by Alan Palmer
9. Elizabeth to her mother, 1 February 1809, N.M., Elis., II, p. 313.
10. Vandal, II, pp. 37–40; Paléologue, op. cit., p. 100.
11. Elizabeth to her mother, 1 February 1809, N.M., Elis., II, p. 313.
12. Louise to Alexander, 9 February 1809, Bailleu, op. cit., p. 435.
13. See Louise’s journal, Ibid., p. 549.
14. Elizabeth to her mother, 6 May 1809, N.M., Elis., II, p. 320.
15. The same to the same, 26 August 1809, Ibid., II, p. 340.
16. Adams, p. 89.
17. Vandal, II, p. 38.
18. Alexander to Rumiantsev. 14 and 22 February 1809, VPR, IV, pp. 493–5 and 502–4; Rumiantsev to Anstedt, 23 March 1809, Ibid., IV, pp. 543–4.
19. Elizabeth to her mother, 12 April 1809, N.M., Elis., II, p. 319.
20. Vandal, II, pp. 75–7.
21. Ibid., II, p. 82.
22. Elizabeth to her mother, 12 May 1809, N.M., Elis., II, p. 322.
23. Vandal, II, p. 93.
24. Champagny to Caulaincourt, 2 June 1809, Ibid., II, p. 95.
25. Lefebvre, Napoléon, II, p. 69.
26. Seton-Watson, Russian Empire, p. 120.
27. Vandal, II, p. 169.
28. Shilder, Alek. I, II, pp. 246–7 and 304–5.
29. Vandal, II, pp. 182–4.
30. Ibid., II, pp. 224–32.
31. Adams, p. 93.
32. Alexander to Catherine Pavlovna, 4 January 1810, Corr. Alex., p. 27.
33. Waliszewski, I, pp. 301–8; VPR, V, pp. 403 and 690.
34. Marie Feodorovna to Catherine Pavlovna, 4 January 1810, Corr. Alex., pp. 251–7.
35. Catherine Pavlovna to Marie Feodorovna, 7 January 1810, Ibid., pp. 259–60.
36. Ibid., Vandal, II, pp. 271–80.
37. Palmer, Metternich, pp. 74–5.
38. Vandal, II, pp. 290–2.
39. Ibid., II, p. 222; Kukiel, Czartoryski and European Unity, p. 92.
40. Vandal, II, p. 363, quoting Nap. Corr., XXI, no 16180 of August 1810.
41. Kukiel, op. cit., pp. 92–3; Mazade, Mémoires de Czartoryski, II, pp. 229–234.
42. Gielgud, Mémoires of Prince Czartoryski, II, pp. 200–12.
43. LPN, II, pp. 66–71.
44. Grimsted, Foreign Ministers, p. 185 (citing Tarlé’s study of Talleyrand).
45. LPN, III, pp. 225–370.
46. Ibid., III, p. 317.
47. Caulaincourt, op. cit., I, pp. 117–18.
48. Adams, p. 130.
49. Ibid.
50. Paléologue, op. cit., p. 130.
51. Adams, loc. cit.
Chapter 12: ‘Blood Must Flow Again’
1. Adams, p. 244.
2. Alexander to Catherine Pavlovna, 19 January 1810, Corr. Alex., p. 32.
3. Ibid., pp. 32–3; Jenkins, Arakcheev, pp. 144–6.
4. Pipes, ‘Russian Military Colonies,’ JMH, Vol. 22, p. 206.
5. Adams, p. 135.
6. Alexander to Catherine Pavlovna, 9 July 1810, Corr. Alex., p. 33.
7. Wrangel’s account of his mission was printed by the German historian, Thimme, and is cited by Hans Schmitt in his article on Stein and Alexander, JMH, Vol. 31, pp. 326–7.
8. Adams, pp. 148–9.
9. N.M., Elis., 11, pp. 212 and 434–5.
10. Ibid., II, pp. 213–14.
11. For Elizabeth’s letters to her mother from Plöen see N.M., Elis., II, pp. 381–6. Letters to others from Plöen appear earlier in the same volume (pp. 215–25).
