29. ESPN News. July 5, 2013. ESPN2-TV.
30. Chadiha, May 31, 2012.
31. Dozier, Leonard. N.d. “The Average Salary of Sports Radio Hosts.” Ehow.com. http://www.ehow.com/info_12028765_average-salary-sports-radio-hosts.html; “Jobs in Sports: Insight Sports Radio Professional.” N.d. Jobsinsprots.com. http://www.jobsinsports.com/blog/post.cfm/jobs-in-sports-insight-sports-radio-professional; both retrieved 8/21/13.
32. “Discover How to Become a Sports Broadcaster.” N.d. Sportscastingcareeers.com. http://www.sportscastingcareers.com/becoming-a-sportscaster.php?gclid=CN_24fv967oCFbF34godWQgA4g, retrieved 11/17/13.
33. Player Engagement, December 8, 2012.
34. Dennis Krause Show. September 13, 2012. Time Warner Sports–Milwaukee.
35. Eisen 2007.
36. Freedman, Jonah. N.d. “The 50 Highest-Earning American Athletes.” SI.com. http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/specials/fortunate50-2011/index.html, retrieved 8/22/13.
37. See “Booking Athletes for Autograph Signing Appearances.” N.d. Athletepromotions.com. http://www.athletepromotions.com/athlete-autograph-signing-appearance.php, retrieved 8/22/13.
38. Research interview #30.
39. Ibid.
40. Research interview #05.
41. “LeRoy Butler on His Pay for Charity Events.” N.d. Greenbaypressgazette.com. http://www.greenbaypressgazette.com/videonetwork/2838532505001, retrieved 11/23/13.
42. For example, see “Brees Dream Foundation.” N.d. Drewbrees.com. http://www.drewbrees.com/, retrieved 8/22/13.
43. Borchers, Callum. February 24, 2013. “In Nonprofit Game, Athletes Post Losing Records.” Bostonglobe.com. http://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2013/02/24/nonprofit-game-many-athletes-post-losingrecords/a0eqoz6ruyorfht0t0j0eo/story.html; Lavigne, Paula. March 31, 2013. “Athlete Charities Often Lack Standards.” ESPN.com. http://espn.go.com/espn/otl/story/_/id/9109024/top-athletes-charities-often-measure-charity-experts-say-efficient-effective-use-money; Vincent, Isabel. “NYC Star Athletes Like Sabathia, Ferguson Run Lousy Charities.” NYPost.com. http://www.nypost.com/p/news/local/it_jock_crock_rb6wV1sD4xhjejETfpRP3I; all retrieved 4/1/13.
44. Research interview #27.
45. Research interview #41.
46. “Specialized Resources for the NFL Family.” N.d. NFLlifeline.com. http://nfllifeline.org/resources/programs-and-benefits/, retrieved 8/15/13.
47. Youngblood, August 24, 2012.
48. Marvez, Alex. June 1, 2013. “NFL Prepping Players for Second Life.” Foxsports.com. http://msn.foxsports.com/nfl/story/league-assists-retired-players-transition-to-life-after-football-053113, retrieved 8/15/13.
49. Eichelberger, Curtis. May 14, 2013. “Wall Street Internships Offer NFL Players Option When Game Ends.” Bloomberg.com. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-05-15/wall-street-internships-offer-nfl-players-option-when-game-ends.html, retrieved 8/23/13. Vincent’s remarks need to be understood in context. He is currently a vice president for the NFL, and responsible for providing programming for players and alumni. He had previously served as president of the NFLPA, and was reportedly a finalist for the position of executive director of the union, but did not get the job.
50. “Internships and Entry Level Programs at the League.” N.d. NFL.com. http://www.nfl.com/careers/internships; Eichelberger, May 14, 2013; Fastenberg, Dan. May 23, 2013. “NFL Players Get Internships in Attempt to Build Second Careers.” AOL.com. http//jobs.aol.com/articles/2013/05/23/nfl-players-internships-second-careers/; “Internship Opportunities.” April 10, 2014. NFLplayers.com. https://www.nflplayers.com/About-us/Join-Our-Workforce/Internship-Opportunities/; all retrieved 4/18/14.
