by Brian Dear
U and I, University High School (UIUC): 1955–1985.
Source Notes
Preface
Published Sources
Asimov, Isaac (1951). “The Fun They Had.” Originally published in an unnamed 1951 children’s newspaper, then reprinted in the February 1954 issue of The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction. Retrieved 2014-06-19 from http://visual-memory.co.uk/daniel/funtheyhad.html.
PART I THE AUTOMATIC TEACHER
Epigraph
Drucker. Adventures, 255.
Musk, E. “Elon Musk Interview at World Energy Innovation Forum,” May 4, 2016. Retrieved 2016-05-05 from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LllF6WsmzFU [this website is no longer active].
Papert, “Computer as Mudpie,” in Intelligent Schoolhouse.
1. Praeceptor ex Machina
Interview Sources
Author interviews: Eliot (2013), Gilpin (1997), Papert (1987), Skinner (1987).
Published Sources
Galanter. Automatic Teaching.
Petrina, S. “Sidney Pressey and the Automation of Education, 1924–1934.” Technology and Culture 45(2), 2004, 305–30.
Skinner, B. F. “Baby in a Box.” Ladies’ Home Journal, October 1945, 30–31, 135–36, 138.
———. A Matter of Consequences.
———. Particulars of My Life.
———. “Programmed Instruction Revisited.” Phi Delta Kappan, 1986, 103–10.
———. Shaping of a Behaviorist.
———. Technology of Teaching.
———. Walden Two.
Thorndike. Education, 165.
Yeomans. Shady Hill School.
Unpublished Sources
Email correspondence with author: Buzan, D. (Skinner) (2012); Deutsch, L. P. (2002, 2013); Vargas, J. (Skinner) (1997).
2. An Educational Emergency
Interview Sources
Author interviews: Alpert (1986, 2003); Donald Bitzer (1986, 1987, 1997, 2002); R. Brown (2003); Desmond (2003); G. and J. Leichner (2012); Sherwin (1987); Skaperdas (2002); L. Stolurow (1997).
Other interviews: Alpert (2002); Sherwin (1991).
Published Sources
Associated Press. “Several Countries Tune In on ‘Moon’: Red Satellite Circles Globe in 1½ Hours.” Urbana Courier, October 5, 1957, 1.
“Crisis in Education.” Life 44(12), March 24, 1958, 26.
Dickson. Sputnik, 112.
“Approve New University Positions for Dodson, Health Center Heads.” DI, August 1, 1957.
“Trustees Appoint D. Alpert Control Systems Director.” DI, October 25, 1958.
“Donald B. Gilles.” Wikipedia. Retrieved 2015-01-16 from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_B._Gillies.
CSL quarterly progress report, September 1960. UIUC Archives.
Jorden, W. “Soviet Fires Satellite into Space.” New York Times, October 5, 1957, 1.
Kosar, K. R. “National Defense Education Act of 1958.” Federal Education Policy History blog, June 3, 2011. Retrieved 2013-07-14 from https://federaleducationpolicy.wordpress.com/2011/06/03/national-defense-education-act-of-1958-2/.
“List of Nuclear Weapons Tests of the Soviet Union.” Wikipedia. Retrieved 2015-03-27, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nuclear_weapons_tests_of_the_Soviet_Union.
“List of Nuclear Weapons Tests of the United States.” Wikipedia. Retrieved 2015-03-27 from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nuclear_weapons_tests_of_the_United_States.
Skinner. A Matter of Consequences, 132–33.
Wolfe. Right Stuff, 57.
Unpublished Sources
Brown, R., letter to Daniel Alpert, UIUC, May 3, 1960.
3. The Super-Achiever
Interview Sources
Author interviews: Alpert (1986, 2003a, 2003b); Donald Bitzer (1987, 1996, 1997, 2002, 2003); E. Bitzer, S. Bitzer, C. Lampe and J. Lampe (2003); R. Bitzer (2003); Braunfeld (1997); R. Brown (2003); Desmond (2003); Dutcher (2002); Forsyth (2003); Skaperdas (2002).
