extension of extraction operations into offline world (first dimension of economies of scope), 201, 241, 339; as facial recognition, 251–253; as healthcare, 247–251; as location data, 242–246; as wearables, 246–247
extraction: definition of, 65
extraction architectures, 129, 202
extraction imperative, 87–92; drive for new sources of behavioral surplus, 131f; and push for scale in supply operations, 128–130, 201, 338. See also prediction imperative
Fabbrini, Federico, 60
Facebook: acquisition of startups by, 103; addictive design of, 451, 456–457; Beacon program, 47–48, 91–92, 457; and Cambridge Analytica, 278–279, 279–280; content moderation on, 508–509; as content provider, 506–507; corporate governance structure, 102, 511; and disinformation, 508–509, 510, 511; and dispossession cycle, 159; and emotion analytics, 287; evading surveillance by, 491; and facial recognition, 251–252; FBLearner Flow machine intelligence platform, 279, 484; and FOMO, 463; and GDPR, 487–488; growth rate in Europe, 486; and instrumentarianism, 402–403, 407, 468–469, 497; involvement in electoral politics, 299–300, 301, 436; and lawlessness of cyberspace, 251–252; “Like” button, 159–161, 274, 275, 457–458, 491; lobbying by, 125, 252; manipulation of reality through algorithms that select and order information, 186–187; market capitalization of, 500; M digital assistant, 259; and mental health, 446, 463–465; patents filed by, 159–160, 393; and personality prediction, 271–273, 273–275, 278–279, 280; and privacy norms, 274; and radical indifference, 505–506; and requests for personal data, 482–484; revenues of, 161–162, 405; and self-presentation, 462, 464, 472; study of surveillance capitalist practices of, 24; surveillance capitalism spreads to, 9, 91–92; targeted advertising by, 160–161; tracking by, 136, 159–160, 160–161, 482; user experiments by (contagion experiments), 19–20, 299–309, 436, 457; and young people’s psychological needs, 446–447, 456–457; and zombie cookie, 168. See also Facebook News Feed
Facebook Messenger, 259
Facebook News Feed: and fake news, 507; favoring discussion, 511–512; history of, 458–460; and “Like” button, 457; manipulation of, 186, 299, 301, 303
Facebook profiles: reflecting real personalities, 272–273
Facial Action Coding System (FACS), 285
facial recognition: and emotion analytics, 283; Facebook’s use of, 251–252; hiding from, 489, 490–491; surveillance capitalists’ opposition to regulation of, 251–253
fake news, 507, 509–510
fascism, 323, 354, 518
FBLearner Flow, 279, 484
fear of missing out (FOMO), 462–463
Federal Communications Commission (FCC): and Google Glass, 157; investigation into Google Street View Spy-Fi scandal, 145–146; proposed consumer privacy guidelines for ISPs, 169–172; and Verizon tracking, 169, 170
Federalist Society, 126
Federal Trade Commission (FTC): and cookies, 86; and credit scoring, 393; and Facebook privacy, 160; and Google antitrust case, 125–126; and Google privacy, 161; as key actor defining internet privacy debate, 113; and mobile health apps, 248; and Pokémon Go, 318; and post-9/11 focus on security, 114; and Vizio smart TVs, 265–266
Felten, Edward, 245
Ferguson, Andrew Guthrie, 481
Ferrary, Michel, 73
feudalism, 109
FidZup, 137
Financial Times, 60, 145, 162, 315, 316, 401
finger gestures, sensors reading, 208, 246, 260
fingerprints, 389, 489
First Amendment rights (freedom of expression/speech), 60, 325; claimed as defense of surveillance capitalism, 108–112, 253
first modernity, 33–34, 35–36, 87–88, 184–185
first-person voice: and identity formation, 454; right to speak in the first person, 291, 330; and the will to will, 291, 330. See also autonomy; self, the; self-determination
Fiske, Susan, 301, 302–303
Fitbits, 387
fitness trackers, 249–250
five-factor personality model, 272, 273, 275, 276, 277–278, 285
Fleischer, Peter, 141–142
Flow (Sidewalk Labs/Google Traffic Management System), 228–231
FOMO (fear of missing out), 462–463
Food and Drug Administration, 248–249
Forbes, 169
Ford, Henry, 16–17, 29, 31, 64, 85–86, 87, 96, 335, 499, 520, 544n43
Ford Motor Company, 63–64, 85–86, 552n6
Foreign Policy, 389
Forster, Nathaniel, 257
fortification strategies (Google), 121–127, 341–342
Fourth Amendment rights, 480–481
