, 106, 182, 250, 272, 276, 314, 414, 450
Bruegel, Pieter, 212–13
bubonic plague. see plague
Bucoleon Palace, 82, 111, 233, 265, 267
map, VIII
Buddha, 26
Buddhism, 341, 445
Bulan (Khagan of the Khazars), 205
Bulgars, 14, 65, 201, 208–10, 223–4, 229, 238, 246–7, 296, 365
bureaucracy & administration, 83, 85, 98–9, 172, 183, 219, 241, 243, 246, 258–60, 262, 365, 442
Burgundians, 74
Burnt Column (Column of Constantine), 438–9, 441–2
Bursa (Prusa), 243, 369
Busir (Khagan of Doros), 206–7, 210
‘byzantine,’ 3, 98, 183
Byzantine Empire
civilization & culture, 13, 150–1, 199, 444, 447–50
timeline & history, XVII, XIX, 3, 181
before Latin interregnum (330-1204), 77, 83, 204, 218, 228, 233–4
after Latin interregnum (1261-1453), 256, 262, 269–70, 327, 357, 383
successors & reputation, 183, 384, 436, 444, 449
Byzantine rite, 247–8
Byzantium
author’s note, XI
names of people, XV
Byzantium: timeline, XVII
foundation (657 BC), XVII
incorporation into Roman empire (73 AD), XVII
capital of empire (323 AD), 3–4, 22, 42, 54
renamed Constantinople (330 AD), XVII, 22, 56, 440
in Constantinople (330-1453), 24, 217, 426
modern remains, 9
C
Caesar (title), 28, 32, 34, 66, 208, 210. see also Emperors
Caesarea, 43
Calenta, 448
Caligula (Emperor), 22
caliph (title), 189
Callinicus (Patriarch), 203, 210
cannons, 1–2, 7, 388–9, 400–2, 404–6, 419–20, 422–3, 425–6, 451
Cape of Good Hope, 448
Cappadocia, 278–9, 305. see also John of Cappadocia
Caprae, 133
Carthage, 21, 81, 111–12, 114, 161, 178, 206
Caspian Sea, 139
Catalaunum, 72
Catholicism, 47. see also Roman Catholic Church
cats, 390–2, 437
Caucasus, 67, 88, 163, 204
Central Asia, 66–7, 69, 88–9, 96, 139, 148, 204, 218, 296, 300, 302, 368
chain. see Golden Horn
Chalcedon (Kadıköy), 153, 156, 211, 229–30, 266, 341
map, VIII
Chalke Gate, 17, 99, 103, 138, 235–6, 262, 321
Chamberlain, Neville, 21
Charisian Gate, 12, 405, 434
Charlemagne, XIX, 242, 244–5, 430, 449
Chatrang, Chaturanga. see chess
Cherson (Sevastopol), 204, 207–8, 211
chess, 167–70, 233, 437–8
chi-rho symbol, 35–7, 42
China, 12, 14, 89, 138–40, 204, 250, 256, 301–3, 402, 418, 448
Chinese Communist Party, 45, 176
Chinese language, 452
Christ. see Jesus Christ
Christ Pantocrates (church)
map, VIII
Christ the Pantocrator (icon), 235
Christendom, 12, 98, 159, 217, 223, 329, 357
Christianity
adopted by Constantine (312), XIII–XIV, XVII, 22, 25–7, 35–7, 40–2, 49, 55
Arabia, 141, 174
Arabs and, 176, 178, 190, 194–5, 213, 228
author’s family, 180–1, 184–5
Constantinople, 12–13, 15–16, 19, 45, 50, 53, 56–7, 142, 165, 179, 200–3, 217–18, 226, 230–1, 308–9, 382, 396, 403, 408, 420–3, 425, 441, 445–6
Crusaders, 290, 292, 334–5, 339, 349, 353
factions, 43, 81, 202 (see also Arianism; Monophysitism; Nestorianism; Orthodox Church; Protestants; Roman Catholic Church)
Great Schism (see Great Schism)
Hagia Sophia, XIV, 15–16, 106