Published Sources
Collinsville High School yearbook, 1955.
Bitzer, Donald. “PLATO@50: PLATO Computer Learning System 50th Anniversary.” Presentation at the PLATO@50 Conference, June 2, 2010, Computer History Museum, Mountain View, CA. Retrieved 2010-10-30 from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=THoxsBw-UmM.
“Eta Kappa Nu Holds Smoker,” DI, October 28.1953.
Graf, R. W. “Case Study of the Development of the Naval Tactical Data System.” Prepared for the National Academy of Sciences, Committee on the Utilization of Scientific and Engineering Manpower,” January 29, 1964. Cambridge, MA: United Research, Inc., 17.
Unpublished Sources
Email correspondence with author. Bitzer, Donald (2003; confirming the sit-ups story, Bitzer had this to say: “The story is true. The slash was across my nose where I got hit with a baseball bat. I still have that scar. The worst part of the sit-ups was that I wore a blister on my butt and I had to take a final exam in descriptive geometry which required I sit on a stool for three hours.”); Faster, W. (2004); Forsyth, B. (2003).
Other documents: D. Alpert letter to Dean Everitt, June 3, 1960.
4. The Diagram
Interview Sources
Author interviews: Avner (1986); David Bitzer (1997); Donald Bitzer (1986, 1987, 1996, 1997, 2002, 2003); R. Bitzer (2003); Blomme (1986, 2013); Braunfeld (1997); Burr (2002); J. Sherwood (2003).
Published Sources
Adderly, S. “ECE Alumnus Wayne Lichtenberger Donates a Piece of Computing History to the University.” ECE Illinois, 2010, UIUC. Retrieved 2010-12-15 from https://www.ece.illinois.edu/newsroom/article/1179.
Bitzer, D, and P. Braunfeld. “Computer Teaching Machine Project: PLATO on ILLIAC.” Computers and Automation, 11(2), February 1962, 16–18.
Bitzer, D., P. Braunfeld, and W. Lichtenberger. “PLATO: An Automatic Teaching Device.” CSL Report 1-130, CSL, UIUC, June 1961.
———. “PLATO II: A Multiple Student, Computer-Controlled Automatic Teaching Device.” CSL Report 1-109, CSL, UIUC, October 1961.
———. “PLATO II.” Proceedings, 1962, 205–16.
CSL. Quarterly Report, June, July, August 1960. UIUC.
———Quarterly Report, September, October, November 1960. UIUC.
———Quarterly Report, December 1960–February 1961. UIUC.
Kingery et al. Men and Ideas, 146–64.
Minow, M. “Dead Media: Paper Tape.” Web article, December 26, 2000. Retrieved 2014-10-19 from https://www.merrymeet.com/minow/papertape/paper_tape.html [this website is no longer active].
Nash, J. P., ed. “ILLIAC Programming: A Guide to the Preparation of Problems for Solution by the University of Illinois Digital Computer,” Digital Computer Laboratory, Graduate College, 1956, UIUC.
“New UI Computer Begins Operations,” DI, November 11, 1961, 10.
“To Demonstrate Machine in Electronic Learning.” NG, March 10, 1961.
UIUC Public Information Office. Press release on upcoming first remote demonstration of PLATO at Allerton Park, March 9, 1961.
Ullman. Close to the Machine.
Unpublished Sources
Avner, A. “Bitzer I.” Note in PLATO Past notesfile, CERL PLATO system, Note 7, March 17, 1977.
Bitzer, D., and E. Jordan. “PLATO as a Teacher of Electrical Engineering, Part II.” Undated, c. 1962, UIUC Archives.
Lyman, E. Untitled memo to Professor Edward Jordan, September 7, 1980. UIUC Archives.
