“hope molecules”: Cristy Phillips and Ahmad Salehi, “A Special Regenerative Rehabilitation and Genomics Letter: Is There a ‘Hope’ Molecule?” Physical Therapy 96, no. 4 (2016): 581–83.
Endurance activities like walking, hiking, jogging: Brittany A. Edgett et al., “Dissociation of Increases in PGC-1α and Its Regulators from Exercise Intensity and Muscle Activation Following Acute Exercise.” PLOS ONE 8, no. 8 (2013): e71623; Lee T. Ferris, James S. Williams, and Chwan-Li Shen, “The Effect of Acute Exercise on Serum Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Levels and Cognitive Function.” Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 39, no. 4 (2007): 728–34; Malcolm Eaton et al., “Impact of a Single Bout of High-Intensity Interval Exercise and Short-Term Interval Training on Interleukin-6, FNDC5, and METRNL mRNA Expression in Human Skeletal Muscle.” Journal of Sport and Health Science 7, no. 2 (2018): 191–96; Ayhan Korkmaz et al., “Plasma Irisin Is Increased Following 12 Weeks of Nordic Walking and Associates with Glucose Homoeostasis in Overweight/Obese Men with Impaired Glucose Regulation.” European Journal of Sport Science 19, no. 2 (2019): 258–66; Katya Vargas-Ortiz et al., “Aerobic Training But No Resistance Training Increases SIRT3 in Skeletal Muscle of Sedentary Obese Male Adolescents.” European Journal of Sport Science 18, no. 2 (2018): 226–34.
Among those who are already active: Cesare Granata, Nicholas A. Jamnick, and David J. Bishop, “Principles of Exercise Prescription, and How They Influence Exercise-Induced Changes of Transcription Factors and Other Regulators of Mitochondrial Biogenesis.” Sports Medicine 48, no. 7 (2018): 1541–59; Casper Skovgaard et al., “Combined Speed Endurance and Endurance Exercise Amplify the Exercise-Induced PGC-1α and PDK4 mRNA Response in Trained Human Muscle.” Physiological Reports 4, no. 14 (2016): e12864.
In one study, running to exhaustion: Shanhu Qiu et al., “Acute Exercise-Induced Irisin Release in Healthy Adults: Associations with Training Status and Exercise Mode.” European Journal of Sport Science 18, no. 9 (2018): 1226–33.
“Can there be a better way to work out who you are?”: Quote from Jethro De Decker’s personal blog post describing his experience in the 2018 Yukon Arctic Ultra, March 9, 2018; https://nextbigadventure.wordpress.com/2018/03/09/yukon-arctic-ultra-2018/.
In her memoir, Dirty Inspirations, she recalls considering her options: Terri Schneider, Dirty Inspirations: Lessons from the Trenches of Extreme Endurance Sports (Hobart, NY: Hatherleigh, 2016). Many of the details about Schneider’s adventures come from this memoir; others are from direct conversation, as noted in the text.
After the event, a Canadian competitor: “50 Stunning Olympic Moments No. 3: Derek Redmond and Dad Finish 400m.” The Guardian, November 30, 2011; https://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2011/nov/30/50-stunning-olympic-moments-derek-redmond.
“Things seem easier when they’re shared”: Quote from participant in Christensen, “Over the Mountains and Through the Woods.”
“He gave me his water and walked with me”: Joy Ebertz, “Running Is a Community Sport.” Medium, April 27, 2017; https://medium.com/@jkebertz/running-is-a-community-sport-ba27dd7a0fb0.
During one ultrarunner’s first overnight 62-mile trail race: Quote from participant in Christensen, “Over the Mountains and Through the Woods.”
As one runner explains, “If you have socks”: Jenna M. Quicke, “The Phenomenon of Community: A Qualitative Study of the Ultrarunning Community.” PhD dissertation, Prescott College, 2017.
When researcher Jenna Quicke asked ultrarunners to choose a photo: Quicke, “The Phenomenon of Community.”
Sharing a physically painful experience: Brock Bastian, Jolanda Jetten, and Laura J. Ferris, “Pain as Social Glue: Shared Pain Increases Cooperation.” Psychological Science 25, no. 11 (2014): 2079–85.
collective rituals that include pain bond us to others: Harvey Whitehouse and Jonathan A. Lanman, “The Ties That Bind Us: Ritual, Fusion, and Identification.” Current Anthropology 55, no. 6 (2014): 674–95.
“When you go up there, everyone is your brother”: Dimitris Xygalatas, “The Biosocial Basis of Collective Effervescence: An Experimental Anthropological Study of a Fire-Walking Ritual.” Fieldwork in Religion 9, no. 1 (2014): 53–67.
According to a survey of hospice care nurses: Stacey Burling, “What Do Dying People Really Talk About at the End of Life?” Philadelphia Inquirer, December 13, 2018; http://www.philly.com/health/what-do-hospice-patients-talk-about-towson-death-regret-family-gratitude-20181214.html.
The Marathon Monks of Mount Hiei, Japan: John Stevens and Tadashi Namba, The Marathon Monks of Mount Hiei (Brattleboro, VT: Echo Point Books & Media, 2013).