Franken, Al, 318
Franks, Mary Anne, 118
freedom: and capitalism, 495–496, 498; and ignorance, 364, 366, 367–368, 412, 439, 496–497; and the self, 290–291; Senate subcommittee’s 1974 defense of, against behavioral modification, 323–324; Skinner rejects, 322–323, 380, 412–413
freedom from law (Google cry freedom strategy), 101–107
freedom of speech: as elemental right, 332; equated with Google’s incursions, 143; under First Amendment, 108–109; First Amendment rights (freedom of expression/speech), 60, 108–109, 325; as justification for unobstructed commercial application of technology, 106. See also First Amendment rights
free internet, hidden cost of, 172, 213, 228
free markets, 38, 373, 498. See also neoliberal market economics
free services, hidden cost of, 18
free speech fundamentalism (Pasquale), 109, 110
free will, 20; autonomous action as, 308; and commitment to the future, 331–332; Pentland on (and behaviorism), 439, 440, 441; and scientific knowledge, 364; Skinnerian view of (and behaviorism), 366, 367, 368, 380, 439. See also autonomy
friction: be the friction (resistance to surveillance capitalism), 21, 327–328, 520–525; independent thought as source of, 319, 380, 381, 438, 441; politics as source of, 433, 434; privacy as source of, 249; social trust as, 336; surveillance capitalism pursues elimination of, 210, 241, 261, 381; users’ decision rights as source of, 79–80
Friedman, Milton, 38, 520
Friedrich, Carl, 357, 358, 359, 394, 632n21
Friesen, Wallace, 285
fusion, psychological: as characteristic of adolescent relationships, 453–454, 458, 464, 468; and Facebook engineering design, 458, 459–460; with slot machine, 450
gamification, 216, 313–314, 317, 325
gaming industry technology, as behavioral engineering, 369–370, 449–451
Garcia-Martinez, Antonio, 306
Garland, Robert, 233
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), 481, 485, 487–488
General Motors (GM), 9, 29, 63, 64, 217, 500–501
“Generating User Information for Use in Targeted Advertising” patent (2003), 77–80
Generation Z, 447. See also adolescence
Genesis Toys, 266
genocide, 353, 356, 359, 365
Gentile, Giovanni, 354
Gentzkow, Matthew, 507
Geofeedia, 387–388
geofencing, 242
geotags, 242
Germany: commitment to democracy in, 517; Federal Commission for Data Protection, 143; Federal Network Agency, 267; responses to terrorism in, 114, 386; Street View in, 142, 143–144, 148–149; totalitarianism in, 355, 359
Gilded Age robber barons, 16–17, 52, 105–107, 524
Global Internet Forum to Counter Terrorism, 386
Gmail, 47, 139, 141, 161, 400
God’s eye view (observation from a distance), 418–419, 430, 434, 436; Facebook’s use of, 459–460, 470
Goebbels, Joseph, 355
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 404, 481
Goffman, Erving, 471–472
“good samaritan” blocking of offensive material, 111
Google: 2017 user and device statistics, 400–401; campaign of influence over academic work/cultural conversation, 122, 125–127; concentration of AI tale
nt at, 189, 190; and content moderation, 509; as content provider, 132, 506–507; continuous experimentation by, 298; corporate governance structure, 101–102, 511; declarations of conquest, 179, 341; and digital dispossession, 98–101; and disinformation, 507–508, 509–510, 511; and “for-profit cities,” 228–232; fortification strategies, 122–127, 341–342; founding of, 67; funding Pentland’s research lab, 417; grants to antigovernment groups, 126; and hyperscale operations (material infrastructure), 188–189, 500; and instrumentarianism, 401–402; and intelligence agencies, 115–120; involvement in electoral politics, 122–124; lack of cooperation with investigations/democracy, in Street View violations, 144–148; and lawlessness of cyberspace, 104–105; lawsuits against, 64, 139, 144, 146–147; lobbying by, 122, 124–125; manipulation of reality through algorithms that select and order information, 186–187; market capitalization of, 500; market share in Europe, 487; and Nest thermostat, 6; patents filed by, 77–80, 150; and Pentland, 417; personnel migrating to/from Obama administration, 122, 124; as pioneer/inventor of surveillance capitalism, 9–10, 18–19, 63–67; quantity of “products,” 129; relationship with users, 88; response to terrorism, 386; retaining search histories, 15; revenues of, 87, 93, 405; and “right to be forgotten” ruling, 27, 57–61; search for capitalism, 71–74; secrecy of, 64, 88–90; on “smart” products, 239; study of surveillance capitalist practices of, 24; and telematics, 217–218; tracking by, 136, 161, 168, 243–244; and voice recognition, 263; and wearables, 246; work on machine intelligence, 65. See also Alphabet (Google holding company); Brin, Sergey; Google, and advertising; Google products; Page, Larry; Schmidt, Eric; Varian, Hal