51. Eichelberger, May 14, 2013.
52. King, Peter. February 7, 2011. “The Man of the Hour.” SIVault.com. http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1181467/5/index.htm, retrieved 8/23/13. It also didn’t hurt that Goodell is the son of a U.S. senator and has a college degree in economics.
53. Research interview #24.
54. Research interview #23.
55. Research interview #50.
56. Research interview #57.
57. “Executive Profile: Willie Davis.” N.d. Businessweek.com. http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=540364&ticker=FNF&previousCapId=320570&previousTitle=MANPOWERGROUP%20INC; “Willie Davis.” N.d. Forbes.com. http://www.forbes.com/profile/willie-davis/; both retrieved 8/24/13.
58. The details of the story are drawn mainly from Davis’s recent autobiography. See Davis 2012.
59. This is a variation on a quotation variously attributed to Branch Rickey (“Luck is the residue of design”) and John Milton.
60. Research interview #30.
CHAPTER 7. PLAYING WITHOUT A PLAYBOOK
1. Research Interview #26.
2. Chadiha, May 31, 2012.
3. Youngblood, August 24, 2012.
4. S. Coakley 2006, p. 87 (research interview).
5. Chadiha, May 31, 2012.
6. S. Coakley 2006, p. 86 (research interview).
7. Chadiha, May 31, 2012.
8. Research interview #26.
9. Research interview #79.
10. Ibid.
11. Research interview #26.
12. Research interview #42. Also see Greendorfer and Blinde 1985, for a discussion of the limitations of the “social death” perspective for understanding professional sports retirements.
13. Research interview #42.
14. Research interview #26.
15. Research interview #42.
16. Ibid.
17. Player Care study, pp. 14–15.
18. See Lasch, Christopher. 1977. Haven in a Heartless World. New York: Basic Books.
19. See Skolnick, Arlene. 1997. The Intimate Environment, 6th ed. New York: Pearson.
20. O’Toole 2006.
21. See Goyette, Caroline. October 29, 2007. “True Grit.” Milwaukeemag.com. http://www.milwaukeemag.com/article/242011-TrueGrit1, retrieved 11/9/2013; O’Toole 2006.
22. See Davis 2012, Goyette 2007, Oriard 1992, O’Toole 2006.
23. O’Toole 2006, p. 81.
24. Ibid., p. 76.
25. Ibid.
26. Ibid., p. 115. Emphasis in original.
27. Ibid., p. 177.
28. Ibid.
29. Research interview #49.
30. Research interview #03.
31. S. Coakley 2006, p. 102 (research interview).
32. Silver, Michael. February 4, 2013. “Raven’s Super Bowl Success Is Ultimately a Ray Lewis Love Story.” Yahoo.com. http://sports.yahoo.com/news/nfl—morning-rush—ravens—super-bowl-success-is-ultimately-a-love-story-134058071.html, retrieved 4/18/14.
33. Research interview #07.
34. Campbell, LaMar. September 8, 2011. “For Retired NFL Players, Most Challenging ‘Season’ Just Beginning.” CNN.com. http://www.cnn.com/2011/OPINION/09/08/nfl.life.after.the.game/index.html, retrieved 9/17/13.
35. Research interview #20.
36. Research interview #17.
37. Research interview #04.
38. Research interview #25.
39. See, for example, Davis 2010, Feinstein 2005, Oriard 1982, Richmond 2010.
40. Research interview #21.
41. Mike and Mike. January 28, 2013. ESPN2-TV. Also see Feinstein 2005, Freeman 2003, Oriard 1982.
42. Research interview #42.
43. Player Care study. Also see Feinstein 2005; Krattenmaker, Tom. 2010. Onward Christian Athletes. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
44. See Feinstein 2005, p. 267.
CHAPTER 8. TRIALS OF TRANSITION
1. Research interview #42.
2. See J. Coakley 1983, Greendorfer and Blinde 1985.
3. Research interview #47.
4. Research interview #60.
5. Oberg, Kalvervo. 1960. “Culture Shock: Adjustment to New Cultural Environments.” Practical Anthropology 7: 177–82; Pedersen, Paul. 1995. The Five Stages of Culture Shock. Westport, CT: Greenwood; Schmid, Thomas, a
nd Richard S. Jones. 1999. “Personal Adaptations to Cultural Change.” Perspectives on Social Problems 11: 317–42.
