60. Bart Bonikowski, “Three Lessons of Contemporary Populism in Europe and the United States,” Brown Journal of World Affairs 23, no. 1 (2016); Bart Bonikowski and Paul DiMaggio, “Varieties of American Popular Nationalism,” American Sociological Review 81, no. 5 (2016): 949–80; Theda Skocpol and Vanessa Williamson, The Tea Party and the Remaking of Republican Conservatism (New York: Oxford University Press, 2016), 74–75.
61. Richard Wike et al., “Globally, Broad Support for Representative and Direct Democracy,” Pew Research Center’s Global Attitudes Project, October 16, 2017, http://www.pewglobal.org/2017/10/16/globally-broad-support-for-representa tive-and-direct-democracy.
62. As democracy scholar and author of the “democratic recession” thesis Larry Diamond puts it, “It is hard to overstate how important the vitality and self-confidence of U.S. democracy has been to the global expansion of democracy.… Apathy and inertia in Europe and the United States could significantly lower the barriers to new democratic reversals and to authoritarian entrenchment in many more states.” See Larry Diamond, “Facing Up to the Democratic Recession,” Journal of Democracy 26, no. 1 (2015): 141–55, https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2015.0009.
63. Naomi Klein, The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism (New York: Picador, 2007); Erik Olin Wright, Envisioning Real Utopias (London: Verso, 2010); Wendy Brown, Edgework: Critical Essays on Knowledge and Politics (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005); Gerald F. Davis, Managed by the Markets: How Finance Re-shaped America (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011).
64. Immanuel Wallerstein et al., Does Capitalism Have a Future? (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013); Erik Olin Wright, Envisioning Real Utopias (London: Verso, 2010); Naomi Klein, This Changes Everything: Capitalism Vs. the Climate (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2015); Wendy Brown, Edgework: Critical Essays on Knowledge and Politics (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005); Davis, Managed by the Markets; Wolfgang Streeck, “On the Dismal Future of Capitalism,” Socio-Economic Review 14, no. 1 (2016): 164–70; Craig Calhoun, “The Future of Capitalism,” Socio-Economic Review 14, no. 1 (2016): 171–76; Polly Toynbee, “Unfettered Capitalism Eats Itself,” Socio-Economic Review 14, no. 1 (2016): 176–79; Amitai Etzioni, “The Next Industrial Revolution Calls for a Different Economic System,” Socio-Economic Review 14, no. 1 (2016): 179–83.
65. See, for example, Nicolas Berggruen and Nathan Gardels, Intelligent Governance for the 21st Century: A Middle Way Between West and East (Cambridge: Polity, 2013).
66. Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism (New York: Schocken, 2004), 615.
67. Theodor Adorno, “Education after Auschwitz,” in Critical Models: Interventions and Catchwords (New York: Columbia University Press, 1966).
68. Thomas Piketty, Capital in the Twenty-First Century (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2014), 571.
69. Piketty, Capital in the Twenty-First Century, 573. For a wise and elegant defense of democracy, see also Wendy Brown, Undoing the Demos: Neoliberalism’s Stealth Revolution (New York: Zone, 2015).
70. Roger W. Garrison, “Hayek and Friedman,” in Elgar Companion to Hayekian Economics, ed. Norman Barry (Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar, 2014).
71. Friedrich Hayek, interview by Robert Bork, November 4, 1978, Center for Oral History Research, University of California, Los Angeles, http://oralhistory.library.ucla.edu.
72. Zygmunt Bauman, Liquid Modernity (Cambridge, MA: Polity, 2000); Fernand Braudel, The Structures of Everyday Life (New York: Harper & Row, 1981), 1:620.
73. Piketty, Capital in the Twenty-First Century, 614–15.
74. Roberto M. Unger, Free Trade Reimagined: The World Division of Labor and the Method of Economics (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007), 8, 41 (italics mine).
75. Paine, The Life and Works, 6:172.
76. Hannah Arendt, “A Reply” [to Eric Voegelin’s review of Origins of Totalitarianism], Review of Politics, 15 (1953): 79.
77. George Orwell, In Front of Your Nose 1945–1950: The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell, vol. 4, ed. Sonia Orwell and Ian Angus (New York: Harcourt, Brace, and World, 1968), 160–81 (italics mine).
78. Orwell, In Front of Your Nose.
79. Hannah Arendt, “What Is Freedom?” in Between Past and Future: Eight Exercises in Political Thought (New York: Penguin, 1993), 169.