12. Parrot to Alexander, 27 October 1810, Ibid., II, pp. 228–33.
13. Lefebvre, Napoléon, II, pp. 133 ff.; Tarlé, Nashestvie Napoleona, p. 14.
14. Shilder, Alek. I, II, pp. 397–8.
15. Rumiantsev’s report to the Senate, October 1811, VPR, V, pp. 558–66.
16. Ibid., p. 641.
17. Ibid., p. 644; Seton-Watson, Russian Empire, p. 123; Adams, p. 213; Raeff, op. cit., p. 78.
18. Alexander to Catherine Pavlovna, 7 January 1810, Corr. Alex., pp. 35–6.
19. Gielgud, op. cit., II, pp. 218–22.
20. Alexander to Comte de Mocenigo, 2 February 1811, VPR, VI, pp. 21–4.
21. Kukiel, Czartoryski and European Unity, p. 95; Gielgud, loc. cit.
22. Seton-Watson, op. cit., p. 122; VPR, VI, pp. 62–4, 71; N.M., Alex. I, I, PP. 393–4.
23. Palmer, Napoleon in Russia, p. 26; Adams, p. 230.
24. N.M., Alex. I, I, p. 351; Palmer, Metternich, pp. 82–3; Metternich, Mémoires, II, p. 418.
25. Napoleon to Alexander, 28 February 1811, Nap. Corr., XXI, no 17395; Vandal, III, p. 89.
26. Ibid., III, p. 115–17 and 127; SIRIO, XXI, pp. 49–67.
27. Lefebvre, op. cit., II, pp. 149–50.
28. Adams, p. 245.
29. Rumiantsev to Kurakin, 21 March 1811, VPR, VI, pp. 136–8.
30. Adams, p. 247.
31. Vandal, III, p. 170–71.
32. Caulaincourt, Mémoires, I, pp. 117–18 and 279–80; N.M., Alex. I, I, p. 412; Adams, p. 262.
33. Caulaincourt, op. cit., I, p. 280; Edling, Mémoires, p. 50; Tarlé, op. cit., p. 21.
34. Palmer, Napoleon in Russia, p. 27; Caulaincourt, op. cit., I, p. 285; Vandal, III, p. 185.
35. Alexander to Catherine Pavlovna, 17 July 1811, Corr. Alex., p. 51.
36. Adams, p. 296.
37. Metternich, Mémoires, II, pp. 194–6; Botzenhart, Metternichs Pariser Botschafterzeit, pp. 239–41.
38. Vandal, III, pp. 211–17; VPR, VI, p. 146.
39. Caulaincourt, op. cit., I, pp. 308–9.
40. Vandal, III, pp. 217–18.
41. Ibid.; Palmer, Napoleon in Russia, p. 28.
42. Adams, pp. 310–11.
43. Shilder, Alex. I, III, p. 364; Adams, p. 329.
44. Tolstoy, War and Peace, Book 8, Chapter 22.
45. Vandal, III, pp. 41–2, 127–34, 311–22.
46. Tarlé, op. cit., pp. 21–2; Kurakin to Rumiantsev, 10 November 1811, VPR, VI, pp. 217–18.
47. Alexander to Catherine Pavlovna, 3 December 1811 and 5 January 1812, Corr. Alex., pp. 59 and 61.
48. VPR, VI, pp. 191–7; Lefebvre, op. cit., II, p. 151.
49. Palmer, Metternich, p. 84.
50. Anderson, Eastern Question, p. 46; VPR, VI, pp. 282–3, 306–7, 317.
51. Ibid., VI, pp. 318–23.
52. Adams, p. 72; Waliszewski, I, pp. 22–6.
53. Clausewitz, Campaign of 1812, p. 5; Tarlé, op. cit., pp. 51–2.
54. For a sound assessment of Barclay’s qualities see Duffy, Borodino, pp. 38–41, and the fascinating analysis of the changing Soviet views on Barclay’s military ability in the article by Barry Hollingsworth on ‘The Napoleonic Invasion of Russia and recent Soviet historical writing,’ JMH, Vol. 38, especially pp. 41–50.
55. Barclay de Tolly to Alexander, 3 February 1812, VPR, VI, pp. 267–8.
56. Palmer, Napoleon in Russia, p. 29.
57. Raeff, Speransky, p. 187.
58. Ibid., p. 190.
59. Ibid., pp. 190–1.
60. Ibid., Jenkins, Arakcheev, p. 149; Shilder, Alek. I, III, p. 48.
61. LPN, II, pp. 75–6.
62. Raeff, op. cit., pp. 174–8.
63. Ibid., pp. 170–3 and 191–2.
64. Waliszewski, II, p. 62.
65. Alexander to Catherine Pavlovna, April 1812, Corr. Alex., p. 51.
66. Adams, p. 353.
67. Ibid., p. 352.
68. Vandal, III, p. 310.
69. See the article by Hans Schmitt on Stein and Alexander I, JMH, Vol. 31, p. 327.
70. Grimsted, Foreign Ministers, p. 174; Anderson, op. cit., p. 47; Rumiantsev to Suchtelen, 24 April 1812, VPR, VI, pp. 370–2.
