26. Robert Bergsvik, “Environmental Report Delayed,” DC, 18 January 1986, p. A3; Bergsvik, “Air Pollution Monitor at Heg. School Linked into Program,” DC, 27 January 1986, p. A10; Bergsvik, “Council to Vote on Waste Ban Extension,” DC, 29 January 1986, p. A3; Bergsvik, “CBE Prepares for Suit,” DC, 13 February 1986, p. A5; Bergsvik, “Landfill Countdown Is On,” DC, 29 May 1986, p. A3; A New Direction for Solid Waste Management in Chicago. Final Report of the Mayor’s Task Force on Solid Waste Management, April 1986, esp. p. 62; Bergsvik, “CID Operations Heightened,” DC, [5 June 1986], p. 1; Hazel Johnson to Jackie Schad, 6 June 1986, CRP Box 30 Fld. 368; James W. Collum to Hubert W. Holton, “Neighborhood Forums—District 4,” 9 June 1986, Tina Vicini to Office of the Mayor’s Press Secretary, “Mayor’s Forum,” 13 June 1986, and Greg Longhini to Dinorah Marquez, “Briefing Material for Mayor Washington’s Neighborhood Forum in the South Chicago/South Deering Community,” 18 June 1986, all HWP DS Box 1 Fld. 10; Marquez, “Briefing Notes,” 24 June 1986, HWP COS Box 44 Fld. 4; News Release, “Mayor Washington Meets Residents from South Chicago, East Side, South Deering, and Hegewisch,” 24 June 1986, HWP DS Box 13 Fld. 23; John Kass, “Ailment Makes Mayor Sing Praise Faintly,” CT, 14 August 1986, p. 3; Gail Weisberg to Anthony C. Gibbs Jr., “Neighborhood Forums,” 15 August 1986, HWP CSS Box 22 Fld. 23; Jerry Sullivan, “Of Dumps, Chicago Politics & Herons,” Audobon, March 1987, pp. 122–26.
27. John Camper and Dean Baquet, “Patronage Accusations Stall Mayor’s Job Referral Program,” CT, 15 December 1985, p. 1; “Developing Communities Project: A Proposal to Expand Grass-Roots Organizing Around Employment and Education Issues in the Far South Side of Chicago,” n.d. [ca. early October 1986], MAWP, pp. 3–4; Gamaliel Institute, “Community Participation and Leadership Program,” n.d. [ca. March–April 1986], 12pp., and [Gamaliel], “Chicago’s Greatest Challenge: Lost Minds, Lost Hopes,” n.d. [May 1986], 21pp., Gamaliel Papers; Phil Mullins, “The Name of the Game Is Power,” TNW, May 1986, pp. 7–8; Divine Word International to Gamaliel Foundation, Statement, n.d. [August 1986], Gamaliel Foundation: An Organizing Institute, “Report,” September 1986, 5pp., and Gamaliel Foundation, “Community Participation and Leadership Program,” n.d. [ca. September–October 1986], 10pp., Gamaliel Papers; Obama, DFMF, pp. 184–86; Yvonne Lloyd in “A Rusty Toyota,” WP, 11 February 2007, p. B3; David Moberg, “Obama’s Third Way,” NHI Shelterforce #149, Spring 2007; Christine Lagoria, “Where Obama’s Journey Began,” CBSNews.com, 27 April 2007; David James Smith, “The Ascent of Mr. Charisma,” Sunday Times Magazine, 23 March 2008, pp. 58ff.; Byron York, “The Organizer,” National Review, 30 June 2008; “Barack Obama Revealed,” CNN, 20 August 2008; McClelland, Young Mr. Obama, p. 20; DJG interviews with Loretta Augustine-Herron, Yvonne Lloyd, Tommy West, John Ayers, Mary Ellen Montes, and Barack Obama. On Gamaliel’s growth, see Kathryn I. Coughlin’s tough-minded “A Fund Development Strategic Plan for the Gamaliel Foundation,” M.S. thesis, DePaul University, February 1999, esp. pp. 6–7; Dennis A. Jacobson, Doing Justice: Congregations and Community Organizing (Fortress Press, 2001); and Stephen Hart’s excellent Cultural Dilemmas of Progressive Politics: Styles of Engagement Among Grassroots Activists (University of Chicago Press, 2001), esp. pp. 27–120. On Mary Ellen’s role at Fiesta Educativa, later the National Center for Latinos with Disabilities, see “LeFevour Appointed President,” CST, 10 December 1986; Mike Ervin, “Kill My Program,” CR, 8 May 1988; Susy Schultz, “City Colleges Name Brady as Chancellor,” CST, 23 December 1988; and Graciela Kenig, “Hispanic Women Gain Power,” CST, 4 October 1991.
