by Alan Palmer
47. Scott, op. cit., p. 84.
48. The Margravine of Baden to Elizabeth, 4 May 1816, N.M., Elis., II, p. 675.
49. N.M., Alex. I (Russian edition), I, p. 574, cited by Seton-Watson, op. cit., p. 164.
50. N.M., Corr. Alex., pp. 30, 39 and 59.
51. Russkii Arkhiv, XXVI, pp. 373–7; Paléologue, Enigmatic Czar, p. 267.
52. Metternich, Mémoires, I, p. 126; private letter of Castlereagh to Stewart, 29 November 1818, Webster, Castlereagh, II, p. 593.
53. N.M., Elis., III, p. 10.
54. Allen, Life, II, pp. 13–16; Seebohm, Memoirs of Stephen Grellet, I, pp. 321–2.
55. Alexander to Castlereagh, 2 April 1816, F.O., 65/105/private. See on this question of disarmament, Webster, Castlereagh, II, pp. 97–9 and 103.
56. Ibidem.
57. Ibid., II, p. 98.
58. Ibid., II, p. 99.
59. Grimsted, Foreign Ministers, p. 60, and notes to p. 242.
60. Ibid., pp. 226–50.
61. Webster, Castlereagh, II, p. 195; Palmer, Metternich, pp. 187 and 193.
62. Metternich, Mémoires, III, p. 373.
63. See the ‘Aperçu’ of Capodistrias in SIRIO, III, especially, p. 213.
64. Vernadsky, Source Book, II, p. 503; Grimsted, op. cit., p. 243.
65. Hollingsworth article on Kunitsyn, SEER, Vol. 43, pp. 121–2; Palmer, op. cit., p. 171.
66. Webster, Castlereagh, II, pp. 122–3.
67. Ibid., II, p. 125.
68. Ibid., II, p. 123.
69. Ibid., II, p. 126.
70. Grimsted, op. cit., pp. 244–5.
71. Una Pope-Hennessey, A Czarina’s Story, p. 28; Shilder, Alek. I, IV, p. 108.
72. Webster, Castlereagh, II, pp. 148–9 and 162; Longford, Wellington, Pillar of State, pp. 50–1.
73. Palmer, op. cit., p. 177.
74. Ibid, citing letter of Marie Esterhazy printed in Corti, Metternich und die Frauen, II, p. 82.
75. Metternich, Mémoires, I, p. 316.
76. See the pamphlet of Thomas Clarkson, Interview with the Emperor Alexander, and Webster, Castlereagh, II, pp. 167–72.
77. N.M., Alex. I, I, pp. 199–200.
78. Metternich, op. cit., III, pp. 170–6.
79. N.M., Alex. I, I, p. 202.
Chapter 20: The Absentee Tsar
1. Alexandra Memoir in Una Pope-Hennessey, A Czarina’s Story, p. 42.
2. Ibid., p. 43; N.M., Elis., III, pp. 12–13.
3. Una Pope-Hennessey, op. cit., p. 43.
4. Ibid., p. 44; N.M., Elis., III, p. 7.
5. Ley, Madame de Krudener, p. 562.
6. Metternich, Mémoires, III, pp. 284–97.
7. Squire, ‘Nicholas I … and Internal Security,’ SEER, Vol. 38, p. 434.
8. Vernadsky, Source Book for Russian History, II, pp. 504–6, prints extracts from the constitutional project in English. A French text and analysis is in Vernadsky’s Charte Constitutionelle and a Russian text in Shilder, Alek. I, IV, pp. 499–526.