71. Vandal, in, pp. 373–4; Seton-Watson, op. cit., p. 126.
72. Adams, p. 365.
73. Tarlé, op. cit., p. 29.
74. Adams, pp. 364–5.
75. Elizabeth to her mother, 22 April 1812, N.M., Elis., II, p. 525.
Chapter 13: Captain in
the Field
1. Waliszewski, II, pp. 13–18.
2. Kukiel, Czartoryski and European Unity, p. 97.
3. Choiseul-Gouffier, Historical Memories, p. 67; Waliszewski, II, pp. 14–15 and 21–3.
4. Choiseul-Gouffier, op. cit., pp. 66 and 84–7; Narichkine, Rostopchine et son Temps, p. 110.
5. Choiseul-Gouffier, op. cit., pp. 72–4.
6. Ibid., p. 82.
7. Ibid., p. 90.
8. Lebzeltern to Metternich, 18 June 1812, quoted Grimsted, Foreign Ministers, p. 186.
9. Duffy, Borodino, p. 54.
10. Nesselrode memoirs, LPN, II, p. 75; Nesselrode to his wife, 25 May 1812, LPN, IV, p. 32.
11. Grimsted, op. cit., pp. 190–1; Rumiantsev to Alexander, 5 July 1812, VPR, VI, pp. 452–3.
12. Nesselrode to his wife, 1 June 1812, LPN, IV, p. 43.
13. Tarlé, op. cit., p. 24; Palmer, Napoleon in Russia, pp. 43–4.
14. Waliszewski, II, p. 15; Shilder, Alex. I, III, p. 75.
15. Catherine Pavlovna to Alexander, June 1812, Corr. Alex., p. 76.
16. Alexander to Catherine Pavlovna, 9 June, 1812, Ibid., p. 73.
17. Vandal, III, pp. 402–25; Palmer, op. cit., pp. 17–23.
18. Rambuteau, Mémoires, pp. 67–8; Fain, Manuscrit de 1812, I, p. 77.
19. Rambuteau, loc. cit., and Fain, loc. cit.; Vandal, III, pp. 429–31.
20. Fain, op. cit., I, p. 77.
21. Tarlé, op. cit., p. 24; Waliszewski, II, p. 26; Palmer, op. cit., p. 44.
22. Waliszewski, II, p. 33.
23. Choiseul-Gouffier, op. cit., pp. 91–3.
24. Mémoires de Michel Oginski, extract in translation, Brett-James, 1812, Napoleon’s Defeat in Russia, pp. 40–1.
25. Choiseul-Gouffier and Oginski, loc. cit.; Garros, Quel Roman …!, p. 380.
26. Castellane, Journal, I, pp. 108–9; Palmer, op. cit., p. 48.
27. W. Löwenstern, Mémoires, I, p. 190; Tarlé, op. cit., pp. 44–5.
28. Ibid.; N.M., Alex. I, I, p. 97; Shilder, Alek. I, III, p. 374.
29. VPR, VI, p. 443.
30. Adams, p. 382; Shilder, Alek I, III, p. 375.
31. Rumiantsev to Alexander, 25 June 1812, VPR, VI, p. 441.
32. Tarlé, op. cit., pp. 43–5; Vandal, III, pp. 515–28.
33. Tarlé, op. cit., pp. 48–9.
34. Choisseul-Gouffier, op. cit., p. 94.
35. W. Löwenstern, op. cit., I, p. 190.
36. Oginski, Mémoires, loc. cit.
37. Choiseul-Gouffier, op. cit., p. 95.
38. Tarlé, op. cit., p. 53.
39. Ibid., pp. 53–4; Palmer, op. cit., pp. 56 and 58.
40. Ibid., pp. 48–51.
41. Napoleon to Alexander, 1 July 1812, Nap. Corr., XXIV, no 18878 (English translation in Thompson, Napoleon’s Letters, pp. 268–70).