28. Chicago Phone Directory, 1986, 1987, and 1988; University of Chicago Student Directory, 1986, 1987, and esp. 1988, p. 69; Hyde Park Neighborhood Phone Book, July 1988, esp. p. 47; Abigail Foerstner, “Exhibit Is a ‘Who’s Who’ of 150 Years of Masterworks,” CT, 3 October 1986, p. 83; Obama to Phil Boerner, 21 October 1986, Boerner Papers; Obama, DFMF, pp. 227–28; Ben Calhoun, “The Neighborhood That Launched Barack Obama,” WBEZ Radio, 3 July 2008; Kellman in Moberg, “Obama’s Third Way,” and in John B. Judis, “Creation Myth,” TNR, 10 September 2008, pp. 18ff.; McClelland, Young Mr. Obama, pp. 49–50; DJG interviews with Jerry Kellman, Mike Kruglik, Bill Stenzel, Tom Kaminski, Loretta Augustine-Herron, Dan Lee, Cathy Askew, Asif Agha, Johnnie Owens, Sheila Jager, John Morillo, Andrea Atkin, and Phil Boerner.
29. Leo T. Mahon, “From the Pastor’s Desk,” SVPSB, 2 February 1986, p. 2; SVPSB, 15 June 1986, p. 2; Mahon, “From the Pastor’s Desk,” SVPSB, 17 August 1986, pp. 2–3; “Mahon Leaves St. Victor,” DC, 30 August 1986, p. A8; Mahon, “A Last Letter,” SVPSB, 21 September 1986, pp. 2–3; “Pastor to Speak,” DC, 10 December 1986, p. A3; Eloise Valadez, “New Pastor Named for St. Victor,” DC, 13 December 1986, p. A5; Mahon, “St. Victor Parish,” Dan Tomich, “The Caretaker,” Gloria Boyda, “Transition,” and Tom Cima, “A Tale of Three Sundays,” Upturn, December 1986–January 1987, pp. 4–8; Karen Galvin, “Communal Reconciliation,” Upturn, February–March 1987, p. 10; DJG interviews with Leo Mahon, Bill Stenzel, Bernie Pietrzak, Tom Cima, George Schopp, Len Dubi, Fred Simari, Jan Poledziewski, and Jerry Kellman.
On SSAC, see Robert Bergsvik, “Coalition Eyes Loan Practices,” DC, 18 December 1985, p. A3; “South Suburban Action Conference,” SVPSB, 24 August 1986, p. 8; John Gallagher, “SSAC Calls for Action on HUD Woes,” DC, 24 September 1986, p. A1; “Senators’ Support Sought,” DC, 7 October 1986, p. A1; C. D. Matthews, “Cal City Group Addressing Housing Issues,” DC, 3 November 1986, p. A3; Bergsvik, “Housing Group Protests Lack of HUD Office,” DC, 18 November 1986, p. A1; Gerald Kellman, SSAC, “CHD Pre-Application Form,” 30 November 1986, Bernardin Papers; Andrew Fegelman, “Suburban Group Seeks U.S. Housing Changes,” CT, 14 January 1987, p. C8; Bergsvik, “Housing Talks ‘No Blockbuster,’” DC, 16 January 1987, p. A2; Bergsvik, “SSAC Shuns HUD,” DC, 6 February 1987; Nick Manetas, “Business Group Becoming a Political One,” DC, 17 March 1987, p. A4; Deborah Snow, “End to ‘Dual Housing Market’ Urged,” DC, 15 June 1987, p. A1; Leslie Morse, “SSAC Urges Open Real Estate Lists,” DC, 30 July 1987, p. A2; John Gallagher, “SSAC Makes Housing Plans Top Priority,” DC, 30 October 1987, p. 1.
