Ghost Empire
Page 44
Kuwae (island), 418
L
Lactantius, 32, 35
Lake Van, 164, 279
Lakhmids, 141
Land Walls. see
Constantinian Wall; Theodosian Walls
Latin Church of Rome. see Roman Catholic Church
Latin culture, 79
Latin Empire of Constantinople (1204-61), XIX, 355–7, 360, 365–7
Latin language, XIV–XV, 5, 11, 137–8, 152, 300, 395, 448
Latium, 21
Laurentius, St (church), 98–9
law, 4, 82, 86–7, 137
Lazica, 124
Leda and the Swan, 83
Leo III (Pope), 244–5
Leo III the Isaurian (Emperor) (Konon) (r. 717-741), XIX, 221–5, 227–30, 236–9
Leo IV (Emperor), 239–41
Leo Phocas (brother of Nicephorus I), 263
Leontius (Emperor), 202–4, 206–7, 209–10
Liberius, 133
Libya, 87
Licinius, 42–3
Ligurians, 120
Lisbon, 448
Little Red Riding Hood, 250–1
Liutprand of Cremona, 17–18, 198, 259, 262–5
Lombards, 137, 151–2
London, 11
Louis VII (king of France), 321
Louis XIV (king of France), 135
Louis of Blois, 332–3
Luke, St, 12, 165, 417
Lupicina (d. 524), 78, 82
Lycus River, 376, 424
map, VIII
M
Macedonia, 201
Madrid Skylitzes, 199, 226
Magi, 297
Magister Militum (title), 75, 90
Magnaura Palace, 233
Mamerot, Sébastien, 292, 322
Manisa, 378
Manuel I Comnenus (Emperor, r. 1143-1180), 298, 315–21, 328, 442
Manuel II Paleologus (Emperor, r. 1391-1425), 381
Manzikert, battle of (1071), XIX, 279–81
Mao Zedong (Great Helmsman), 45, 136
Maras (Germanicaea), 222
Marc Anthony, 22
Maria (niece of Empress Zoe, fl. 1042), 274–5
Maria of Amnia (Empress, wife of Constantine VI, r. 788-795), 242–3
Maria of Antioch (Empress, r. 1180-1182, wife of Manuel I), 318–21
Maritsa River, 289
Marmara, Sea of (Propontis)
Bucoleon Palace, 82, 233
history of Constantinople, 103, 202, 225, 227, 229, 242, 246, 262, 267, 340, 345, 366, 407–8, 432
map, VIII
modern Istanbul, 23, 64, 232, 361–2, 385
site of Constantinople, 4, 63
Martina (Augusta), 158, 166–7, 177, 195
Mary, St of Blachernæ (church), 211
map, VIII
Mary, Virgin. see Virgin Mary
Maslama, 220, 224–5, 227–9
Maurice (Emperor), 152–5
Maxentius, 32, 34–7, 40
Maximian, 28, 32, 34, 358
Maximinus Daia, 32
Mecca, XVIII, 187–9
Media, 163
Medina (Yathrib), 188
Mediterranean Sea
ancient Roman Empire, 22
Arabs, 195, 197, 219, 220, 274
Byzantine Empire, 5, 88, 123, 133, 138, 156, 179, 195, 197
plague, 125, 127
Venetians, 327–8, 330
Medusa, 143
Mehmed II the Conqueror (Sultan, r. 1444-1446, 1451-1481), XIX–XX, 2–3, 6–7, 234, 359, 375, 377–81, 383–9, 396– 416, 418–27, 431–2, 434–7, 442–4
Melissena of Constantinople, 251, 256–7
Melusine, 251–8
menorah, 113–14
Merv, 176, 368
Mese, 12, 99, 167, 271, 351, 432, 434
map, VIII
Mesopotamia, 22, 43, 53, 89, 123–4, 133, 153, 156, 165, 167, 175. see also Iraq
messiah, 186, 189
Messina, straits of, 115
Methodius of Olympus, St (d. ca. 311), 217
Methodius, St (b. 815, d. 885), 6
Metropolitan Museum, New York, 450
Michael, St, 354
Michael I Rangabe (Emperor, r. 811-813), 256
Michael III (Emperor, r. 842-867), 147, 305
Michael VII Ducas (Emperor, r. 1071-1078), 281–2, 286
Michael VIII Paleologus (Emperor, r. 1259-1261), XIX
Michelangelo, 24
Middle Kingdom. see China
Miklagard (Constantinople), 14, 273, 275–7
Milan, 28, 36, 60, 72, 120–1
Milion, 14
Milvian Bridge, Rome, 117
battle (312), XVII, 37, 40
Minervina, 29, 34
Ming dynasty (China), 302
Minotto, Girolamo, 403, 411
modernity, 451
Mohammed. see Muhammad (570-632)