Helena, 49–50, 53
heresies, 81, 87, 238, 299, 382, 394, 447
Holy Roman Empire, 244, 269
imagery, 452
Islam and, 187, 230–1
Istanbul, 148–9
Italy, 115
Jerusalem, 51–3, 158–9, 162
Jews and, 156, 186
Khazars, 205–6
modern missionaries, 97
official religion of the empire (380), XVII, 4
Ottomans and, 377–80, 386, 398–9, 423, 432, 436–7, 448
paganism and, 55, 59–62, 74, 109–10, 214, 216, 236–7
persecutions, 22, 30–1, 35, 43, 61, 216
Persia, 89, 155, 160
Prester John, 296–302
Russia, 444–5
theology, 5, 43–7, 219, 299, 393
Vandals, 111
Chronicle of Theophanes, 211–12
Chrysobalanton, 305
Chrysopolis, 43
Chrysotriklinos, 17, 233
Church of Holy Wisdom. see Hagia Sophia
Church of the Holy
Sepulchre, Jerusalem, 50–3, 159, 171, 182
Churchill, Winston, 21, 162
Cicero, 22, 58
Cilicia, 316, 318
cisterns. see water cisterns
civil law, 87
Classic of Mountains and Seas, 303–4
Cleopatra, 22, 58
Clermont, Council of, XIX, 290
Cold War, 97
Cologne, 270
Colombo, Cristoforo, 448
Colosseum, Rome, 38–40
Colossus of Constantine, 25–6, 40–2, 58, 434, 441–2
Colossus of Rhodes, 196
Columbus, Christopher, 448
Column of Constantine (Burnt Column), 438–9, 441–2
Column of Theodosius, 351
Columns of Constantinople, 13, 351, 371
communists, 45, 95, 97
Connery, Sean, 143
Conon of Béthune, 341
Constans II (Emperor), 195–7
Constantine I the Great (Emperor) (b. 272, d. 337). see also Colossus of Constantine
early life, 27–30
arch of (Rome), 40
rise to Emperor (306-324), 33–7, 40–2
adoption of Christianity (312), XIII–XIV, XVII, 22, 25–7, 35–7, 40–2
sole ruler (324-337), XVII, 24, 43–6, 49, 53–61, 82, 154, 172, 179, 232, 239, 259
foundation of Constantinople (330), 3–4, 439–42
Constantine III (Emperor) (Heraclius Constantine, b. 612), 162
Constantine IV (Emperor), 201
Constantine V Copronymus, ‘the Shit-Named’ (Emperor), XIV, 238–40
Constantine VI (Emperor), 239, 241–4, 246
Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus (Emperor), XV, 17–18, 239, 258–60, 262
Constantine IX (Emperor), 274–5
Constantine X (Emperor), 277–8
Constantine XI Paleologus (Emperor), XV, 6–8, 381–8, 392–6, 401–4, 407, 410–11, 414–16, 419, 421–2, 424–30, 433–5, 443
Constantine Monomachus, XV
Constantinian Wall, 54, 63
map, VIII
Constantinople (330-1453)
author’s note, XI–XIV
capital city, 1, 3, 5, 8–9, 11–12, 14, 16–19, 22, 24, 60, 75, 232, 453
Central Asian nomads, 66–7, 69–71, 73–4, 296
Chinese and, 302–4
Christianity (see Christianity)
Crusaders, 25, 283, 290–5, 297, 326–9, 337–59, 417
fortifications, 4–5, 62, 64
maps, VIII, 25, 76, 145, 180, 232, 283, 326, 390
population, 78, 129, 340, 357, 369, 436–7
Prester John, 298–300
Roman-ness, 5, 22
trade & commerce, 12, 54, 70, 315, 320, 367
water cisterns (see water cisterns)
Constantinople (330-1453): timeline, XVII-XX
foundation (330 AD), XVII, 3–4, 25–6, 54–5, 438–41
