The Age of Surveillance Capitalism

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The Age of Surveillance Capitalism Page 89

by Shoshana Zuboff


  outside-looking-in experience of the self, 447–448, 456–457, 465

  Overstock.com, 48

  Overture search engine, 71, 76

  Ovum, 246

  Page, Larry: and advertising, 71, 74, 84; as exception to traditional utopian thinkers, 405; on Google as automagical, 128; and Google corporate governance structure, 101–102; and Google’s secrecy, 89; on lawlessness of cyberspace, 105; on right to be forgotten ruling, 60; on transformation of society, 401–402; on true nature of Google’s business, 98

  Page Rank algorithm, 69

  Paglen, Trevor, 491

  Paine, Thomas, 513, 522

  Palantir, 388

  panopticon, 470–471

  Paradiso, Joseph, 207–208, 208–209, 221, 224, 240, 378

  Parker, Sean, 451

  parking spaces, 229–230

  Pasquale, Frank, 108, 109, 174, 187

  Patel, Amit, 67–68, 75, 76

  patents: Facebook’s, 159–160, 287, 393; Google’s, 77–80, 150; Microsoft’s, 411–412; for reality mining, 423; for vehicle telematics, 216

  patients’ rights, 322, 325

  Patriot Act (2001), 114

  Pedersen, Darhl, 479

  Peifer, Karl-Nikolaus, 59

  Pentagon Highlands Forum, 118

  Pentland, Alex: on attractions of instrumentarianism, 429; on behavior for the greater good, 432; commercial ventures of, 422, 424–425; on computation replacing politics, 433–434, 438; credentials of, 417–418; on death of individuality, 438–439, 440, 441; and detached observation (God’s eye view), 418–419; on laws of social behavior, 430–431; principles of instrumentarianism, 430–442; and reality mining, 420–423, 428; rejection of old social categories by, 428; on social network incentives, 436; on social pressure for harmony, 436–437; students of, 417–418, 419; theory of instrumentarianism, 416–417, 426–429; work on rendition of social relations, 419–429

  people analytics. See rendition of social relations

  permissionless innovation, 50, 60

  personality prediction: through Facebook profiles, 272–273, 273–275, 279, 280; by IBM, 276–278

  personalization, 19; as coup from above, 513; and digital assistants, 255–262, 268–269; and emotion analytics, 282–284; as new use of computer-mediated transactions, 64, 213, 256; as part of prediction imperative, 256; and rendition of the self, 271, 273, 274, 277, 278; and voice recognition, 262–268

  persuasion score, 123

  Pew Research, 61, 157, 243, 340, 447, 517

  Philippines, 508

  phones. See smartphones

  photography, 233

  Picard, Rosalind, 285–287, 288, 291–292, 441

  Pichai, Sundar: and breadth/depth of Google’s instrumentarian media, 400–401; and personalization, 261–262; and salience of machine intelligence, 191

  Piketty, Thomas, 43–44, 518, 519, 520, 543n42

  Pinterest, 509

  Planck, Max, 363, 375, 412, 633n38, 634–635n45

  planning: and authority, 437–438; and contracts, 334–335; replacing politics, 432–435; in socialist economics, 334

  Poetics of Space, The (Bachelard), 476

  Poindexter, John, 116

  Pokémon Go, 309–319; and ads, 314, 315–316, 318–319; and behavioral futures markets, 317; as behavioral modification, 299, 312, 313, 314; dynamics of, 312; as experiment in economies of action, 311–314; and Hanke, 310–311; as herding, 8–9; Ingress as test bed for, 150; and lack of privacy, 309–310; launch of, 314–315; and social pressure, 342, 463; as surveillance capitalism, 315–316, 319

  Poland, 356, 517

  Polanyi, Karl, 39, 98–99, 345–346, 514

  police departments/law enforcement agencies, 387–388

  policies, 409–410

  political funding (funding for election campaigns), 43, 109

  Politico, 123

  politics, plans replacing, 432–435

  pornography, restrictions on, 109, 509

  Poupyrev, Ivan, 246

  poverty: in Catalonia, 56; in US and UK, 42–43

  power: assumptions about, 6, 7, 234–235, 247; asymmetries of, 185, 188–189, 281, 328; concentration of by Google, 180; corporate, 109–110; and dangers of surveillance capitalism, 175; and digital dispossession, 100; as oldest political question, 3–5; surveillance capitalism’s shift from knowledge to, 8; and tendency to over-share personal information, 460; who decides who decides?, 181, 182, 192, 223, 327, 328. See also instrumentarianism; totalitarianism