INDEX
Note: Page numbers with f refer to figures.
About Behaviorism (Skinner), 326, 362
A/B tests, 298, 301
accidents: machine learning moves toward elimination of, 409, 414; as phenomena lacking information, 364, 367, 368, 412
accumulation by dispossession, 99
Acemoglu, Daron, 503–504
Acquisti, Alessandro, 460
action. See economies of action
actuation: as completion of means of behavioral modification, 293–294; definition of, 293; and internet of things, 203; and Pokémon Go, 312–319; and uncontracts, 334
Adams, Samuel, 503
adaptation stage of dispossession cycle: and Facebook, 160, 306; and Google Glass, 157; and Google Street View, 148–149; and information corruption, 511; tactics of, 140; and Verizon tracking, 169
addiction, 446, 449–451, 456
Addiction by Design (Schüll), 450
adolescence: and asymmetrical power of hive, 465–466; “discovery” of, 452; emerging adulthood, 446–447, 449, 452–453, 467; and Facebook’s mastery of social proof, 456–457; homing to the herd in, 467; and selfhood, 453–454; social media molded to psychological needs of, 449, 451–452
Adorno, Theodor, 22, 359, 518
ad pricing, 76–77, 82–83
AdSense (Google), 83
Advanced Research and Development Activity (ARDA), 116
advertising: and bigotry, 509–510; and digital assistants, 259–260, 261, 262, 268–269; and emotion analytics, 282–284, 288–290, 305–306; expenditures, 162; and Facebook, 47–48, 160–161, 162, 278–279, 305–306, 307; and geo-targeting, 242–243; and Google, 47, 65, 71, 74–75, 77–80, 84, 162, 507–508; and internet of things, 210, 217, 239; and personality prediction, 273, 274, 277, 278–279; and Pokémon Go, 314, 315–316, 318–319; public response to, 340; and smart cities, 230–231; and smart TVs, 264–265; and Verizon, 166–167, 166–168, 169–170; and wearables, 246–247
Advertising Age, 166–167
AdWords (Google), 71, 74, 76–77, 83, 92, 169
Affectiva, 288, 289–290
affective computing, 282, 285–290, 442. See also emotion analytics
Affective Computing (Picard), 285–286, 286–287
agreeableness, 275, 277–278
Ahmed, Nafeez, 118
AI. See machine intelligence
ALEC, 126
Alexa (Amazon digital assistant), 268–269
Alexander, Keith, 117–118
algorithms: manipulation of reality through, 186–187; not the same as surveillance capitalism, 16; oversight of, 484; Page Rank algorithm, 69; radicalism algorithm, 386, 393
Alibaba, 390
Allcott, Hunt, 507
Allen, Anita, 480
Allo (Google messaging app), 262
Allstate Insurance, 213
Alphabet (Google holding company): acquisition of AI tech by, 189; Nest under umbrella of, 6, 237, 264; new city proposal of, 231–232; Niantic Labs under umbrella of, 150, 311; revenues of, 93; Sidewalk Labs under umbrella of, 228. See also Google; Schmidt, Eric
Amazon: Alexa, 268–269; Dot speakers, 268; Echo, 261, 268, 269, 387; Lex, 268; turn toward surveillance capitalism, 9, 23, 268–269; and voice recognition, 263; and voice shopping, 218, 261
ambient computing. See ubiquitous computing
American Psychological Association, 325
American Revolution, 502–503
Americans for Tax Reform, 126
analysis, definition of, 65
analytics, 97f
“Anatomy of a Large-Scale Hypertextual Web Search Engine, The” (
Brin and Page), 71
Android mobile phones: amount of users, 400–401; and cornering supply routes, 133–135; and games, 311; market share in Europe, 487; tracking on, 136–137, 154, 243–244
Angle, Colin, 235
Angwin, Julia, 168, 509
animal behavior: and homing to the herd, 467; MacKay’s tracking of, 204–207; Pentland’s study of, 418–419; Skinner’s work with, 296, 361
anomalies, elimination/preemption of: in machine intelligence, 408, 409–410; Microsoft patent for, 411–412. See also friction
Ant Financial, 390
antitrust investigations, 125–126, 127, 134, 138
AOL: Overture search engine, 71, 76; Verizon purchase of, 169–170
the apparatus. See ubiquitous computing
Apple: abuses of user expectations by, 50; apparent rejection of surveillance capitalism, 9, 23; the Apple inversion as hacking capitalism, 28–31, 46–47; criticisms of, 46–47; iOS platform, 248; Siri digital assistant, 269; and voice recognition, 263