5th-6th centuries, 78–82, 88, 94, 98, 101, 103–5, 113–14, 116, 121–2, 127–30, 132–5, 138, 140–3, 152–4
7th century, 145, 156–62, 164–8, 176–7, 179, 190, 195, 197–204
siege by Avars & Persians (626), 164–5
8th century, 180, 183, 206–14, 217, 219–21, 235–6, 238, 240, 243–4
first Arab siege (678), XVIII
second Arab siege (717-718), XII–XIII, XVIII, 180, 223–30, 236
9th-11th centuries, 232, 245–7, 251, 256, 261–77, 281, 283, 287, 289, 305, 308
12th century, 315–25
sack by Crusaders (1204), XI, XIX, 351–9, 365
Latin Empire (1204-1261), XIX, 355–7, 360, 365–7
Roman Empire restored (1261-1453), 368–73, 376–8, 380–1
Ottoman siege & fall (1453), 2–3, 6–8, 23, 217, 304, 390, 392–8, 400–36, 443–57
renamed Istanbul (1453), 436
modern remains, 361, 364
Constantinus (Praetorian prefect), 69
Constantius Chlorus, 27–9, 32–4, 358
Constantius II (Emperor), 57, 59
consul (title), 80
Corfu, 339, 443
corruption & bribery, 85, 95, 102, 120, 134, 207, 288–9, 321, 339, 368, 377, 397
Council of Clermont, XIX, 290
Council of Nicaea, 44
Crete, 260
Crimean peninsula, 204, 259
Crispus, 29, 34, 42–3, 55–7
Crown of Thorns, 12, 366
Crusades
timeline, XIX
People’s Crusade (1096), 291–2
1st (1095-96), XIX, 283, 290, 292–7
2nd, 333
3rd, 329, 332
4th, XI–XII, XIX, 23, 326, 330–59
Asia Minor, 294–5
Constantinople, XI–XII, XIX, 19, 23, 283, 291–5, 297, 326, 337–61, 365, 367, 393, 395, 431, 493
Holy Land, 295–7, 300, 315, 318, 329–31, 333–6, 338–9, 341, 346, 349, 356–7
Latin Empire of
Constantinople (1204-61), XIX, 355–7, 360, 365–7
Ctesiphon, 88–9, 110, 120, 124, 130, 153, 155, 163–6
Cumans, 289
Cyprus, 195–6, 201, 246
Cyrus the Great, 90
Czar (title), 443–4
D
Da Gama, Vasco, 448
Dabiq (Ramla), 227
Dacia, 5
Dalmatia, 27, 35
Damascus, 40, 157, 172–3, 175, 197, 319
al-Damiri, 391
Dandolo, Enrico (Doge of Venice, r. 1192-1205), 326–39, 343, 347, 349, 355–6, 359, 434
Danube River, 3, 53, 68–9, 73, 133–4, 152–3, 208, 317, 384
Daphne, Palace of, 233
Daqin (Roman Empire), 301
Dara, 89–94, 123, 152–3
Dardanelles, 228, 340, 361, 370, 411, 432
Dark Ages, 4, 445
Darwin, Charles, 181
David (‘King of India’), 302
Dawkins, Richard, 181–3
Day of Judgement, 216
Day of Lost Eyes, 175
Decius, 61
Deep State (derin devlet), 95–8
demon (Gylo), 309
derin devlet (Deep State), 95–8
Devil (Satan), XIII, 212, 214, 217, 308. see also Satan
devsirme (blood tax), 399
Diana (goddess), 5
Diaz, Bartholomew, 448
Diocletian (Emperor), 22, 27–32, 34–5, 45, 89, 179, 358
Divanyolu Street, 438
Dnieper River, 273
dogs, 392, 434
Döne, 147–51
Donne, John, 62
Doros, 206
Double Columns (Beşiktaş), 147, 407–8, 410, 412
doubled-headed eagle, 246, 453
Dragaš, Helen, 381
dromons (Roman war galleys), 197, 225–6, 228
Ducas (historian), 395, 436
dux (title), 29
E
earthquakes, XVII, 69, 105, 196, 238, 370
Eastern Empire. see Roman Empire of the East
eastern Europe, 5, 247
Eastern Goths (Ostrogoths), 114–23