6. See Berger, Peter. 1963. Invitation to Sociology. Garden City, NY: Anchor.
7. “Slurs in Incognito’s Messages.” November 5, 2013. ESPN.com. http://espn.go.com/nfl/story/_/id/9926139/richie-incognito-miami-dolphins-used-slurs-messages-jonathan-martin, retrieved 11/7/13. Wells, Theodore V., Brad S. Karp, Bruce Birenboim, and David W. Brown. February 14, 2014. “Report to the National Football League Concerning Issues of Workplace Conduct at the Miami Dolphins.” Turner.com. http://ht.cdn.turner.com/si/images/2014/02/14/PaulWeissReport.pdf, retrieved 4/19/14 (hereafter Wells Report). Wherever possible, we intentionally reproduce vulgar, vile, degrading language in unexpurgated form in order to capture the actual texture of the culture from which it emerges. Indeed, we might argue that this language itself constitutes the culture. To “sanitize” the language would compromise the cultural depiction.
8. We’re not taking sides in this controversy, nor do we intend gratuitously to disparage Incognito, Martin, or any of the other participants in the conversation. Our interest is in the cultural milieu that both prompts and emerges from this dialogue.
9. “Exclusive: Incognito’s Team Reveals Texts with Jonathan Martin.” January 30, 2014. Miami.CBSlocal.com. http://miami.cbslocal.com/2014/01/30/incognitos-team-reveals-texts-with-jonathan-martin/, retrieved 4/19/14; Wells Report.
10. “Slurs in Incognito’s Messages.” November 5, 2013. ESPN.com. http://espn.go.com/nfl/story/_/id/9926139/richie-incognito-miami-dolphins-used-slurs-messages-jonathan-martin; Schrotenboer, Brent. November 5, 2013. “Richie Incognito’s Bully Reputation Goes Back to 2002.” USAToday.com. http://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/nfl/2013/11/05/incognito-bully-accusations-nebraska-freshman/3439819/; “Ndamukong Suh Voted Dirtiest Player.” November 9, 2012. ESPN.com. http://espn.go.com/nfl/story/_/id/8608300/ndamukong-suh-detroit-lions-voted-nfl-dirtiest-player-sporting-news-poll; all retrieved 11/7/13.
11. See, for example, Chris Carter and Mike Golic on Mike and Mike. November 5, 2013. ESPN2-TV.
12. Murtha, Lydon. N.d. “Incognito and Martin: An Insider’s Story.” MMQB.si.com. http://mmqb.si.com/2013/11/07/richie-incognito-jonathan-martin-dolphins-lydon-murtha/, retrieved 11/7/13.
13. Beasley, Adam. November 7, 2013. “Miami Dolphins Players Mostly Voice Support for Richie Incognito.” Miamiherald.com. http://www.miamiherald.com/2013/11/07/3735089/miami-dolphins-center-mike-pouncey.html, retrieved 4/19/4.
14. Mike and Mike. November 15, 2013. ESPN2-TV.
15. Murtha, n.d.
16. Almond, Elliott. November 12, 2013. “NFL Bullying: Why Ex-Stanford Star Jonathan Martin Became a Target.” Mercurynews.com. http://www.mercurynews.com/sports/ci_24462878/nfl-bullying-why-ex-stanford-star-jonathan-martin, retrieved 11/21/13.
17. Mike and Mike. November 8, 2013. ESPN2-TV.
18. Murtha, n.d.
19. Beasley, November 7, 2013.
20. Mike and Mike. November 7, 2013. ESPN2-TV.
21. Mike and Mike. November 8, 2013. ESPN2-TV.
22. Ibid.
23. Clemmer, Donald. 1940. The Prison Community. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston; Sykes, Gresham M. 1958. The Society of Captives. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press; Wieder, D. Lawrence. 1988. Language and Social Reality: The Case of Telling the Convict Code. Washington, D.C.: University Press of America.