  PrecisionID, 167–168, 170

  prediction imperative, 131f, 195, 199–204, 339; definition of, 200–201; and internet of things, 209–212; and surveillance-as-a-service companies, 425. See also extraction imperative

  prediction products, 8, 97f, 338; and click-through rates, 82, 95; depending on surplus at scale (and extraction imperative), 200–201, 338; need for rejection of, 344; overview, 96; quality of, 201

  Presentation of Self in Everyday Life, The (Goffman), 471

  prisons, 322, 324, 325, 326

  privacy: artists’ strategies to protect, 489–491; and backstage/onstage, 471, 474; behaviors of, 479; as category that falls short in contesting surveillance capitalism, 14, 194; in China, 392; collective action on behalf of, 485–486; vs decision rights, 90; declared no longer a social norm, 48, 274, 370–371; definition of, 90; and division of learning in society, 191–192; EU regulation of with GDPR, 481, 485, 487–488; Facebook’s disregard for, 160, 274, 458; FTC championing of, 113; and Google Glass, 156–157; Google posing as advocate for, 168; Google’s disregard for, 19, 79–80, 81–82, 161; and Google Street View, 141–142, 143–145, 147–148, 149–150; and home as sanctuary, 478–479; informational privacy, 27, 57–61, 480, 485; in information society, 191–192; and ISPs/internet companies, 171–172; Microsoft’s disregard for, 164–165; and Pentland’s view of data ownership, 441–442; and Pokémon Go, 310; public response to loss of, 340–341; and requests for personal data collected by Facebook, 482–484; and resistance to telematics, 216; Senate subcommittee’s 1974 defense of, against behavioral modification, 323–324, 325; Skinner on, 370–371; study on, 479; and tendency to over-share personal information, 460; and Verizon tracking ID, 167–168. See also Google Street View; privacy, assumptions about; privacy, decision rights over; privacy laws; privacy policies; privacy settings, bypassing of

  privacy, assumptions about: and affective computing/emotion analytics, 286–287; and Aware Home project, 6, 7, 234–235, 247; and telemedicine, 247

  privacy, decision rights over, 90; Google’s disregard for (and Street View), 143; and user profile information, 79–80, 81–82

  privacy census, 136

  Privacy International, 143, 144

  privacy laws, 191, 480–488; GDPR (in EU), 481, 485, 487–488

  privacy policies: Facebook’s, 48, 160; of health care apps, 251; impossible to read, 49–50; Microsoft’s, 163–164; for Nest thermostat, 7; Niantic’s, 317, 318; and Roomba vacuum cleaner, 235–236; of Samsung Smart TV, 264; and Sleep Number bed, 236–237; time spent reading, 237; Verizon’s, 169–170

  privacy settings, bypassing of: resistance to, 140; by tracking programs, 137–138, 167–168

  privatization of networked spaces, 455–456

  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 301, 303–304

  Prodigy, 111

  producer-consumer reciprocities, lack of in surveillance capitalism, 10

  profile inflation, 462

  promises: and right to the future tense, 330–334, 337; and the right to sanctuary, 492; and the seventh extinction, 516. See also contracts

  ProPublica, 168, 509, 511

  psychic numbing effect: and dependency, 11; encouragement of, 456; evidence of, 20, 78, 418; in habituation stage of dispossession cycle, 140; and personal experience vs abstraction, 21–22; and sanctuary, 492; and threat to democracy, 519; and the uncontract, 337; and values/expectations, 521

  “Psychological Functions of Privacy” (Pedersen), 479

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sp; psychology, discipline of: and adolescence, 452; and privacy, 479; professionalization of, 325; and viewpoint of observation, 363–364, 366–367. See also radical behaviorism

  Psychology of the Other-One (Meyer), 363

  psychosurgery, 324

  public corporations: diminishment of, 40–41

  public opinion, 520

  public spaces: Google’s claim to, 141–142

  “puppet master vs puppet” (surveillance capitalism confused with its technologies), 14–17, 238, 352, 376

  Qualcomm, 240

  quality scores, 82–83

  Quartz, 244

  racism, 509–510

  radical behaviorism, 20, 353, 360–361; Arendt on, 382; and free will, 366, 367, 368, 380, 439, 440, 441; roots of, 362–363; as technology of human behavior, 369–371; viewpoint of observation, 363–364, 366–367. See also behavioral modification; Pentland, Alex; Skinner, B. F.