42. Caulaincourt, Mémoires, I, p. 360.
43. VPR, VI, pp. 46–68 passim.
44. W. Löwenstern, op. cit., I, p. 377.
45. Jenkins, Arakcheev, p. 153.
46. Palmer, op. cit., p. 57.
47. Alexander to Chichagov, 12 July 1812, VPR, VI, p. 461.
48. Clausewitz, op. cit., pp. 41–2; Tarlé, op. cit., p. 56; Wilson, Narrative of Events, pp. 44–8.
49. VPR, VI, pp. 468–82.
50. Ibid., VI, p. 760; Webster, Castlereagh, I, p. 96.
51. Shilder, Alek. I, III, pp. 499–500 (cf. VPR, VI, pp. 463–4).
52. Duffy, op. cit., pp. 55–6.
53. Tarlé, op. cit., p. 57.
54. Ibid.; Jenkins, op. cit., p. 153.
55. W. Löwenstern, op. cit., I, p. 208.
56. Palmer, op. cit., p. 58.
57. Jenkins, op. cit., p. 153.
58. W. Löwenstern, op. cit., I, p. 209; Brett-James, op. cit., p. 78.
59. Tarlé, op. cit., p. 58 (cf. Shilder, Alek. I, III, pp. 86–7).
Chapter 14: The Razor-Edge of Fate
1. Adams, p. 392.
2. Narichkine, Comte Rostopchine, pp. 126–7; Olivier, L’Incendie de Moscou, pp. 31–2.
3. Bakounina, ‘Dvenadtsati God,’ Russkaya Starina, Vol. 47, p. 401.
4. Alexander to Catherine Pavlovna, 24 July 1812, Corr. Alex., p. 79.
5. Waliszewski, II, pp. 78–9; Tarlé, Nashestvie Napoleona, p. 110; Christian, Tolstoy’s War and Peace, pp. 67–8 and 72.
6. Waliszewski, II, p. 73.
7. Aleshkin and Golovnikov article on the Moscow Militia in 1812, Voprosy Istorii (1962), no. 9, p. 27.
8. Stael, Dix Années d’Exil, p. 28.
9. Alexander to Catherine Pavlovna, 30 September 1812, Corr. Alex, p. 90.
10. Alexander to Catherine Pavlovna, 20 August 1812, Corr. Alex., p. 82.
11. Adams, p. 395.
12. Alexander to Catherine Pavlovna, 20 August 1812, loc. cit.
13. Elizabeth to her mother, 10 August 1812, N.M., Elis., II, p. 530.
14. Ibid., II, p. 452.
15. Tarlé, op. cit., p. 112. Although the factual material cited in Tarlé’s book is reliable it is prejudiced against Barclay de Tolly. See the article by Barry Hollingsworth, JMH, Vol. 38, pp. 39–50 for a reassessment.
16. Alexander to Catherine Pavlovna, 20 August, 1812, Corr. Alex., p. 82.
17. Duffy, op. cit., pp. 65–6; Tarlé, op. cit., p. 113.
18. Alexander to Catherine Pavlovna, 30 September 1812, Corr. Alex., p. 87.
19. Ibid.
20. George of Oldenburg to Alexander, 17 August 1812, Corr. Alex., p. 263.
21. Catherine Pavlovna to Alexander, same date, Ibid., p. 81.
22. Clausewitz, Campaign of 1812, p. 115.
23. Shilder, Alex. I, III, p. 98.
24. Scott, Bernadotte and the Fall of Napoleon, p. 21; Waliszewski, II, pp. 95–6.
25. Cathcart to Castlereagh, 30 August 1812, F.O. 65/79; cf. Webster, Castlereagh, I, p. 98.
26. Palmer, Napoleon in Russia, pp. 96–7; Wilson, Narrative, pp. 114–20; Brett-James, General Wilson’s Journal, pp. 36–7.
27. Wilson and Brett-James, loc. cit.
28. Wilson, op. cit., p. 120.
29. Stael, Dix Années d’Exil, p. 169.
30. Ibid., p. 168.
31. Ibid., p. 167.
32. Elizabeth to her mother, 9 September 1812, N.M., Elis., II, p. 534.
33. The same to the same, 7 September 1812, Ibid., II, pp. 532–3.
34. Palmer, op. cit., p. 105 (quoting from Altshuller and Bogdanov, Borodino p. 64).
35. Duffy, op. cit., p. 11; Maistre, Correspondance Diplomatique, I, p. 177; Markham, Napoleon, p. 194.
36. Elizabeth to her mother, 13 September 1812, N.M., Elis., II, p. 535.
37. Palmer, op. cit., pp. 131–2.
38. Adams, p. 404.
39. Catherine Pavlovna to Alexander, 15 September 1812, Corr. Alex., p. 83; Olivier, op. cit., p. 131.
40. Adams, p. 405.
41. Edling, Mémoires, p. 79.
42. Adams, pp. 408 and 409–10.
43. Webster, Castlereagh, I, p. 99.
44. Napoleon to Alexander, 20 September 1812, Nap. Corr., XXIV, no. 19213 (English version, Thompson, Napoleon’s Letters, pp. 273–4).