24. Murtha, n.d.
25. Ibid.
26. Durkheim, Emile. 1938. The Rules of Sociological Method. New York: Free Press; Erikson, Kai. 1964. “Notes on the Sociology of Deviance,” pp. 9–15, in Becker, Howard (ed.). The Other Side. New York: Free Press.
27. “Richie Incognito Drops N-Bomb on Video.” November 4, 2013. YouTube.com. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SW9C4qi5Y80, retrieved 11/11/13.
28. “Richie Incognito Accused of Molesting Woman with Golf Club in 2012.” November 8, 2013. Huffingtonpost.com. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/11/08/richie-incognito-molesting-woman-golf_n_4240725.html, retrieved 11/11/13.
29. Babb, Kent. February 14, 2014. “NFL-Commissioned Report Finds Culture of Intolerance in Miami Dolphins Locker Room.” Washingtonpost.com. http://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/redskins/nfl-commissioned-report-finds-culture-of-intolerance-in-miami-dolphins-locker-room/2014/02/14/5d10bf3c-95a8-11e3-afce-3e7c922ef31e_story.html, retrieved 4/19/14; Farrar, Doug. February 14, 2014. “Report on Incognito–Jonathan Martin Saga: History of ‘Persistent Bullying, Harassment and Ridicule’ with Dolphins.” SI.com. http://NFL.SI.com/2014/02/14/richie-incognito-jonathan-martin-report/, retrieved 2/19/14; Wells Report.
30. Burke, Chris. March 24, 2014. “NFL Competition Committee Passes on N-word Rule, Considers Extra Point Changes.” NFL.SI.com. http://nfl.si.com/2014/03/19/nfl-competition-committee-passes-on-n-word-rule-considers-extra-point-changes/, retrieved 4/29/14.
31. Wells Report.
32. Ibid.
33. Ibid. Emphasis added.
34. See Freeman 2003, Tuaolo 2006.
35. Wells Report.
36. Lariviere, David. February 11, 2014. “Coming Out Will Hurt Michael Sam’s NFL Draft Status.” Forbes.com. http://www.forbes.com/sites/davidlariviere/2014/02/11/michael-sams-gay-admission-will-hurt-his-nfl-draft-status/, retrieved 4/19/14.
37. Jenkins, Sally. February 10, 2014. “Michael Sam’s Courageous Decision to Come Out Resonates from the NFL to Sochi.” Washingtonpost.com. http://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/olympics/michael-sams-courageous-decision-to-come-out-resonates-from-the-nfl-to-sochi/2014/02/10/e6cc1c1e-927c-11e3-b46a-5a3d0d2130da_story.html, retrieved4/19/14; McGinn, Bob. May 5, 2014. “Scouts Down on Sam’s Talent.” Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, p. 2c; Yan, Holly, and David Alsup. May 12, 2014. “Reactions Heat Up after Michael Sam Kisses Boyfriend on TV.” CNN.com. http://www.cnn.com/2014/05/12/us/michael-sam-nfl-kiss-reaction/, retrieved 5/12/14; Outside the Lines. May 11, 2014. ESPN-TV.
38. Brinson, Will. November 7, 2012. “Jonathan Martin’s Lawyer Alleges More Verbal Abuse.” CBSsports.com. http://www.cbssports.com/nfl/eye-on-football/24199408/david-cornwell-alleges-more-verbal-abuse-of-jona-than-martin, retrieved 11/8/13. Redacted text is from cited source. An unexpurgated version was unavailable.
39. Mike and Mike. November 8, 2013. ESPN2-TV.
40. Kimmel, Michael. 2008. Guyland: The Perilous World Where Boys Become Men. New York: HarperCollins.
41. Ibid., p. 13.
42. See Racial Report Card.
43. See Stack, Carol. 1974. All Our Kin. New York: Harper & Row.
44. Broke. African American interview subjects in O’Toole’s study also hint at racial differences in family demands, but the suggestions are subtle.