Monastery of the Pantocrator, 396
Mongolia, 296
Mongols, 205, 300, 302, 368
Monophysitism (Miaphysitism), 81–2
Montferrat, 333
Morea, 381
Morocco, 218, 310
mosaics, 45, 84, 101, 103, 107–8, 132, 146, 181, 234, 436, 449–50
Moscow, 444
Moses, 87, 186, 205, 237
mosques. see Islam
Mount Athos, 447
Mu’awiya (Caliph), 195–7
muhajirun, 173–4, 176, 188, 190
Muhammad (570-632)
birth, XVIII, 187
images, 146
life, 187–8, 191, 391
teachings & influence, 3, 9, 26, 171, 186, 188–9, 205, 219, 230, 329, 378, 383, 392, 435
Mundus, 101
Murad I (Sultan), 370
Murad II (Sultan, d. 1451), XIX, 376–9, 382–3
music, 247–9, 452–3
Muslims. see Islam
Mustafa (brother of Murad II), 377
Myra, 48
N
Naissus (Niš, Serbia), 27
names, XV, XVII, XX, 8, 22, 26, 56, 313–15, 431, 436–7, 440, 442
Naples, 115, 131, 447
Napoleon, 1, 87
Narses, 102, 118–21, 133, 151
naval power
Arabs, 195–7, 219–20, 224–9
Genoese, 403–4, 408
Portuguese & Spanish, 448
Romans, 165, 195–7, 206, 225–8, 320, 343, 373
Turks, 385, 406–13, 419
Venetians, 327–8, 330–4, 337, 340, 342–3, 347, 365, 367–8, 388–9, 401, 427, 432
Nazis, 46, 212
Nero (Emperor), 22, 40
Nestorianism, 138–9, 160, 299, 301–2
Nestorius (Patriarch of Constantinople), 299
New Rome. see Byzantium
New Testament, 185. see also Gospels; Revelation (Book)
Nicaea (Iznik), 44, 47, 241, 295, 355, 365–6, 369
Nicene Creed, 46
Nicephorus I Logothetes (Emperor, r. 802-811), 246
Nicephorus II Phocas (Emperor, r. 963-969) (‘Pale Death of the Saracens’), 260–8
Nicephorus III Botaneiates (Emperor, r. 1078-1081), 286
Nicephorus Bryennius the Younger (1062-1137), 287
Nicephorus (half-brother of Leo IV) (fl. 755-812), 240
Nicetas Choniates (historian), 321, 352–5
Nicholas II (Pope), 389, 392–5
Nicholas (convent labourer), 408
Nicholas of Myra, St, 47–8
Nicomedia (Izmit), 28–9, 32–3, 42, 57, 229, 369
Nika Riots (532), XVIII, 98–103
Nike (goddess), 37, 109–10, 236
Nile delta, 87
Nile River, 58, 126
Nineteen Couches, Palace of the, 18, 233
Nineveh, 165
Nisibis (Nusaybin), 89–90, 92, 94, 124
Noah’s Ark, 106, 391, 441
Normans, 278, 282, 288–9, 292, 315, 318
North Africa, XVIII, 12, 21, 74, 78, 111–14, 137, 156, 176, 195, 206–7, 218, 363. see also C
arthage; Egypt; Libya; Morocco
North Korea, 136
Norway, 14, 198, 272–4, 276
Norwich, John Julius, XI
Notaras, Lucas, 394, 414, 435–6
Notre Dame, Paris, 104, 366
Novgorod, 273, 275, 371, 444
Nur ad-Din (sultan of Damascus), 319
Nuremburg Chronicle (1493), 11
Nusaybin (Nisibis), 89–90, 92, 94, 124
O
obelisk, 60
Octavian. see Augustus (Emperor)
Odoacer, 75
Ohrmazd (Ahura Mazda), 160–1, 163
Olaf (King of Norway), 273
Old Testament, 43, 185. see also Genesis (Book); Isaiah, Book of
Omar Khayyam, 279
orb (Red Apple), 371–2
Orestes (Magister Militium), 74
Orhan (Prince) (Ottoman pretender), 383–4, 403, 411, 432
Orleans, 72
Orthodox Church. see also Armenian Orthodox Church; Ethiopian Orthodox Church; Greek Orthodox Church; Russian Orthodox Church
Constantinople, 88, 168, 247
Emperors, 161, 237, 241
Great Schism (see Great Schism (1054) & reunion (1452))
Istanbul, 437
Jerusalem, 51–2
Naples, 115
Paris, 452
ritual & faith, 147, 310, 446–7
saints, 49, 62
silk, 139
Vandals, 111
Osman Bey, 368
Ostrogoths, 114–23
Otto I the Great (Holy Roman Emperor), 262–4, 268–70
Otto II (Holy Roman Emperor), 262, 268–70
Otto III (Holy Roman Emperor), 270
Otto of Freisig (historian), 297