30. “Articles of Incorporation,” Developing Communities Project, 26 September 1986, Mary-Ann Wilson, Notes of Meeting with Barack Obama, n.d. [ca. 1 October 1986], 3pp., Obama to Wilson, 6 October 1986, “By Laws of the Developing Communities Project,” [6 October 1986], 6pp., “Board of Directors—Developing Communities Project,” n.d., “Developing Communities Project: A Proposal to Expand Grass-Roots Organizing Around Employment and Education Issues in the Far South Side of Chicago,” n.d. [ca. early October 1986], 10pp., Wilson to Obama, 13 November 1986, Obama to Wilson, 22 November 1986, Form SS-4, Form 2848, “Registration Statement—Charitable Organization,” and “Financial Information Form,” November 1986, Form 1023, “Application for Recognition of Exemption,” 25 November 1986, Wilson to Marlene Dillard, 25 November 1986, Wilson to IRS, 25 November 1986, Wilson to Charitable Trust Division, Illinois Attorney General’s Office, 2 December 1986, IRS to DCP, 15 December 1986, Wilson to Obama, 24 December 1986, IRS to Wilson, 16 January 1987, Obama to Wilson, 20 January 1987, Wilson to Obama, 22 January 1987, all Mary-Ann Wilson Papers; Juanita Bratcher, “Grant $7.6 Million to 151 Agencies,” CD, 23 December 1986, p. 1; Woods Charitable Fund, Report for the Year 1986 [ca. March 1987], esp. pp. 2–5, 20–22; Obama to Anne Hallett, 30 December 1986, Wieboldt Foundation, Report for 1984 and 1985, 23 April 1986, and 1986 Annual Report [March 1987], p. 2, Wieboldt Foundation Papers; Mike Flannery, “Obama’s Community Service Called Under Question,” WBBM Radio, 20 February 2007; DJG interviews with Greg Galluzzo, Mary Gonzales, Bob Moriarty, Danny Solis, Phil Mullins, Peter Martinez, Mary-Ann Wilson, Jerry Kellman, Mary Bernstein, Marlene Dillard, Dan Lee, Betty Garrett, Loretta Augustine-Herron, Tom Kaminski, Cathy Askew, Yvonne Lloyd, Nadyne Griffin, Aletha Strong, Ann West, Isabella Waller, Deloris Burnam, Ernest Powell, Kathy Kish, Ken Rolling, Jean Rudd, John Owens, and Anne Halle
tt.