In 2010, he spoke with National Public Radio: “Monk’s Enlightenment Begins with a Marathon Walk.” Morning Edition, National Public Radio. May 11, 2010; https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=125223168.
Final Thoughts
Norwegian ethicist Sigmund Loland posed the question: Sigmund Loland, “The Exercise Pill: Should We Replace Exercise with Pharmaceutical Means?” Sport, Ethics and Philosophy 11, no. 1 (2017): 63–74.
“the possibilities—the transformative traits of movement”: Doug Anderson, “Recovering Humanity: Movement, Sport, and Nature.” Journal of the Philosophy of Sport 28, no. 2 (2001): 140–50.
“I was reminded that I wasn’t alone”: Quote from dance class participant’s email, used with permission.
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
INDEX
The page numbers in this index refer to the printed version of this book. The link provided will take you to the beginning of that print page. You may need to scroll forward from that location to find the corresponding reference on your e-reader.
achievement
importance of family and friends as witnesses, 145–46
long-lasting effects of, 200–201
addiction
effects on the brain, 40–42, 51–52
exercise as, 38–39, 42
exercise as addict’s substitute for drugs or alcohol, 51–54
molecular switch for, 41–42
pleasure gloss, 47–51
similarity to devotion, 63–64
aerobics
author’s interest in, 48–50, 56, 60–61
simplicity of movement, 94
“Always” (song), 119, 123
American Cancer Society’s Relay for Life, 88–90
American Ninja Warrior (TV show), 148
The Anatomy of Hope (Groopman), 147
Andaman Islands, India, 70–71, 87, 94
Andersen, Tucker, 99
Anderson, Doug, 7, 214
André’s story (brain injury patient encouraged by his wife), 146
Antelope Island ultramarathon, 179–80, 185
anthropological research about exercise
anatomical adaptations for running, 14–15
changing food supply, 14
hunting and gathering demands, 15–16
anxiety
chronic worry, 59–60
exercise’s ability to counteract, 24–25, 60–62
nature’s effects on, 162
Appalachian Trail, 185
attention capture, 38
Bachrach, Asaf, 75
Baekeland, Frederick, 37–38
Bain, Alexander, 9
Bearden, Shawn, 179–80, 182–85, 194–95, 207–8
belonging
to the group, 175–76
running and the feeling of, 34–35
Bender, Jody, 18–21, 22–23
benefits of regular activity, 3
Bergeron, Brandon, 77
Berlin, Irving, 123
Bhangra (dance), 112
bicycling
Peloton classes, 82, 85
Terra Australis Bike Epic, 180–81
Bingham, John, 46
>
biophilia, 156–57, 169–72, 178
Bonilla, Joanna, 142–44, 145, 150–51
the brain
addiction’s effects on, 40–42
anti-reward system, 51–52
changes that occur with aging, 53–54
changes that occur with regular exercise, 34–35, 65
chronic worry effects on, 60
cooperation and brain development, 163
deep brain stimulation, 52–53
default mode network, 158–60, 162–64
dopamine, 40, 50, 51–52, 64, 193
effects of drugs on, 51–52
effects of exercise on, 4–5, 52–54, 62
endocannabinoids, 16–17, 23–24, 26–28, 34–35
endorphins, 72, 78
foraging cognition, 163
green exercise’s effects on, 160–61, 165
mirror neurons, 117, 148–49
purpose of the brain, 5–6
response to hearing music, 98, 100, 117
reward system, 52–54, 64–65, 159
transcranial magnetic stimulation as a treatment for depression, 160–61
Bramble, Dennis, 10
Brown, Thomas, 134
Burroughs, Kirsty-Ann, 190
caffeine, 40
cardiovascular health, effects of music on stress test results, 100–101
Carter, Robert Goldthwaite, 98–99
Cary, John, 27
Case, Stephanie, 10
CCK-4 (drug), 25
challenges, facing
accompanied by friends and family, 145–46
Joanna Bonilla’s post-paralysis training, 142–44, 145, 150–51
the decision point, 129
importance of feeling brave and in control, 131
through physical accomplishments, 126–27
Ruth’s story, 142
using metaphors of the body, 126
Wall of Greatness at DPI Adaptive Fitness, 141–43
Changizi, Mark, 93
charity athletic events
American Cancer Society’s Relay for Life, 88–90
Hustle Chicago, 89
Jazzercise Dance for Life, 90
Stanford Dance Marathon, 109–10
success of various events, 89–90
Clapham, Vic, 181
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 144
collective effervescence, 68–69, 79
collective joy
from a calm group exercise experience, 72–73
cooperation as a side effect of, 77–78, 95
described as a feeling, 70–71
and endorphins, 72, 78
feeling of boundaries dissolving, 73–74, 94
and social connections, 78, 150
synchrony as the key to producing, 71, 93–94
community
collectively cared-for green spaces, 174–77
communities formed around movement practices, 174
creating a community not limited by proximity, 81
confidence, 144–45, 167, 201
control
defeat response, 130–31
the importance of some element of control, 131, 198