Ottoman Empire (1453-1924), 52, 76–7, 97, 141, 143, 234, 363, 436–8, 442, 448, 451. see also Istanbul
map, 431
quincentenary (1953), 150
Ottoman Turks, XIX–XX, 2, 6–8, 357, 359, 368–71, 373, 375–89, 397–416, 418–29, 431–5
“Özbay, Mehmet” (pseudonym), 96
P
Pacific Ocean, 88, 418
paganism
ancient Roman Empire, 5, 31, 40, 53, 88, 216, 236
Arabs, 176, 189
Byzantine Empire, 55–6, 59–60, 87, 143–4, 214, 237, 441–2, 445–6
Rome, 74
Slavs, 15
Pakistan, 88, 313
Palace of Daphne, 233
Palace of the Nineteen Couches, 18, 233
Palace of the
Porphyrogenitus, 384
Palaeologus dynasty, 367, 370
Palatine Hill, Rome, 21
Palermo, 114
Palestine, XVIII, 50, 166, 172–4, 176, 186, 189– 91, 195, 300. see also Holy Land
Palladium, 440–1
Pallas (goddess), 440
Pamuk, Orhan, 96, 373–4
Pando, 147–8, 150–1
Pando Kaymak, 147–51
Pannonia, 151
Pantaleon, St (church, Cologne), 270
papacy. see Popes (Rome)
Papatzys, 207
Paris, 11, 72, 340, 366, 452
partisans, 69–70, 80–2, 98, 156, 203. see also Blues (faction); Greens (faction)
Patriarch of Constantinople, 147, 223, 241, 267, 278, 306, 352, 382, 393, 396, 436, 450–1. see also Bartholomew I; Callinicus; Gregory; Sergius
Paul, St, 186
Paul II (Pope), 443–4
Paul of Perugia, 447
Paul the Deacon, 210
Pechenegs, 259, 289, 296
Peloponnese, 340, 381
Pelusium, 125
People of the Book (ahl-al-kitab), 176
People of the Cave, 62
‘People’s Crusade’, 191–2
Peroz, 90–4
persecutions of Christians, 22, 30–1, 35, 43, 61, 216
persecutions of iconophiles, 238
persecutions of Jews, 156, 291
Persians. see also Iran; Iraq; Sassanids
Arabs and, 171, 174–6, 189–90, 217, 231
chess, 168–70, 233
culture, 279, 391, 399, 435, 444
plague, 130, 189
Prester John, 297, 300–2
silk, 138–41
Treaty of Eternal Peace, 110–11, 114
wars against Romans, 29, 53, 60, 88–91, 101, 120–1, 123–5, 139, 141, 152–67, 170, 177, 364, 445
Zoroastrianism, 160–1
pestis. see plague
Peter Damian, St, 269
Peter the Hermit, 291–2
Petrarch, 447
Petrus Sabbatius. see Justinian I
Philip of Swabia, 337
Philip (Pope’s physician), 300, 302
Philip (son of Baldwin II), 366
Philippa (Princess), 318
Phocas (Emperor), 153–7
Picts, 33
Pillars of Hercules, 3, 218
Pisa, 320
plague, 48, 137, 246
Plague of Justinian, Constantinople (541-42), XVIII, 78, 125–30
recurrences (558, 573, 599), 129, 133
Roman & Persian empires (7th century), 161, 166, 189, 200
Normans (11th century), 288–9
Black Death (1347), XIX, 369
Plato, 87, 287, 447
Pliny the Elder, 138, 196
Po River, 73, 121
Pola (Pula, Croatia), 55
polo, 232–3
Polo, Niccolò, Matteo & Marco, 302
polytheism. see paganism Pompeii, 133
Pompey Magnus, 22, 58
Popes (Rome), 52, 80, 269, 328, 348, 356, 382–3, 392–4, 403–4, 408, 443. see also the names of Popes
Porphyrogenitus, Palace of the, 384
Porta Aurea (Constantinople). see Golden Gate
Portuguese, 448
Praetextus (high priest), 441
Praetorian Guard, 34, 37
Praetorian prefects, 63, 69
Praetorium, 203
prefects. see bureaucracy
Prester John, 296–302
Principo (island), 246
Priscus, 70
Procopia (Empress), 256
Procopius, 80, 85, 91, 102, 105, 112, 114, 119, 122, 125, 127, 174
secret history, XIII, 82–3, 124
prophecies & predictions
Byzantine, 6–7, 36–7, 41, 217–18, 321, 415–16, 419, 426, 433
Christian, 213–14, 290
Hebrew, 186
Muslim, 3, 378, 415, 418
Roman, 30
Prophet. see Muhammad
Propontis. see Marmara, Sea of