31. Larry Galica, “Waste Management Given OK to Buy SCA Chemical,” DC, 13 September 1984, p. A1; Thomas Petzinger and Matt Moffett, “Plants That Incinerate Poisonous Wastes Run into a Host of Problems,” WSJ, 26 August 1985, pp. 1, 12; Linda Lenz, “Bright Elementary Shines Through,” CST, 20 April 1986; Vi Czachorski, “Get Ready to Fight Dump,” HN, 2 October 1986, p. 1; “Landfill Battlers Plan Celebration,” DC, 3 October 1986, p. A3; Casey Bukro, “South Side Facility Burning ‘Superwaste,’” CT, 25 October 1986, p. 1; Gail Weisberg to Department Heads, “Far South Neighborhood Forum,” 27 October 1986, WHP CSS Box 11 Fld. 8 and DS Box 6 Fld. 14; Czachorski, “ERV Gives Hope to HOPE,” HN, 30 October 1986, p. 1; Bukro, “Industrial Free Increase Urged to Fight Toxins,” CT, 31 October 1986, p. 1; Bukro, “Waste Fight Turning to Ballot Box,” CT, 3 November 1986, p. C1; Czachorski, “From the Editor’s Scratch Pad,” HN, 6 November 1986, p. 1; United Neighborhood Organization of Southeast Chicago, Annual Awards Banquet, 7 November 1986, FLP Box 5 Fld. 6; Dean Baquet and William Grimes, “Firm Goes Far with Vrdolyak Name,” CT, 9 November 1986; p. 1, “Hispanic Hope,” DC, 11 November 1986, p. A5; Galica, “Steelworkers Face Dim Holiday, and “LTV Pensions in Danger,” DC, 26 November 1986, p. A1; Weisberg to Department Heads, “South Deering/East Side/Hegewisch Forum,” 28 November 1986, HWP CSS Box 22 Fld. 16; “UNO Honors Ortega and Lumpkin,” Save Our Jobs News 2 #2 (December 1986): 3, FLP Box 5 Fld. 5; Czachorski, “From the Editor’s Scratch Pad,” HN, 4 December 1986, p. 1; Galica, “Wis. Steel Workers Picket Navistar Meeting,” DC, 10 December 1986, p. A5; Czachorski, “Anti-Dump Petition May End Up in Trash Heap,” HN, 25 December 1986, p. 1; Galica, “After Five Months, Labor Troubles Move into 1987,” DC, 30 December 1986, p. A2; Jim Vallette, Waste Management Inc.: The Greenpeace Report (Greenpeace USA, May 1987), pp. 15–16; Helen Sundman, “UNO: Taking Organizing to a New Level, or Leaving the Community Behind?,” Chicago Reporter, May 1994; DJG interviews with Danny Solis, Phil Mullins, Bruce Orenstein, Mary Ellen Montes, Hazel Johnson, and Bob Ginsburg.
32. John McKnight, “John Deare and the Bereavement Counselor,” fourth annual E. F. Schumacher Lecture, October 1984, in McKnight, The Careless Society (Basic Books, 1995), pp. 3–15; McKnight and John Kretzmann, “Community Organizing in the ’80s: Toward a Post-Alinsky Agenda,” Social Policy, Winter 1984, pp. 15–17; McKnight, “A Reconsideration of the Crisis of the Welfare State,” Social Policy, Summer 1985, pp. 27–30; Christopher Chandler, “John McKnight,” Chicago Magazine, November 1985, pp. 202–7; McKnight, “Capturing Local Health Dollars,” CT, 17 February 1986, p. 11; “Things Go Better with Neighbors—Mary O’Connell Interviews John McKnight,” Salt, June 1986, pp. 4–11; McKnight, “Looking at Capacity, Not Deficiency,” in Marc Lipsitz, ed., Revitalizing Our Cities: New Approaches to Solving Urban Problems (Fund for an American Renaissance, 1986), pp. 101–6; McKnight, “Well-Being: The New Threshold to the Old Medicine,” Health Promotion 1 (1986): 77–80; McKnight, “Regenerating Community,” Social Policy, Winter 1987, pp. 54–58; Wieboldt Foundation, 1987 Annual Report [March 1988], p. 7; DJG inter-views with John McKnight and Ellen Schumer.