45. Strakhovsky, Alexander I, pp. 136–8.
46. Elizabeth to her mother, 6 October 1812, N.M., Elis., II, p. 539.
47. Catherine Pavlovna to Alexander, 18 September 1812, Corr. Alex., pp. 83–4.
48. George of Oldenburg to Alexander, 18 September 1812, Ibid., pp. 264–5.
49. Alexander to Catherine Pavlovna, 30 September 1812, Ibid., pp. 86–93.
50. Catherine Pavlovna to Alexander, 5 October 1812, Ibid., pp. 94–6.
51. Elizabeth to her mother, 1 January 1813 (quoting from Marie Feodorovna’s earlier conversation), N.M., Elis., 11, p. 560.
52. Catherine Pavlovna to Alexander, 25 September 1812, Corr. Alex., p. 85.
53. Alexander to Catherine Pavlovna, 6 October 1812, Ibid., pp. 97–8.
54. Catherine Pavlovna to Alexander, 10 October 1812, Ibid., p. 99.
56. Ibid, II, pp. 46–7.
57. Ségur, History of the Expedition to Russia, II, p. 72; Caulaincourt, op. cit., II, pp. 60–1.
58. Wilson, op. cit., pp. 203–5; Tarlé, op. cit., pp. 189 and 222.
59. Adams, p. 414.
60. Ibid., pp. 416–17.
61. Elizabeth to her mother, 27 October 1812, N.M., Elis., II, pp. 541–2.
62. Adams, p. 419.
63. Wilson, op. cit., pp. 222–8; Ségur, op. cit., II, pp. 110–13.
64. Shilder, Alek. I, III, pp. 116–17 and 378; N.M., Alex. I, I, pp. 160–4.
65. Ibid., I, pp. 159–60.
66. Adams, p. 420.
67. Ségur, op. cit., II, pp. 155–9.
68. Tarlé, op. cit., pp. 246–7; Wilson, op. cit., pp. 265–6.
69. Alexander to Catherine Pavlovna, 20 November 1812, Corr. Alex., p. 103.
70. The same to the same, 22 November 1812, Ibid., p, 105; Palmer, op. cit., pp. 215–16.
71. Alexander to Catherine Pavlovna, 20 November 1812, Corr. Alex., p. 103.
72. Adams, pp. 422–3.
73. Denniée, Itinéraire, pp. 166–7; Castellane, Journal, I, p. 201; Caulaincourt, op. cit., II, pp. 205–7.
74. Arndt Memoirs, cited by Brett-James, 1812, pp. 285–6.
75. Beskrovny, Pokhod Russkoi Artnii Protiv Napoleona, 1813, pp. 1–4.
76. Ibid., p. 5; Cathcart to Castlereagh, 30 August 1812, F.O., 65/79/9; Adams, p. 435.
Chapter 15: Tsar with a Mission
1. Choiseul-Gouffier, Historical Memoirs, p. 134.
2. Ibid., pp. 131–44.
3. Rumiantsev to Alexander, 11 January 1813, VPR, VI, p. 475.
4. Wilson, Narrative, p. 352; Predtechensky article on 1812 casualties, Istorichevsky Zhurnal, 1941, combined nos. 7 and 8, p. 99.
5. Schmitt article on Stein and Alexander, JMH, Vol. 31, pp. 327–8.
6. Shilder, Alek. I, III, p. 137.
7. Ramm, Germany, p. 96; Wilson, op. cit., pp. 360–3.
8. Beskrovny, Pokhod Russkoi … 1813, p. 10; Choiseul-Gouffier, op. cit., pp. 155–6.
9. Ibid., p. 157; Tarlé, Nashestvie Napoleona, p. 272.
10. Palmer, Metternich, p. 92.
11. N.M., Alex. I, I, p. 175; Strakhovsky, Alexander I, pp. 131–2.
12. Shilder, Alek. I, III, p. 142.
13. N.M., Alek. I, I, pp. 175–6.
14. Catherine Pavlovna to Alexander, 13 January 1813, Corr. Alex., p. 116.
15. Alexander to Catherine Pavlovna, 7 March 1813, Ibid., p. 132.