applied utopistics, 404–407, 437–438; and machine relations, 407–411; speed as key element in, 421. See also Pentland, Alex; utopianism
Arendt, Hannah, 22, 139; on behaviorism, 382; on cycle of capital accumulation, 99; on export of capital to lawless regions, 104; on indignation, 522; on miracles as human freedom, 524; on totalitarianism, 358–359, 359–360, 383, 518; on tyranny, 513; on the will as the organ of the future, 330–331
ARM, 240
Armstrong, Tim, 169, 170, 171
Ars Technica, 165
artificial intelligence. See machine intelligence
artists, 489–491
association graphs, 79
astonishment, 195, 220, 340, 346–347, 357–358, 394–395. See also psychic numbing effect
asylum, right of, 478. See also right to sanctuary
asymmetries: collective action needed to challenge, 485–486; of knowledge, 11, 80–81, 181, 182, 281, 484, 498; of power, 185, 188–189, 281, 328
AT Kearney, 215, 216
Atlantic, 302–303
AT&T, 167
Auden, W. H.: Sonnets from China, 24; I, 98, 176, 398; II, 27; III, 495; VI, 63, 199; VII, 376; VIII, 445; IX, 329; X, 416; XI, 293, 351; “We Too Had Known Golden Hours,” 128
audio recording analysts, 263
augmented reality games: Ingress, 150, 312–313. See also Pokémon Go
Australia, 387
Australian, 305
Austria, 149
authority: and dangers of surveillance capitalism, 175; and digital dispossession, 100; as oldest political question, 3–5; as reason for success of surveillance capitalism, 343; and Spanish Conquest, 178; and utopianism, 437–438; who decides?, 181–182, 192, 223, 327, 328
autism, 286, 288
automation of people/behavior, 381; in casino design, 449–451; as goal of surveillance capitalism, 8, 339–340; through machine relations, 408–411; Microsoft patent for, 411–412. See also economies of action; means of behavioral modification
automobiles: car payments, 213, 215, 333, 335–336; Ford Motor Company, 63–64, 85–86; insurance companies, 213–218, 275; self-driving cars, 125, 413–414; vehicle telematics, 213, 214–215, 216–218; vehicular monitoring systems, 213, 215, 219, 333, 336
Autonomous Technology (Winner), 220
autonomy: definition of, 308; and emerging adulthood, 454; relational autonomy, 453; Skinner rejects, 322–323, 364, 366, 367–368, 368–369, 380, 439; as source of friction, 319, 380, 381, 438, 441; as threat to instrumentarianism, 381, 444; as threat to surveillance capitalism, 307–309. See also free will
Aware Home, 5–6, 234–235, 247
awareness: and empathy, 307; instrumentarian power bypasses, 381, 424; observation ideally outside awareness of organism being observed, 204, 205–206, 246, 370, 424; self-awareness, 307–309; as threat to behavioral modification, 307–308, 370. See also autonomy; free will; secrecy
Bachelard, Gaston, 476, 477
Backslash Tool Kit, 490
“backstage,” 471
Baidu, 246, 263
balance of power. See reciprocity
Balkin, Jack, 119
Bank of America, 425
Barbie Dream House, 266–267
Battelle, John, 89
Bauman, Zygmunt, 45
Beacon (Facebook advertising tracker), 47–48, 91–92, 457
Bedoya, Alvaro, 253
behavioral data, 97f; behavioral surplus as 8, 69, 74–79, 81, 90, 92, 111–112, 179, 219, 233–234, 338–339, 344; in behavioral value reinvestment cycle, 69–70, 70f, 74–75, 88, 97f, 297, 343; emotions as, 285; and Pentland’s work on sociometrics/reality mining, 419–421, 423–424; purposes of data collection, 22; significance of, 67–68; sources of, 8; surveillance capitalism claims right to, 179; tracking of location data, 137, 140, 154, 174, 242–245, 317, 318; used for targeted advertising, 74–75, 78–81; why experience is rendered as, 94, 233–234. See also behavioral surplus; rendition
behavioral futures markets, 97f; about, 8, 96, 338; and auto insurance, 218; and certainty, 497; and Chinese social credit system, 390, 393; customer satisfaction in, 129; establishment of in real world, 153–155, 210, 217; extent of, 10; Facebook’s primary orientation to, 278–279; human experience as natural resource in, 100; need for rejection of, 344, 486; and Pokémon Go, 312, 316–317, 318–319; and supply routes, 129–130. See also behavioral surplus; internet of things; means of behavioral modification; prediction products