33. [Donald R. Moore], The Bottom Line: Chicago’s Failing Schools and How to Save Them (Designs for Change, January 1985), 126pp.; Jean Latz Griffin and Casey Banas, “Dropout Ills More Severe in Recount,” CT, 7 February 1985, p. 1; “Dismal School Dropout Study,” CT, 11 February 1985, p. 18; Banas, “Failures Climb at City Schools,” CT, 12 March 1985, p. 1; G. Alfred Hess, Jr., Dropouts from the Chicago Public Schools: An Analysis of the Classes of 1982–1983–1984 (Chicago Panel on Public School Finances, 24 April 1985), 121pp.; “School Dropout Rate Nearly 50%!” CST, 24 April 1985, p. 1; Patrick Reardon, “Board Policy Blamed for Dropout Epidemic,” CT, 25 April 1985, p. 1; Banas, “‘Average’ High School Below U.S. Par,” CT, 30 April 1985; Jean Davidson, “Push Must Come from Outside of Schools to Be Felt Within,” CT, 30 June 1985, pp. D1, D6; “Criminal Behavior Is Reinforced,” CT, 17 Septenber 1985, p. 10; Reardon and Davidson, “Schools Outclassed in Fight with Failure,” CT, 30 September 1985, p. 1; Banas, “School Reform Attacked as ‘Minimal,’” CT, 14 November 1985, p. 1; Banas, “Dropout Theory Takes New Course,” CT, 20 March 1986, p. 1; Julie Whitmore, “A Year After: Why Reform Failed in State Education,” CCB, 21 July 1986, p. 3; Hess, “Power to the People,” CCB, 21 July 1986, p. 12; Griffin, “Parents Often the Pushers,” CT, 23 September 1986; Hess Jr. et al., “‘Where’s Room 185?’: How Schools Can Reduce Their Dropout Problem,” Education and Urban Society 19 (May 1987): 330–55; Banas, “8 Schools Found Cutting Class Time,” CT, 3 December 1986, p. 1; Linda Lenz, “Panel Charges 3 Schools Fake ‘Study Halls,’” CST, 3 December 1986, p. 3; Juanita Bratcher, “Average Student ‘Shortchanged,’ Study Reports,” CD, 3 December 1986, p. 1; William Recktenwald, “Classroom Hours Don’t Add Up at City Schools,” CT, 4 December 1986, p. 1; Bratcher, “Bad Report Irks Byrd,” CD, 4 December 1986, p. 3; Jack Houston, “Class Time Audit Set,” CT, 5 December 1986, p. 3; Bratcher, “Dropout Rate Irks Parents,” CD, 11 December 1986, p. 3; “Panel Investigates High School Drop Out Rates,” CD, 16 December 1986, p. 11; Banas, “Dropout Crisis Called Even Worse,” CT, 17 December 1986, p. 1; “How High Schools Cheat Students,” CT, 17 December 1987, p. 22; “Byrd Defends School Anti-Dropout Role,” CT, 18 January 1987, p. 2; Robert McClory, “Manford Byrd’s Report Card,” Chicago Magazine, February 1987, pp. 125–31; Donald R. Moore, “Voice and Choice in Chicago,” in William H. Clune and John F. Witte, eds., Choice and Control in American Education, Volume 2 (Falmer Press, 1990), pp. 153–98, esp. 161; G. Alfred Hess Jr., School Restructuring, Chicago Style (Corwin Press, 1991), pp. 10–14; Charles L. Kyle and Edward R. Kantowicz, Kids First—Primero Los Ninos: Chicago School Reform in the 1980s (Illinois Issues, 1992), pp. 149–50, 215–16; Hess, “Race and the Liberal Perspective in Chicago School Reform,” in Catherine Marshall, ed., The New Politics of Race and Gender (Falmer Press, 1994), pp. 85–96, esp. 88; Jon Yates, “G. Alfred Hess Jr.: 1938–2006—Educator Challenged Inequity of Resources in Chicago Schools,” CT, 30 January 2006; Marilyn Sherman, “Fred Hess Led the Way in School Reform,” Inquiry, Spring 2006; DJG interview with Don Moore; Linda Lenz, “Don Moore: Reform Leader, LSC Champion,” Catalyst Chicago, 4 September 2012; Graydon Megan, “Donald Moore, 1942–2012,” CT, 9 September 2012. See also Hess, “Global Development Training for Village Residents: The Maharashtra Village Development Project,” Ph.D. dissertation, 1980, Northwestern University.