  radical indifference, 376–377, 397f, 504–512; definition of, 377; tyranny’s foundation on, 513

  radicalism algorithm, 386, 393

  Radin, Margaret, 49

  Realeyes, 282, 284

  reality, creation of through declarations, 177

  reality business, 19; and the internet of things, 202; reality mining paves the way for, 420

  reality mining, 420–423, 428

  Recorded Future, 117

  Reddit, 509

  redirection stage of dispossession cycle: and disinformation at Facebook, 511–512; and Facebook’s behavioral modification, 306; and Google Glass, 157–158; and Google Street View, 149–155; and “Like” button, 160–161; tactics of, 140; and Verizon tracking, 169

  Register, 154

  regulation, of business: broadband privacy regulations, 171–172; Common Rule (legal standards for experimentation), 303–304, 320, 325; of cookies, 86–87; of data collection from biometrics, 125, 251, 252–253; General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), 481, 485, 487–488; Google supports civil society organizations against, 126; neoliberal ideology on, 107–108, 341; public response to lack of, 340; and rise of industrial capitalism, 106–107; self-regulation, by firms, 108, 110, 113, 147, 248–249, 305; tech companies argue against, 103–105

  reinforcement, 326; Facebook “likes” as, 451; Pentland’s version of (social network incentives), 436; positive reinforcement, 325; Skinner’s work with, 296, 361; in Walden Two, 435

  relational autonomy, 453

  rendered behavior, 70f, 97f

  rendering: definitions of, 234

  rendition, 339; definition of, 233–234

  rendition of bodies, 242–253; through facial recognition, 251–253; through health care apps, 247–251; through location data, 242–245; through wearables, 246–248, 249

  rendition of emotions, 282–290; and Affectiva, 288–290; and consent, 290–292; development of, 285–287; market growth in, 287; and SEWA project, 282–284

  rendition of personal experience, 255–269; and digital assistants, 255–262, 268–269; and voice recognition, 262–268

  rendition of social relations, 419–429; instruments for, 419–421, 423–424; Pentland’s essay on, 426–429; and Pentland’s work on sociometrics, 422–425; and reality mining, 420–423

  rendition of the self, 270–282; and Cambridge Analytica, 278–282; and consent, 290–292; through DIALOG platform, 270–271; and Facebook personality prediction, 271–276; and IBM personality prediction, 276–278

  Requirimiento (Monarchical Edict of 1513), 178

  research and policy papers: Google funding, 126–127

  resistance: “be the friction,” 520–525; to collection of personal information through Google Street View, 139–140, 143–144, 148–149; as counter-declarations, 345, 489–492; and dispossession cycle, 141, 158; forms of withdrawing social agreement, 344–345; hiding as, 489–492; hope for, 194–195, 395; need for new forms of collective action, 486; and Spanish conquest, 178; as synthetic declarations, 345, 395, 480, 524–525

  Restall, Matthew, 177–178

  rights, constitutional: First Amendment rights, 60, 108–109, 325; Fourth Amendment rights, 480–481

  rights, surveillance capitalism’s claim to, 179, 314, 519, 521–522

  Rights of Man, The (Paine), 513

  right to be forgotten (informational privacy), 27; as effective democratic action, 57–61, 485. See also collective action; decision rights

  right to the future tense, 20, 54, 329–348; and behavioral modification, 309; and contracts, 333–336; definition of, 195; and human will, 329–338; loss of under instrumentarian power, 378–379, 430, 444; and promises, 330–332; prophecy, 345–348; and transformation of human relationships, 347–348; and uncertainty, 331, 333–338

  right to sanctuary, 21, 54, 475–492; Big Other erasing, 477–480, 492; and hiding, 489–491; home as sanctuary, 475–477; and privacy laws, 480–488

  right to speak in the first person, 291, 330, 381, 439, 444, 454, 488, 515

  Roberts, John, 49

  Robinson, James A., 503–504

  Rockefeller, John, 106

  roles, social: in first modernity, 34; in second modernity, 36

  Rometty, Ginni, 211

  Roomba (vacuum cleaner), 235–236

  Roosendaal, Arnold, 159

  Rosenberg, Jonathan, 124

  Rotenberg, Marc, 114, 139

  Russia, totalitarianism in, 355, 356

  Rutenberg, Jim, 123–124

  Rutherford, Alexandra, 322

  Safegraph, 174

  Safe Harbor Framework, 160, 486

  Samsung, 263–265, 268, 269

  sanctuary: home as, 5, 6, 310, 475–477, 478–479; principle of/history of, 478; the self as, 291; as a space where self can be nurtured, 474. See also right to sanctuary