behavioral modification: awareness as threat to, 307–308, 370; critiques of, 323–324, 324–325; Facebook’s, 299–309, 468–469; gamification, 216, 313–314, 317, 325; herding approach, 8–9, 202, 295–296, 463; instrumentarianism’s use of, 397f, 428–429, 434–435; and Microsoft patent for monitoring mental states, 411–413; military applications of, 321–322; and Pokémon Go, 312–313; public concern over, 320, 322; through social comparison, 463; through social pressure, 435–437, 463; techniques of, 202, 294–297, 324–325, 339; and vehicle telematics, 215–216. See also means of behavioral modification; radical behaviorism; tuning approach to behavioral modification
behavioral prediction: as basis of behavioral futures markets, 9–10, 96, 100, 278–279, 351; Google’s mastery of, 83–85; as imperative of surveillance capitalism, 200–203; Skinner on, 380. See also behavioral futures markets; prediction products
behavioral surplus: cornering, 102–103, 130–133, 338; as digital breadcrumbs, 90, 422, 428; as digital exhaust, 68, 90, 163, 338; discovery of, 74–82, 97f, 338; and economies of scale, 131f, 169–170, 171, 195, 200–201, 214, 338; extension into offline world, 201; and extraction imperative, 87–92, 128–130, 131f, 201, 338; Facebook “Like” button as source of, 159, 457; and fortification strategies, 121–127, 341–342; and Pentland’s work on sociometrics, 420, 422, 425; regulation as threat to, 105; at scale, 82–85, 200–201; and secrecy, 88–89; sources of, 8, 111–112, 128–129, 131f, 239; and surveillance-as-a-service, 172–174; as surveillance assets, 94; value of, 93–94. See also depth of behavioral surplus; dispossession cycle; economies of action; economies of scope; machine intelligence; prediction products; rendition; shadow text
behavioral underwriting, 214–215
behavioral value reinvestment cycle, 69–70, 70f, 297; change in role of, 88; rarity of, 343; subordinated to targeting advertising, 74–75, 97f
“Behavior Change Implemented in Electronic Lifestyle Activity Monitors” study, 297–298
behavior for the greater good, 431–432. See also collectivism
behaviorism. See radical behaviorism
Behavior of Organisms, The (Skinner), 366
Bentham, Samuel, 470–471
Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society, Harvard Law School, 387
Berlin Wall, 345
Bernstein, Joseph, 317
Beyond Freedom & Dignity (Skinner): criticisms of, 323, 326, 362; future based on behavioral modification in, 322–323; on ignorance, 364, 367–368, 369; individuality in, 439; on need fo
r collectivism (behavior for the greater good), 431
Big Brother, 144, 352, 371, 372–373, 396f
Big Other, 20; the apparatus as, 376; and coup from above, 513–514; definition of, 376; and the end of sanctuary, 477–478; and instrumentarian power, 376–379; as metaphor of instrumentarian power, 396f; Pentland on, 427; radical indifference of, 377. See also instrumentarianism; ubiquitous computing
Bing search engine, 95, 162, 163
biomedical telemetry, 205–206
biometrics: in Chinese social credit system, 389, 392; data collected by Sleep Number bed, 236; and Facebook, 251–252; fingerprints, 389, 489; regulation of data collection, 125, 251, 252–253; used in emotion analytics products, 283, 289. See also emotion analytics; facial recognition; voice recognition; wearable technologies
Bitcoin, 442
blockchain, 442
Bloomberg, 76–77, 315
Bloomberg Businessweek, 28, 102, 263, 388, 511
Blumenthal, Richard, 146–147
body consciousness, 464
body rendition: through facial recognition, 251–253; through health care apps, 247–251; through location data, 242–245; through wearables, 246–248, 249
Bogost, Ian, 314
Boston Globe, 388
Boston Police Department, 388
Bosworth, Andrew, 457, 505–506
bots, “conversations” with, 164. See also digital assistants
boyd, danah, 455
Brandimarte, Laura, 460
The Age of Surveillance Capitalism Page 85