9. Seton-Watson, Russian Empire, p. 157.
10. Jenkins, Arakcheev, p. 215; see Vernadsky, Source Book, II, pp. 506–8 for Speransky’s Siberian reforms.
11. Una Pope-Hennessey, op. cit., p. 34.
12. Blum, Lord and Peasant, pp. 300–1; Tarlé, Nashestvie Napoleona, pp. 176–83.
13. Jenkins, op. cit., pp. 194–5.
14. Seton-Watson, op. cit., pp. 187–9.
15. Hollingsworth article on Kunitsyn, SEER, Vol. 43, p. 122; Seton-Watson, op. cit., p. 170.
16. Shilder, Alek. I, IV, p. 204.
17. Elizabeth to her mother, 19 July 1820, N.M., Elis., III, p. 140.
18. Paléologue, Enigmatic Czar, p. 262.
19. Alexandra Memoir, Una Pope-Hennessey, op. cit., pp. 44–5.
20. Strakhovsky, Emperor Alexander, pp. 204–5.
21. Una Pope-Hennessey, op. cit., p. 47.
22. Ley, op. cit., p. 565.
23. Ibid., pp. 563–5; N.M., Alex. I, II, pp. 227–8.
24. Ley, op. cit., p. 568; Bertier de Sauvigny, Une Marseillaise …, p. 6.
25. Shilder, Alek I, IV, pp. 176–80; Ley, op. cit., p. 567.
26. Webster, Castlereagh, II, p. 203; Schroeder, Metternich’s Diplomacy, p. 27.
27. Webster, Castlereagh, II, pp. 207–14.
28. Palmer, op. cit., p. 192.
29. Schroeder, op. cit., pp. 47–59; Webster, Castlereagh, II, pp. 278–9.
30. Schroeder, loc. cit.; Seton-Watson, op. cit., p. 177.
31. Waliszewski, III, p. 53.
32. Elizabeth to her mother, 28 November 1820, N.M., Elis., III, p. 157.
33. Metternich, Mémoires, III, pp. 373–4.
34. Schroeder, op. cit., pp. 67–9.
35. Ibid., p. 69; Webster, Castlereagh, II, p. 525.
36. Waliszewski, III, pp. 57–64; Jenkins, Arakcheev, pp. 211–13; N.M., Alex. I, I, pp. 233–8.
37. Elizabeth to her mother, 1 November 1820, N.M., Elis., III, p. 152.
38. Waliszewski, III, p. 63; Jenkins, op. cit., pp. 212–13.
39. Alexander to Arakcheev, 17 November 1820, Shilder, Alek. I, IV, p. 185.
40. Grimsted, Foreign Ministers, pp. 249–50.
41. Kissinger, World Restored, pp. 264–5; Webster, Castlereagh, II, p. 525.
42. Ibid., II, p. 303.
43. Metternich, Mémoires, III, pp. 380 and 382–3.
44. Ibid., III, pp. 425–55; Palmer, op. cit., p. 197.
45. Metternich, Mémoires, III, p. 454.
46. Alexander to Golitsyn, letter ‘commenced on 8 and finished on 15 February 1821’ (? Old Style), N.M., Alex. I, I, pp. 521–9. Only the first two pages echo Metternich; the remaining six pages reflect deep study of the Scriptures.
47. Ibid., I, p. 520; Ley, op. cit., p. 572.
48. Schroeder, op. cit., pp. 104–6.
49. Palmer, op. cit., p. 200.
50. Ibid.; Kissinger, op. cit., p. 278.
51. Grimsted, op. cit., p. 259; Ley, op. cit., p. 575.
52. Capodistrias, Aperçu, SIRIO, III, pp. 259–63.
53. Grimsted, op. cit., pp. 260–1.
54. Anderson, Eastern Question, pp. 59–60; Kissinger, op. cit., pp. 290–1.
55. Metternich, Mémoires, III, pp. 472 and 587; SIRIO, III, p. 276; Grimsted, op. cit., p. 262.
56. Ibid., p. 263; Paléologue, op. cit., p. 281.
57. N.M., Alex. I, II, pp. 356–7.
58. Ley, op. cit., p. 578.
59. Ibid., pp. 579–83.
60. Capodistrias, Aperçu, SIRIO, III, p. 269.
61. Webster, Castlereagh, II, pp. 360–1.
62. Metternich, Mémoires, III, p. 483; Schroeder, op. cit., p. 177.
63. Palmer, op. cit., p. 210.
64. Metternich, Mémoires, III, p. 537.
65. Kissinger, op. cit., pp. 303–4; Schroeder, op. cit., p. 191.
66. Elizabeth to her mother, 24 July 1822, N.M., Elis., III, pp. 210–13.
67. Schroeder, op. cit., pp. 200–3.
68. The phrase is Gentz’s; see Palmer, op. cit., p. 215.
69. For the Verona Congress, see Schroeder, op. cit., pp. 211–36.
70. Temperley, Foreign Policy of Canning, pp. 67–8.
71. Metternich, Mémoires, I, p. 320.
72. Scott, Quakers in Russia, pp. 96–7, quoting Allen, Life, II, p. 30.
73. Metternich, Mémoires, III, pp. 563–5.
74. Alexander to Anna Pavlovna, 16 November 1822, Jackman, Romanov Relations, p. 89.
75. Elizabeth to her mother, 11 March 1823, N.M., Elis., III, p. 231.
Chapter 21: ‘An Island Battered by the Waves’
1. Grimsted, Foreign Ministers, pp. 282–4; Palmer, Metternich, pp. 221–3.
2. Shaw, Letters to Pushkin, p. 50.
3. Almedingen, Emperor Alexander, p. 201; Seton-Watson, Russian Empire, pp. 168–9.
4. Ibid., pp. 193–4.
5. Constantine to Alexander, 14 January 1822, Vernadsky, Source Book, II, p. 510.
6.
Alexander’s Secret Order concerning the Succession, 16 August 1823, Ibid.