34. Chinta Strausberg, “Teachers Leave Pre-School Fearing Asbestos,” CD, 4 December 1986, p. 3; Donald M. Schwartz, “Schools to Act on Crowding,” CST, 4 December 1986, p. 64; “Parents Threaten School Boycott,” CT, 14 December 1986, p. C19; Robert Davis, “Boycott over Asbestos Fears Thins Out Attendance at Preschool,” CT, 16 December 1986, p. C8; Roger Flaherty, “Hazard Spurs School Boycott,” CST, 16 December 1986, p. 2; Jean Davidson, “Prove School Safe or Else, Parents Say,” CT, 17 December 1986, p. C3; Casey Banas, “Alternate Wheatley Site Sought,” CT, 18 December 1986, p. C2.
Patrick Reardon and Bonita Brodt, “CHA Finances Falling Apart as Quickly as Its Buildings,” CT, 5 December 1986, p. 1; “A Neighborhood No More” and “Any Day Would Make a Great Moving Day,” CT, 9 December 1986, p. 18; Stanley Ziemba and R. C. Longworth, “Leadership Battles Keep CHA in the Basement,” CT, 11 December 1986, p. 1; Reardon and Ziemba, “‘New Day’ for CHA as Bad as Old One,” CT, 12 December 1986, p. 1; Ziemba and Davis, “Smith Resigns in CHA Feud,” CT, 8 January 1987, p. 1; Reardon and Ziemba, “Robinson Quits as CHA Chief,” CT, 17 January 1987, p. 1; Leslie Baldacci, “New CHA Team Vows to Improve Conditions,” CST, 30 January 1987, p. 20; Baldacci, “CHA Nearly Loses New $9 Million in Funding,” CST, 5 February 1987, p. 14; Jerry Thornton, “Asbestos Is Latest Problem for CHA,” CT, 20 April 1987, p. 7; Joel Kaplan and Ziemba, “Ex-Chief Smith Targeted by HUD,” CT, 1 May 1987, p. 1; Reardon, “HUD to Deny $82 Million Request, CHA Says,” CT, 28 May 1987, p. 1; “8.9 Million Cleanup Sla
ted at 5 Projects,” CST, 14 June 1987, p. 8; Ziemba, “CHA Asbestos Removal Stalled,” CT, 8 August 1987, p. 5; Jack Houston, “CHA Is Again Seeking Asbestos Bids,” CT, 9 August 1987, p. C3; Reardon and Thornton, “CHA Asbestos Plan in Danger,” CT, 13 August 1987, p. 1; Reardon, “CHA Gets $2 Million in Program to Abate Asbestos,” CT, 25 August 1987, p. 7; Reardon and Ziemba, “Rallying Cry Turns into a Whisper,” CT, 1 September 1987, p. C1; Reardon and Ziemba, “CHA Tenant Control Project OK’d,” CT, 23 September 1987, p. C6; Baldacci, “U.S. Extends CHA Asbestos-Pact Deadline,” CST, 1 January 1988, p. 24; Baldacci, “CHA Asbestos Removal to Start,” CST, 10 March 1988, p. 10; William E. Schmidt, “Bold Plans for Curing Sick Housing,” NYT, 11 October 1988; Alton Miller, Harold Washington: the Mayor, the Man (Bonus Books, 1989), pp. 306–15, esp. 307. See also Andrew H. Malcolm, “Study Portrays Chicago as a City That’s Divided,” NYT, 5 October 1986, p. 38, and John McCormick, “Chicago Bounces Back,” Newsweek, 6 October 1986, pp. 42–43.
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