45. Many vulgarities routinely make their way into print, but “nigger” is virtually forbidden. It’s also culturally telling that “fag” and “faggot”—terms similarly offensive with reference to sexuality—are relatively commonplace in vernacular speech as well as the public media.
46. Beasley, November 7, 2013.
47. Salguero, Sal. N.d. “Incognito Considered Black in Dolphins Locker Room.” Miamiherald.com. http://miamiherald.typepad.com/dolphins_in_depth/2013/11/richie-incognito-considered-black-in-dolphins-locker-room.html, retrieved 11/7/13.
48. See, for example, Chris Carter on Mike and Mike. January 7, 2013. ESPN2-TV.
49. Durkheim, Emile. 1933 [1893]. The Division of Labor in Society. Glencoe, IL: Free Press; Durkheim, Emile. 1951 [1897]. Suicide. New York: Free Press.
50. Merton, Robert K. 1957. Social Theory and Social Structure. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
51. See Hilbert, Richard A. 1992. The Classical Roots of Ethnomethodology. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
52. See MacIver, R.M. 1950. The Ramparts We Guard. New York: Macmillan; Riesman, David. 1950. The Lonely Crowd. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press; Srole, Leo. 1956. “Social Integration and Certain Corollaries.” American Sociological Review 21: 709–16.
53. Merton 1957.
55. Holstein, James A., and Jaber F. Gubrium. 2000. The Self We Live By. New York: Oxford University Press.
56. Research interview #27.
57. Feinstein 2005, p. 190.
58. See Adler and Adler 1991.
59. See Holstein and Gubrium 2000.
60. S. Coakley 2006 (research interview).
61. Ibid.
62. See Adler, Patricia A., and Peter Adler. 1989. “The Gloried Self: The Aggrandizement and the Construction of Self.” Social Psychology Quarterly 52: 299–310; Adler and Adler 1991.
63. See Mead 1934, Cooley 1902.
64. See Becker, Howard S. “Notes on the Concept of Commitment.” American Journal of Sociology 66: 32–40.
65. At the time of their study, very few players were likely to extend their careers in the pros. Today, however, with the proliferation of international basketball leagues, more and more journeyman players are continuing their careers and sustaining more than mere vestiges of their gloried selves.
66. Goffman, Erving. 1961. Asylums. Garden City, NY: Anchor.
67. Ibid., pp. 12, 5.
68. Ibid., pp. 6–10.
69. Ibid., p. 13.
70. Ibid., pp. 14–35; See Gubrium, Jaber F., and James. A. Holstein (eds.). 2001. Institutional Selves. New York: Oxford University Press. NFL hazing rituals also contribute to this function.
71. Goffman 1961, p. 43.
72. Ibid., p. 73.
73. See Clemmer 1940; Cordilia, A. 1983. The Making of an Inmate: Prison as a Way of Life. Cambridge, MA: Schenkman; Holt, N., and D. Miller. 1972. Explorations in Inmate-Family Relationships. Sacramento: California Department of Corrections, Report 46; Lenihan, K. 1975. “The Financial Condition of Released Prisoners.” Crime and Delinquency 4: 226–81; Richards, S.C. 1995. The Structure of Prison Release. New York: McGraw-Hill; Richards, S.C., and R.S. Jones. 1997. “Perpetual Incarceration Machine: Structural Impediments to Post-Prison Success.” Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 13(1): 4–22; Richards, S.C., and R.S. Jones. 2004. “Beating the Perpetual Incarceration Machine,” pp. 201–32, in Maruna, S., and R. Immarigeon (eds.). After Crime and Punishment: Pathways to Offender Reintegration. London: Willan; Ross, J.I., and S.C. Richards. 2002. Behind Bars: Surviving Prison. Indianapolis: Pearson; Ross, J.I., and S.C. Richards (eds.). 2003. Convict Criminology. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth; Wormith, S. 1984. “The Controversy over the Effects of Long-term Incarceration.” Canadian Journal of Criminology 26: 423–35; Zamble, E., and F. Porporino. 1988. Coping, Behavior and Adaptation in Prison Inmates. New York: Springer-Verlag.
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