7. For Nicholas’s development, see Una Pope-Hennessey, A Czarina’s Story, pp. 50–1.
8. Constantine to Anna Pavlovna, 11 March 1824, Jackman, Romanov Relations, p. 95.
9. N.M., Elis., III, pp. 26–8.
10. Paléologue, Enigmatic Czar, p. 288.
11. Letters of Elizabeth to her mother, 27 January to 4 February 1824, N.M., Elis., III, pp. 268–71.
12. The same to the same, 27 January 1824, Ibid., III, p. 269.
13. The same to the same, 31 January 1824, Ibid., III, p. 270.
14. The same to the same, 1 March 1824, Ibid., III, p. 275.
15. The same letter, p. 276.
16. Elizabeth to her mother, 30 June 1824, Ibid., III, p. 294.
17. The same to the same, 4 August 1824, Ibid., III, pp. 300–1.
18. The same to the same, 30 August 1824, Ibid., III, p. 302.
19. Jenkins, Arakcheev, pp. 224–6.
20. Almedingen, op. cit., pp. 190–3; Seton-Watson, op. cit., pp. 169–70; Shilder, Alek. I, IV, pp. 246–51.
21. Ibid., IV, p. 248.
22. Jenkins, op. cit., p. 229.
23. Ley, Madame de Krudener, pp. 578–9.
24. Jenkins, op. cit., pp. 229–30.
25. Shilder, Alek. I., IV, pp. 318–20.
26. Jenkins, op. cit., p. 230.
27. Shilder, Alek. I, IV, pp. 320 and 336.
28. On the attitude of the Church, see Ley, op. cit., p. 579.
29. Palmer, op. cit., p. 223; Temperley, Foreign Policy of Canning, p. 330.
30. Grimsted, op. cit., pp. 276–7.
31. Anna Pavlovna to Constantine, 9 November 1824, Jackman, op. cit., p. 103.
32. Elizabeth to her mother, 19 November 1824, N.M., Elis., III, pp. 312–14.
33. Anna Pavlovna to Mademoiselle de Sybourg, 22 November 1824, Jackman, op. cit., pp. 103–4.
34. Elizabeth’s letter of 19 November 1824, loc. cit.
35. Elizabeth to her mother, 23 November 1824, N.M., Elis., III, p. 314; Lee, Last Days of Alexander, p. 8.
36. Shaw, Letters of Pushkin, p. 189.
37. Shilder, Alek. I, IV, p. 324.
38. Lee, op. cit., p. 8.
39. Ibid., p. 8. Some of Alexander’s subjects are alleged to have regarded the flood as a sign of Divine anger, caused by the Tsar’s refusal to help the Greek Christians; Waliszewski, III, p. 206.
40. Elizabeth to her mother, 24 November, 1824, N.M., Elis., III, pp. 314–15.
41. Ibid., III, pp. 29–30.
42. Ley, op. cit., pp. 595–6.
43. Waliszewski, III, p. 207.
44. Anderson, Eastern Question, p. 63.
45. Elizabeth to her mother, 8 April, 1825, N.M., Elis., III, p. 416.
46. Grimsted, op. cit., p. 284; Schiemann, Geschichte Russlands … Nik. I, I, pp. 608–10.
47. Temperley, Unpublished Diary, pp. 85–100.
48. Temperley, Foreign Policy of Canning, pp. 347–8.
49. Shilder, Alek. I, IV, p. 349.
50. Ibid., IV, p. 350; Elizabeth to her mother, 10 August 1825, N.M., Elis., III, p. 432.
51. Lebzeltern to Metternich, 19 August 1825, HHSA, Dipl. Korrespondenz, Russland 1825 Karton 68.
52. Despatches of Lebzeltern to Metternich of 6 September, 13 September and 20 September 1825, also in HHSA, Karton 68.
53. Grimsted, op. cit., pp. 284–5.
Chapter 22: Taganrog
1. Una Pope-Hennessey, A Czarina’s Story, p. 53.
2. Shilder, Alek. I, IV, pp. 352–5 and 482.
3. Bariatinsky, Le Mystère d’Alexandre I, pp. 25–7.
4. Shilder, Alek. I, IV, p. 353.
5. Lebzeltern to Metternich, 6 September 1825, HHSA, Dipl. Korr. Russland, Karton 68.
6. Elizabeth to her mother, 5 October 1825, N.M., Elis., III, p. 447; Shilder, Alek I, IV, p. 358. Alexander’s letters to Elizabeth during the journey southwards are printed in N.M., Elis., III, pp. 534–8.
7. Elizabeth’s letter to her mother of 5 October, loc. cit.
8. The same to the same, 8 October 1825, Ibid., III, pp. 447–8.
9. The same to the same, 12 October 1825, Ibid., III, p. 449.
10. The same to the same, 20 October 1825, Ibid., III, p. 450.
11. ‘Unpublished Details relative to the death of Emperor Alexander,’ Western Mss. Bod.