5. Soldering Irons, Not Switchblades
Interview Sources
Author interviews: Avner (1986); Donald Bitzer (1986, 1987, 1996, 1997, 2002); D. and M. Bitzer (2002, 2016); Fillman (1997a, 1997b); Frampton (2013); Hanson (2013); Hanson and Gladding (2016); Leeb (2014); Volpp (2003); Walker (2003).
Published Sources
Black, J. W. “PLATO—A Teaching Machine Proving Its Worth.” NG, March 18, 1962, 32.
Goldstein. Desperate Hours.
/> Simpson. Alive.
Unpublished Sources
Email correspondence with author: Altenbernd, N. (2014); Hanson, A. (1996–2016); Jorgensen, R. (2014); Kohn, N. (2013–2014); Leeb, C. (2014–2015); Singer, S. (2013); Sokolove, P. (2014); Walker, M. (1996–2015).
6. Gas and Glass
Interview Sources
Author interviews: Donald Bitzer (1986, 1987, 2003a, 2003b, 2012); D. and M. Bitzer (2016); Cole (2002); Desmond (2003); Golden (2003); Roger Johnson (2003, 2009, 2010, 2014); Liddle (2003); Propst (1997a, 1997b, 2013); Scarpelli (2014); Schermerhorn (2013); Skaperdas (2002); Slottow (2003); Weber (2013, 2014); Willson (2002).
Other interviews: Alpert (2002); Arora (2003); Donald Bitzer (2002a, 2002b); Engelbart (1986); Jeff Johnson (2002); Scarpelli (2002).
Published Sources
Arora, B. M., D. L. Bitzer, H. G. Slottow, and R. H. Willson, “The Plasma Display Panel: A New Device for Information Display and Storage.” Society for Information Display, Symposium Digest, May 1967.
Bitzer, D. L. “Inventing the AC Plasma Panel.” Information Display, February 1999, 22–27.
Bitzer, D. L., et al., “Gaseous Display and Memory Apparatus.” US Patent 3,559,190, filed 1966-12-22, issued 1971-01-26.
Bitzer, D. L., and Slottow, H. G. “The Plasma Display Panel: A Digitally Addressable Display with Inherent Memory.” Presented at the 1966 Fall Joint Computer Conference, Washington, D.C., AFIPS Conference Proceedings 29, 1966, 541–47.
Boyd, J. E., and J. Rucker. “A Blaze of Crimson Light: The Story of Neon.” Distillations, Chemical Heritage Foundation, Summer 2012. Retrieved 2013-03-11 from https://www.chemheritage.org/distillations/magazine/a-blaze-of-crimson-light-the-story-of-neon.
Chatterji, B. N. “From My Memory,” Web page. Retrieved 2016-09-22 from http://debashis1.tripod.com/kgphistory/kgphistory8.htm.
CSL. Quarterly Report, December 1962, January 1963, February 1963, CSL, UIUC.
“A Decade of Achievement in India.” Illinois Technograph 79(1), October, 37–38.
Fett, G. Final Report: University of Illinois Program in India at the Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal. 1964. UIUC Archives.
Hokamp, H. “Bitzer Pioneers Computer Instruction for India.” NG, August 28, 1964, 4.
Hood, H. C. “Large Displays: Military Market Now, Civilian Next.” Electronics. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1963, 24–27.
Hutchinson, J. “Plasma Display Panels: The Colorful History of an Illinois Technology.” ECE Illinois Alumni Association Newsletter, 36(1), Winter 2002–2003. Retrieved 2013-03-07 from http://web.archive.org/web/20051001030137/ http://www.ece.uiuc.edu/alumni/w02-03/plasma_history.html.
Joseph, F. S. “Versatile PLATO May Join Ranks of ‘Old Masters.’ ” Associated Press, 1967-04-25.
Lewis, R. “Introducing the U of I Computer, a Teaching Assistant That Turns Science Fiction into Reality.” Chicago Sun-Times, undated, 1967.
———. “Plasma Panel: New Image for TV!” Chicago Sun-Times, January 29, 1967, Section 2, 6.