learned helplessness, 130
cooperation
CrossFit gym rebuild example of member cooperation, 77
and the development of the human brain, 163
kinship during endurance events, 204–8
as a side effect of collective joy, 77–78, 95
cooperation high, 28–29
cortisol awakening response, 176
Cregan-Reid, Vybarr, 9
CrossFit
CrossFit gym rebuild example of cooperation, 77
gyms functioning like community hubs, 79–80, 149–50, 174
partner carry movement, 137–39
dancing
author’s maternal grandparents’ love of dance, 118–21, 123
Bhangra (dance), 112
carimbó dancing on Marajó Island, 69–70, 94
Dance for PD program at Juilliard, 113–16, 117–18
“Hava Nagila” (song/dance), 112
Maasai warriors of Kenya jumping dance, 113
as a sign of resilience, 91–92
Stanford Dance Marathon, 109–10
synchrony, 71–72
Bronwyn Tarr’s dance experiments, 71–72
virtual reality avatar dance experiments, 83–84
Zumba events after Hurricane Harvey, 91–92
Dartmouth College happy songs and happy animations experiments, 111–13
Davidenko, Polina, 87–90
De Decker, Jethro, 189, 197
default mode network of the brain, 158–60, 162–64
defeat response, 130–31
depression
Shawn Bearden’s ultrarunning to fight depression, 183–84, 194–95, 207–8
deep brain stimulation as a treatment for depression, 52–53
default mode network activity and rumination, 159, 163
exercise as an antidepressant, 52–53
group exercise to combat depression after the Great East Japan Earthquake, 90–91
Hong-reung Arboretum patients’ successful treatment after forest-walking, 156
Maura Kelly’s outdoor walk to escape depression, 157–58
ketamine as a treatment for depression, 160–61
old friends hypothesis, 171–72
the perception of time with depression, 184–85
Araliya Ming Senerat’s experiences with depression, 127
transcranial magnetic stimulation as treatment for depression, 160–61
determination, 202–3
Devaney, Jacob, 92
Dip (Peters), 161–62
Dirty Inspirations (Schneider), 198
dopamine, 40, 50, 51–52, 64, 193
DPI Adaptive Fitness, 141–48
drugs
caffeine, 40
chronic use of drugs, 41–42
effects on the brain, 51–52, 62
entheogens, 165
methylphenidate, 40
modafinil, 40
psychological effects of physical activity compared to drugs, 164–65
Rimonabant, 23–24
using psychoactive drugs to encourage physical activity, 40
Dunlap, Scott, 9
Durkheim, Émile, 79
Ebertz, Joy, 204
Eco-Challenge, 197–98
electric shock
Electroshock Therapy challenge (Tough Mudder obstacle course), 128, 129–31
experiments regarding rats’ responses to stress, 130–31
empathy, 148–49
encouragement, 150–51
endocannabinoids, 16–17, 23–24, 26–28, 34–35
endorphins, 72, 78
endurance athletes
Antelope Island ultramarathon, 179–80, 185
Appalachian Trail, 185
Eco-Challenge, 197–98
Iditarod Trail Invitational, 181
Ironman World Championship, 185–86
Kauai Marathon, 188
Marathon Monks of Mount Hiei, Japan, 206–7
music as inspiration to keep moving, 99
need for motivation as well as physical ability, 15–16
90K Comrades Marathon, 181
outdoor aspect of all long-distance races, 188–89
participation rates, 181
and the perception of time during an event, 185
psychological strategies of endurance athletes, 185–89
Terri Schneider’s experiences as an endurance athlete, 195–201
Spartathalon, 180, 185
support required by, 203–8
Terra Australis Bike Epic, 180–81
and their relationship to suffering, 181, 193–94, 195–96
ultrarunning, 182–83, 204–5
Yukon Arctic Ultra, 189–90, 191–92
entheogens, 165
ergogenic nature of music, 100
exercise
as addiction, 38–39, 42
deprivation of exercise, the effects of, 37–38
development of a drug that would mimic the physiological benefits of exercise, 39–40, 212, 213
effects on the brain, 52–54, 65
genetic predisposition to enjoy exercise, 58–59
exercise habit, developing, 42
as a substitute for drugs or alcohol, 51–54
trying a new form of exercise, 42–44
using psychoactive drugs to encourage physical activity, 40
Exertion Games Lab
Jogging over a Distance app, 81
Joggobot robotic jogging companion, 82–83
exhaustion during an ultramarathon, 179–80
“Eye of the Tiger” (song), 104
facial masking, 116, 117
fear, 197–201
Finding Ultra (Roll), 165
Finn, Adharanand, 23
First Strides running program, 178
Fit Fam, 108
five circles of social connections, 78–79
Flemmer, Niki, 25–26, 28–29, 205
Footnotes (Cregan-Reid), 9
foraging cognition, 163
Foster, Craig, 21–22
fundraising events. See charity athletic events
Garland, Theodore, Jr., 39–40, 54–55
Gebrselassie, Haile, 101
genetics
author’s personal DNA research, 56–60
genetic predisposition for enjoying exercise, 58–59
limitations of genetics, 57
research to breed mice as super-runners, 54–55
variability in physical activity, 56
goals, 144–47
The Joy of Movement Page 25