  Sandberg, Sheryl, 92, 161, 511

  Sartre, Jean-Paul, 291, 471

  Sassen, Saskia, 42

  satellite imaging, 152

  Satori, 163

  saudade (yearning for home), 5, 517

  scale. See economies of scale

  scapegoating: by Google, in Street View violations, 144–145, 147

  Schmidt, Eric: on Android, 134–135; on Defense Innovation Advisory Board, 120; and “for-profit cities,” 231–232; on future of the internet, 199, 378; on Google acquisition of YouTube, 103; on Google Glass, 157; on Google’s corporate governance structure, 101–102; and Google’s secrecy, 88–89; hired at Google, 76; influencing academic research, 125; involvement in Obama campaigns, 122, 123, 124, 281; on lawlessness of cyberspace, 103, 104–105; on lobbyists, 124; on machine intelligence, 413–414; The New Digital Age, 103, 223; on power of technology, 180, 401, 498; on quantity of Google’s products, 129; and response to terrorism, 386; on right to be forgotten ruling, 60; on search engines retaining data, 15; on Spy-Fi scandal, 145; on true nature of Google’s business, 98

  Schrems, Max, 486, 653n19

  Schroepfer, Mike, 305

  Schüll, Natasha Dow, 450

  Schumpeter, Joseph, 50–52

  Schwartz, Paul M., 59, 191

  Science and Human Behavior (Skinner), 367

  Scientific American, 425

  scope. See economies of scope

  search: meaning of, and individualization, 34

  search engines: AOL’s Overture, 71, 76; Baidu (Chinese), 246; Microsoft’s Bing, 95, 162, 163; models for generating revenue, 71; retaining data, 15, 140. See also Google Search

  Searle, John, 177, 331, 332

  second modernity: challenges of, 36–37; and division of learning, 185–186; and individualization, 35–37; instability of, 41–46; needs of, 342, 402, 403

  Securities and Exchange Commission, 239

  security issues, 386; for Nest thermostat, 7; post-9/11, 113–115

  self, the, 33, 34–36; in emerging adulthood, 453–455, 456; as exempt from scientific inquiry, 364–365; and home, 475–477; individualization, 18, 33–37, 44–46, 455; as inward space of lived experience, 290–291. See also sovereignty of the individual

 
; self, rendition of, 270–282; and affective computing/emotion analytics, 282–290; and Cambridge Analytica, 279–282; through DIALOG platform, 270–271; and Facebook machine learning, 278–279; and Facebook personality prediction, 271–276; and IBM personality prediction, 276–278; as “personalization,” 271; as threat to human autonomy, 290–292

  self-awareness, 307–309. See also free will

  self-determination, 35; centrality of self-awareness to, 307–308; Senate subcommittee’s 1974 defense of, against behavioral modification, 323–324; surrender of, 518. See also autonomy; free will

  self-driving cars, 125, 413–414

  self-interest: as one reason for success of surveillance capitalism, 342

  self-objectification: psychological dangers of, 464. See also social comparison

  self-presentation, 462, 464, 472

  self-regulation, by firms, 108, 110, 113, 147, 248–249, 305, 341

  self-regulation, human, 307–308

  Selvaggio, Leo, 489–490

  Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, 169

  Senate Subcommittee on Constitutional Rights, 320, 322, 323–325

  Sense Networks, 425

  sensors: for analysis of social relations (sociometer), 420, 423–424; and behavioral modification, 293–294; and emotion analytics, 283; in wearable technologies, 247–248

  sensors, ubiquitous, 207–209, 240. See also internet of things; “smart” products; wearable technologies

  September 11, 2001 (9/11) attacks, 9–10, 101, 112–115, 193–194, 341

  Sequoia Capital, 68, 72

  Sesame Credit, 390, 391–392, 393

  SEWA: Automatic Sentiment Analysis in the Wild, 282–284

  shadow text: access to, 483–485; as digital dossier, 393; Instagram’s use of, 457–458; need for rejection of, 344; as pathological division of learning, 186–187, 327–328; and reality business, 202; as reversion to pre-Gutenberg order, 190. See also uncertainty

  Shaffer, Howard, 450, 451

  shareholder value maximization, 38–39, 41, 175, 181–182, 370, 499

  shock and awe approach (speed as violence), 344, 346, 400, 406

  Short, Jodi, 107–108

  Shorten, Richard, 359

  Sidewalk Labs, 228–232

  signal blocking, 489

  Silicon Valley, business environment in, 72–73

  Simitis, Spiros, 191

 

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