Moore, G. “Cramming More Components onto Integrated Circuits.” Electronics, April 19, 1965, 38(8), 114–17.
Slottow, H. G. “Plasma Displays.” IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, July 1976, ED-23(7): 760–72.
“ ‘Vision Plate’ Is Invented at Illinois U. Chicago, IL.” Chicago Sun-Times, 1967.
Weber, L. “The First Plasma Display Product.” Information Display 28 (7&8), July–August, 25–26.
———. “History of the Plasma Display Panel.” IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 34(2), April 2006, 268–77.
Willson, R. H. “A Capacitively-Coupled Bistable Gas Discharge Cell for Computer Controlled Displays.” PhD diss. and CSL Report R-303, June, UIUC.
Unpublished Sources
Email correspondence with author: Arora, B. (September–October 2003, October 2009); Ebeling, Fred (2013–2015); Holz, G. (March 2010); Hutchinson, J. (April 2003); Klotz, J. (February 2016); Walker, M. (1997-01-01); Wedding, D. (February 2013).
Other Documents
Bitzer, D. Author’s transcript of unpublished acceptance speech video, Emmy Award, National Academy for Television Arts and Sciences, National Academy for Television Arts and Sciences, New York, NY, 2002.
Ebeling, Fred. “PLATO IV History.” Unpublished essay. September 2014.
———. Correspondence with Donald L. Bitzer, 1963–1964. UIUC Archives.
Fett, G. H. “A Digital Computer for IIT, Kharagpur: A Detailed Analysis and Study Report,” April 8, 1963. UIUC Archives.
Miscellaneous India documents, 24/2/12, Boxes 1–9. UIUC Archives.
Walker, M. “Alphabat.” Note in PLATO Past notesfile, CERL PLATO, August 16, 1977.
7. Two’s a Crowd
Interview Sources
Author’s Interviews: Alpert (1987, 2003); R. C. Anderson (2002); Donald Bitzer (1986, 1987, 1996, 1997, 2002, 2003a, 2003b, 2012); Blomme (1986, 2013); Compton (2003); Desmond (2003); Evans (2009); Faust (1987); Gilpin (1997); Krueger (2010); Lyman (1986); Schultz (2012); Sherwood (1997); K. Smith (2013); L. Stolurow (1997); Tenczar (1986, 1987, 2003); Volpp (2003).
Published Sources
Bitzer, D. L. “PLATO, Plasma Screens, and Computer-Based Education,” in Allen, e-Learning Annual 2008, 43–57.
Bitzer, D. L., E. R. Lyman, and J. A. Easley. “The Uses of PLATO: A Computer Controlled Teaching System.” Audio-Visual Instruction, January 1966.
Ghesquiere et al. Introduction to TUTOR.
Lyman, E. R. A Descriptive List of PLATO Programs, 1960–1968. CERL Report X-2, May 1968.
Sherwood. TUTOR Language.
Stolurow, L. M. “Systems Approach to Instruction.” Technical Report No. 7, July. Training Research Laboratory, Department of Psychology, UIUC.
Stolurow, L. M., and D. J. Davis. “Teaching Machines and Computer-Based Systems.” Technical Report No. 1, August 1963. Training Research Laboratory, Department of Psychology, UIUC.
“TV of Future: Wire-Brained Looking Glass.” Chicago Tribune, April 26, 1967.
UIUC Public Information Office. Press release announcing Daniel Alpert becoming dean of UIUC graduate college effective September 1. Release date January 20, 1965.
8. Knocking on the Same Doors
Interview Sources
Author interviews: M. Allen (1997, 2016); Alpert (2003a); Atkinson (1987); Bunderson (1986); Faust (1987); Fletcher (1987); Hendricks (1986); Knoke (2002); Leichner (2012); McWilliams (1987); Melmed (1987); Merrill (1986a, 1986b, 1987); Molnar (1987); Risken (2013); Ross (1987); Sherwood (1997); Sherwood and Chabay (1997, 2002); Stetten (1997); Suppes (1987).