Google, and advertising: antipathy toward at inception of company, 71; Google’s development of targeted advertising, 65, 74–75; and market dominance, 162; ownership of third party domains, 135–136; patent for generating user personal information (UPI) for use in, 77–80, 81; pricing for ads, 76–77, 82–83; share of online ad market, 162; targeted ads served through Gmail, 47
Google antitrust case, 125–126
Google digital assistant: Google Assistant, 261–262, 401, 402; Google Home, 261, 262, 269; Google Now, 256–259, 261; and Nest thermostat, 6
Google France, 218
Google Maps, 142, 149, 150–151; can’t turn it off, 154; Driving Mode, 154; and “for-profit cities,” 230; mapping interior spaces, 152–153; and Pokémon Go, 310–311; and telemetry, 218; user statistics, 400. See also Google Street View
Google official blog: and Google Glass, 157–158; and Google Maps, 152–153; and Street View, 141–142, 144, 148
Google Play, 134; Disconnect app banned from, 137, 138; location monitoring by, 154; number of users, 401
Google Policy Fellows for 2014, 126
Google products: AdSense, 83; AdWords, 71, 74, 76–77, 83, 92, 169; Allo, 262; Chrome browser, 400, 487; Gmail, 47, 134, 139, 141, 161, 400; Google+, 139; Google Buzz, 139, 156; Google Drive, 401; Google Earth, 142–143, 311; Google Glass, 139, 156–158, 417; Google Home, 261, 262, 269; Google Now, 256–259; Google Photos, 401; Google Timeline, 244; Google Toolbar, 130–132; YouTube, 102–103, 289, 401. See also Google digital assistant; Google Maps; Google Search; Google Street View
Google Search: behavioral data byproduct of, 67–68; and discovery of behavioral surplus, 74–82; early balance of power in process improvement, 68; as means of training machine intelligence capabilities, 95; as supply route (and extraction imperative), 130–132
Google Street View, 141–155; adaptation stage of, 148–149; Google cars collecting personal data from private Wi-Fi networks, 143–144; habituation stage of, 145–148; incursion stage of, 141–145; redirection stage of, 149–155; resistance to collection of personal information through, 139–140, 143–144, 148–149; surveillance-gathering tools of (vehicles etc.), 142, 151–152
Google Transparency Project, 124
“Googlization of the Far Right, The” (Center for Media and Democracy), 126
Gould, Jay, 106
Graepel, Thore, 274
Granovetter, Mark, 73
Grapes of Wrath, The (Steinbeck), 226
Green, Harriet, 210, 211
Grimmelmann, James, 304
Grosser, Benjamin, 491
Ground Truth (Google), 151
Grove, Andy, 104
Guardian, 162, 229, 302, 303, 306, 448
habituation stage of dispossession cycle: and Facebook, 159–160, 306; and Google Glass, 157–158; and Google Street View, 145–148; and instrumentarianism, 398–399; and rendition of the self, 278; and “smart” toys, 266–267, 267–268; tactics of, 140, 147, 157–158; and Verizon tracking, 168–169; through workplaces, 153, 157–158, 422–423, 424–425, 426
Hall, G. Stanley, 452, 453
“Hallelujah” (Cohen), 255
Hancock, Jeffrey, 303
Hanke, John: and Google Earth, 117, 142, 311; on Google Glass, 156; and Google Maps, 117, 142, 310–311; and Google Street View, 142–143, 147–148, 310; and Ingress virtual reality game, 150; intelligence community connections, 117, 142; and Niantic Labs, 150, 310–312; and Pokémon Go, 310–311, 313, 315, 316, 317
Harley, John B., 155
Harvard Law Review, 326
Harvey, Adam, 490–491
Harvey, David, 99
hate speech: and calculation of radical indifference in Facebook content moderation, 509–510; First Amendment rejection of restrictions on, 109
Hawkins, Amy, 389–390
Hayden, Michael, 114
Hayek, Friedrich, 37–39, 106–108, 181, 496–498, 505, 519–520
health care: and internet of things, 247–251; and wearable technologies, 240, 247–249
health insurance, 216, 295
Heatherton, Todd, 308