Protestants, 51, 184–5
Proti (island), 267
Prusa (Bursa), 243, 369
Q
Qatwan, Battle of, 300
Quadriga, 357–8
quaestor (title), 99
Queen of Cities. see Constantinople (330-1453)
al-Qunstantiyah. see Constantinople (330-1453)
Qur’an, 62, 146, 186, 190, 391–2
Quraysh, 187–8
R
racing factions, 80
Ramadan, 188
Ramla (Dabiq), 227
Ravenna, XVII–XVIII, 60, 66–7, 71, 75, 115, 117–19, 121–2, 131
Church of St Vitale, 84, 101, 132
Raymond of Antioch, 318
Red Apple (orb), 371–2
Red Sea, 141
religion, 56, 178, 181–6, 202. see also Christianity; Islam; paganism; Zoroastrianism
infidels, 87, 178, 226, 296, 330
Renaissance, 447–8
republicanism, 19, 30, 60, 80
Revelation (Book), 157, 214, 216–17
Rhodes, 195–7, 229
Richard I the Lionheart (King of England), 329–30
Rimini, 117–19
Rizzo, Antonio, 388–9, 401
roads, Roman, 2, 12, 88, 130
Robert de Clari, 335, 350
Robert Guiscard, 288
Robert the Wise, 447
Romaioi.
see Romans of the East
Roman aristocrats, 80–2, 100, 159, 161, 202, 241, 278, 286, 320, 327, 347
Roman Catholic Church, XIX, 51–2, 184, 248, 320, 328, 335–6, 346, 348, 356–7, 359, 382, 443–4, 447. see also Popes (Rome)
Great Schism (see Great Schism)
Roman civilization, 8–9, 16, 29, 56, 60, 66, 74–6, 86, 88, 108, 110, 129, 138–42
Roman Empire
author’s note, XV
maps, 25, 76, 145, 180, 232, 283, 360, 390
nomads of Central Asia, 296
successors, 442–4
Roman Empire: timeline, XVII–XX
ancient (before 330 AD), 16, 31, 42–3, 53, 137, 429
330-394 AD, 25, 27, 57, 59–61, 68, 438–40
395-476 AD: separated into East and West, 4, 69–72 (see also Roman Empire of the East; Roman Empire of the West)
477-565 AD, 76, 79–84, 86–93, 101, 104, 110– 13, 115, 117, 119–20, 122–3, 126, 130–1, 133, 135, 137–9
566-609 AD, 151–6
610-641 AD, 145, 156, 158–63, 166, 171–6, 178–9
642-718 AD, 180, 186, 189–91, 195–7, 200, 206–7, 211, 213, 216–21
719-1080 AD, 222–3, 225– 30, 232, 238, 240, 242, 246–7, 259, 267, 273–5, 277–9, 282, 446–7
1081-1185: Comneni Emperors, 283, 288–9, 293–5, 299, 301, 315–25
1200-1204: Fourth Crusade, 326, 328, 337–59
1205-1261: courts in exile, 355, 360, 365–6
1261-1453: restoration, 367–73, 375–8, 380, 384–9, 394, 397–8
1453: Ottoman siege of Constantinople & fall, XX, 2, 6, 234, 390, 408, 421, 433–5, 444
modern remains, 362–4
Roman Empire of the East. see also Byzantine Empire
Constantine’s time, 42, 54
Constantinople as capital, 3–4, 54
decline & fall after sack of Constantinople (1204), 365, 442, 449–50, 453
Diocletian’s time, 28, 32
Holy Roman Empire and, 245, 262, 268, 270
separated from the West (395-476), XVII, 60, 70, 74, 299
western Empire and, 22
Roman Empire of the West. see also Holy Roman Empire
tetrarchy (284-323), 28–37, 42, 54
separated from the East (395), XVII, 60, 66
attacked by Attila (450), XVIII, 71–3
abdication of last emperor (476), XVIII, 8, 22, 74–5, 365
crown offered to Belisarius (540), 121–3
Roman law, 4, 82, 86–7, 137
Roman Republic, 19, 30, 60, 80
Roman roads, 2, 12, 88, 130
Romania, 5
Romans
ancient, 18–19, 23, 38–40, 50, 58, 233, 236, 299, 303, 450
author’s note, XI–XIII, XV
history, 5, 21–3, 26, 36, 64–5
Romans of the East
China and, 303–4
Christianity, 237, 324, 396, 445
evolution from ancient Rome, XV, 3–5, 195, 200, 420, 457
food, 198–200
historical assessments, 183, 264
prophecies & predictions, 7, 203
Romanus II (Emperor, r. 959-963), 258–60