Other interviews: Molnar (1991).
Published Sources
Anderson, P. “Dissolving Graduate College Likely.” DI, July 25, 1972, 5.
———. “Report Suggests UI Reorganization.” DI, July 18, 1972, 1.
Bowen, E. “The Computer as a Tutor.” Life, January 27, 1967, 62: 68-70.
Bunderson, C. V. “Reflections on TICCIT,” in Allen, e-Learning Annual, 1–30.
———. “The TICCIT Project: Design Strategy for Educational Innovation,” in Productivity in Higher Education, S. A. Harrison and L. M. Stolurow, eds. Washington, DC: National Institutes of Education, 1973.
Bunderson, C. V., and Faust, G. W. “Programmed and Computer-Assisted Instruction,” in The Psychology of Teaching Methods (75th yearbook of the National Society for the Study of Education), Part I, 44–90. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976.
“Display Panel Forerunner of Flat TV.” Chemical and Engineering News 47(26): 52–53.
Jones, R. L. (1995). “TICCIT and Clips: The Early Years.” CALICO Journal 12(4): 84–96.
National Science Foundation. MOSAIC 3(3), Summer 1972.
Saltz, I. “Computers Scary? PLATO Friendly.” NG, September 27, 1971.
———. “PLATO Can Lower Educational Costs.” NG, September 29, 1971.
———. “PLATO Lets Teachers B
e Sympathetic—Not Clerks.” NG, September 26, 1971.
Silberman, C. “Technology Is Knocking at the Schoolhouse Door.” Fortune 74, August 1966, 120–25.
Stetten, K. J. “A Comparison of TICCET and PLATO IV.” MITRE Corporation white paper, November 18, 1970.
Suppes, P. “Computer Technology and the Future of Education,” in Atkinson and Wilson, Computer-Assisted Instruction.
———. “How Far Have We Come? What’s Just Ahead?” Nation’s Schools, 82, 52–53, 86.
———. “On Using Computers to Individualize Instruction,” in D. D. Bushnell and D. W. Allen, eds., The Computer in American Education. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1967.
———. “Teacher and Computer-Assisted Instruction.” National Education Association Journal 56, February, 15–17.
———. “Tomorrow’s Education? Computer-Based Instruction in the Elementary School.” Education Age 2(3), January–February 1966.
———. “The Uses of Computers in Education.” Scientific American 215, 1967, 206–20.
Tuttle, “Historical Development.”
Unpublished Sources
Email correspondence with author: Avner, A. (1997); Luherman, A. (1997); Stetten, K. (1997).
Other Documents
Bitzer, D., Letter to C. Victor Bunderson, 1971-08-31. CERL UIUC Archives.
Black, D. “The Teacher and the TICCIT System.” Occasional Paper No. 3, February 1974, Institute for Computer Uses in Education, BYU.
Bunderson, C. V. Letters to Ken Stetten, MITRE Corporation, April 22, 1971; July 19, 1971; October 20, 1971; October 25, 1971; October 27, 1971.
———. “The TICCIT Learner Control Language.” Occasional Paper No. 5, December 1975, Institute for Computer Uses in Education, BYU.
Hendricks, H. R. “The TICCIT System at Brigham Young University.” CTS Technical Report #10, July 7, 1980, BYU Division of Learning Services.
TICCIT Project. “Minutes of the TICCIT Management Team Meeting,” Boessenroth, T., Bunderson, C. V., Fine, S., O’Neal, F. 1974-08-15.
9. A Fork in the Road
Interview Sources
Author’s Interviews: Alpert (2003a, 2003b); Donald Bitzer (1986, 1987, 2003); Blomme (2013); Frankel (1997); Goldberg (1987); Goldman (2003); Hiltzik (2003); Kay (1987, 1988); Liddle (2003); Pake (2003); Papert (1987); Propst (1997a, 1997b); Tenczar (1986, 1987, 2003).