Ecbatana, 297
Ecumenical Councils, 46, 202, 241
Ecumenical Patriarch, 450–1
Edessa, 156, 172, 196, 295, 297
Edirne (Adrianople), 2, 370, 376–7, 379, 383, 396, 400–2, 422, 436
Egypt
ancient (before 330 AD), 191
Arabs & Islam, 171, 176, 189, 195, 199, 228, 279, 282, 315, 391, 404, 434
Crusades, 330, 332, 346
Persians, 161, 166
plague, XVIII, 125
religion, 87
Roman Empire (Constantinople), 60, 104, 161, 166, 172, 199, 228, 283, 371
Egyptian Coptic Church, 51
Eminonu, 147, 197, 284–5
Emir (title), 376
Emperors. see also Empresses
ataxia, 325
class, 81
greatest, 24
Latin Empire of Constantinople (1204-61), 355
Latin & Greek languages, 137
Persians and, 89
predecessors, 2–3, 16, 2
2, 216
prophecies & predictions, 7–8, 217–18
religious role, 19, 28, 30, 45, 160–2, 170
ritual, 12–14, 105–6, 232–3, 272
security, 271–2, 274
statistics, 18
succession, 101, 328, 380
Sultans as successors, 2, 6
tetrarchy, 34
tombs, 352
Empire of the East. see Roman Empire of the East
Empire of the West. see Roman Empire of the West
Empresses, 18, 83, 100, 158, 240–2, 244–6, 287
End of Days. see Apocalypse
engineering
architecture and, 54, 77, 385
naval warfare, 226, 349
siege warfare, 65, 70, 164, 209, 398, 401–2, 413–14
England. see Britain
English Channel, 33
English language, 232, 284, 449
Enlightenment, 182–3, 449
Ephesus, 61
Epirus, 365
Erdoğan, Recep Tayyip, 94–8
Ergenekon, 96–7
Eternal City. see Rome
Eternal Peace, Treaty of, 110, 123
Ethiopia, 171, 263
Ethiopian Orthodox Church, 51
Etruscans, 21
Eucharist, 132, 394, 422
Eudaemon (prefect of Constantinople), 98–9
Eudocia (wife of Constantine X), 278, 281–2
Eudoxia (first wife of Heraclius), 158, 195
Eudoxia (mistress of Manuel I), 316
Eugenius (chamberlain), 66
Eugenius III (Pope), 297
eunuchs, 17–18, 102, 118–19, 241–2, 244, 266, 397, 449
Euphrates River, 156, 191
Eurasian steppe, 67, 74, 296, 303
Europe. see also eastern Europe; western Europe
Age of Exploration, 304, 448
Black Death (1347), XIX Central Asian nomads, 66
Christianity, 27, 49, 62, 231, 300, 302
civil law, 87
Constantinople’s relations with, 4, 11–13, 27, 54, 83, 137, 153, 224, 231, 234, 246, 277, 404, 407–8, 437, 449–50
Crusades, 291–2, 330, 333, 357, 393
Islam in, 230
Istanbul and, 9, 76, 147, 180, 234
Ottomans in, 370, 376–7, 385, 397–9, 401–2, 405
Renaissance, 447–8
volcanic eruptions, 418
European Union, 97–8
Eusebius (Bishop of Caesarea), 43
excommunication, 393
Excubitors, 99
F
Facebook, 94
fairytales, 250–8, 391
Far East, 297, 299, 302
Fatamids, 279, 282, 315
Fatih district, 1, 374
Fausta (Empress), 34, 43, 55–7
feminism. see women
Fener district, 437, 451
feudalism, 29, 338–9, 356, 365, 423
Fidler, Richard. see author & family
fire temples, 160–1, 163–4
First Crusade (1095-6). see Crusades
Flagellum Dei. see Attila the Hun
Flemish art, 212–13
Florence, 432, 447
folktales, 250–8, 391