Heinrich, Bernd, 467
herding approach to behavioral modification, 8–9, 202, 295–296, 463
Heritage Action, 126
Herrnstein, Richard, 368
heteronomy, 308, 320
Heyman, Steven, 109
hiding, from surveillance, 489–492
Hilbert, Martin, 183, 188
Hildebrand, Grant, 475
hiQ, 174
Hive (Facebook data log storage area), 483
the hive: for children/youth, 444, 445–449, 465–466; and compulsion, 449–450, 451; dangers of, 455–456, 492; and Facebook design, 451, 456–461; and homing to the herd, 465–470; as instrumentarianism’s ideal for a third modernity, 443–445; life in, 445–474; and no exit, 470–474; psychological processes in, 461–465; and psychological processes of adolescence, 449, 452–455; and social comparison, 461–465. See also hive mind
hive mind: as core social process of instrumentarianism, 397f; instrumentarian society as, 20–21, 419; human hive, 414–415; machine confluence as, 409; machine hive, 413–415, 492; and radical indifference, 504–512; and social hive, 431; social pressure exerted by, 436–437
HIV research, 61–62
Hoffman-Andrews, Jacob, 167, 168
Hölzle, Urs, 189
home: and Big Other, 477–479; and digital assistants, 261–262; house fire, author’s, 12–13, 475–476; and lack of Fourth Amendment protection from Big Other, 480–481; as private domain, 6, 478–479; search for, 4–5; as sanctuary of self, 475–477. See also smart-home devices
Homer, 3
homing to the herd, 467
Hoofnagle, Chris Jay, 114
Horowitz, Brad, 417
“horseless-carriage” syndrome, 12, 20, 156, 220, 341, 353
Hounshell, David, 86
house fire, author’s, 12–13, 475–476
Howard, Philip, 122–123
human agency: and inevitabilism, 223, 225–227; Skinner rejects, 364; uncontract bypasses in favor of compulsion, 221. See also autonomy; free will
human experience: as natural resource, 98–101, 179, 328, 515; the self as inward space of, 290–292; why experience is rendered as behavioral data, 233
human frailty, ideology of, 343
Humanyze (f
ormerly Sociometric Solutions), 424–425
Hwang, Jenq-Neng, 206
hyperscale firms, 188, 500, 501
IBM, 210, 211, 217, 276–277, 417
ICREACH, 117–118
idea flow (Pentland), 431, 434–435, 436, 438
identification with surveillance capitalists, 342
identity formation, 452–454. See also self, the
ignorance, 498; freedom as a signal of, in behaviorism and neoliberal theory, 364, 366, 367–368, 412, 439, 496–497; as impediment to social progress (Skinner), 367–368, 369; as justification for freedom of market actors, 495–497; machine knowledge replacing, 408–409; mobile tracking operations designed to induce, 243; a reason for success of surveillance capitalism, 10, 11, 94, 343–344; as tactical requirement for rendition operations, 253, 281. See also knowledge
Illinois Biometric Privacy Act, 251
imperialism, 353
incentive systems: to align managerial behavior with owners’ interests (shareholder value maximization), 39, 370; and gamification, 216, 313–314, 317, 325; in Google’s ad pricing, 82; Pentland on, 428, 429, 435, 436; Skinner’s anticipation of, 370. See also reinforcement
inclusion, need for (vs exclusion): as characteristic of adolescence, 449, 452; a reason for success of surveillance capitalism, 342, 449, 463, 466, 498
incursion, initial stage of dispossession cycle: and Facebook’s behavioral modification, 306; and Google Glass, 156–157; and Google Street View, 141–145; and “Like” button, 159; tactics of, 139–140; and Verizon tracking, 167–168
Indignados movement (Spain), 42, 56
individuality, death of (Pentland), 436–437, 438–440, 444, 469
individualization: acceleration of, 455; and Apple inversion, 46; and collision with neoliberal politics and market economics, 18, 37, 44–46, 193; definition of, 33; and first modernity, 33–34; as long-term historical process, 18, 33; and second modernity, 35–37
Industrial and Commercial Bank of China, 391
industrial capitalism: and commodification of nature, 94, 345–346, 470, 515; and democracy, 503–504; division of labor as principle of, 183–185, 347–348; and economies of scale in production, 87–88; and Gilded Age robber barons, 16–17, 52, 105–107; and intensification of means of production, 9, 339; laws of, 66; and need for reinvention of civilization, 16–17, 347–348; success factors of, 411; theorists of, 22
The Age of Surveillance Capitalism Page 87