12. Elizabeth to her mother, 21 October 1825, N.M., Elis., III, p. 455.
13. ‘Unpublished Details,’ Western Mss. Bod.
14. Ibid.
15. Lee, Last Days of Alexander, pp. 25 and 27.
16. Ley, Madame de Krudener, p. 596; ‘Unpublished Details,’ loc. cit.
17. Ley, op. cit., pp. 596–7.
18. Lee, op. cit., p. 30; Shilder, Alex. I, IV, p. 376.
19. ‘Unpublished Details,’ loc. cit.; Lee, op. cit., p. 43.
20. ‘Unpublished Details,’ loc. cit.
21. Alexander to Elizabeth, 10 November 1825, N.M., Elis., III, pp. 538–9.
22. ‘Unpublished Details,’ loc. cit.
23. Bariatinsky, op. cit., p. 39; Lee, op. cit., p. 45.
24. Elizabeth’s Journal, N.M., Elis., III, p. 333.
25. Letters of Elizabeth to her mother, 20 and 21 November 1825, Ibid., III, pp. 459–60.
26. Elizabeth’s Journal, Ibid., III, p. 335.
27. ‘Unpublished Details,’ loc. cit.
28. Lee, op. cit., p. 21.
29. Elizabeth’s Journal, N.M., Elis., III, pp. 335–44.
30. Bariatinsky, op. cit., p. 47.
31. Elizabeth’s Journal, N.M., Elis., III, pp. 342–4.
32. Paléologue, Enigmatic Czar, p. 304; Bariatinsky, op. cit., p. 73; Strakhovsky, Emperor Alexander I, p. 226.
33. Paléologue, op. cit., p. 305.
34. Elizabeth’s Journal, N.M., Elis., III, p. 344.
35. Elizabeth to her mother, 23 November 1825, Ibid., III, p. 460.
36. The same to the same, 14 December 1825, Ibid., III, pp. 466–7.
37. The same to the same, 27 November 1825, Ibid., III, p. 460.
38. The same to the same, 1 December, 1825, Ibid., III, p. 461; Shilder, Alek. I, IV, pp. 384–6 and 485.
39. See Elizabeth’s letters to her mother, N.M., Elis., III, pp. 461–76, and other correspondence in the same volume, pp. 630 and 641–2.
40. Shilder, Alek. I, IV, pp. 573–4; Bariatinsky, op. cit., pp. 87–90.
41. Ibid., pp. 90–1; Elizabeth to her mother, 11 December 1925, N.M., Elis., III, p. 464.
42. Lee, op. cit., p. 40.
43. See Elizabeth’s letters to her mother of 17 and 19 December 1825, N.M., Elis., III, pp. 468 and 469.
44. Lebzeltern to Metternich, 9 December 1825, HHSA, Dipl. Korr. Russland, 1825, Karton 68.
45. Una Pope-Hennessey, op. cit., p. 55.
46. Lee, op. cit., pp. 61–2.
47. Marie Feodorovna to Volkonsky, 15 December 1825, Shilder, Alek. I, IV, pp. 581–82.
48. The Times, 3 February 1826.
49. Jenkins, Arakcheev, pp. 252–4.
50. Ibid., pp. 254–5.
51. Nicholas’s account is printed in Vernadsky, Source Book, II, pp. 528–30.
52. Shilder, Alek. I, IV, pp. 436–7. A rumour that Alexander had been assassinated at Taganrog, possibly by poisoning, appeared in the London Times as early as 3 March 1826.
53. Ibid., IV, p. 437; Bariatinsky, op. cit., p. 108.
54. Ibid., p. 166; Longford, Wellington, Pillar of State, p. 126.
55. Elizabeth to her mother, 12 March 1826, N.M., Elis., III, p. 513.
56. Autopsy on Elizabeth, Ibid., III, pp. 619–20.
57. Strakhovsky, op. cit., pp. 237, 256 and 259; cf. Grimsted, Foreign Ministers, p. 333.
58. Bariatinsky, op. cit., pp. 129–63; Strakhovsky, op. cit., p. 258; Okun and Delianchikov article on Kusmich in Voprosy Istorii for 1967, no. 1, especially pp. 193–5; Krupensky, Taina Imperatora, pp. 41–60.
59. Bariatins
ky, op. cit., pp. 150 and 146–7.
60. Ibid., p. 166; Strakhovsky, op. cit., p. 258; Krupensky, op. cit., pp. 88–9; The Times, 18 November 1965.
61. Strakhovsky, op. cit., pp. 267, 270 and 273. For Alexander’s dislike of the traditional burial place of the Tsars, see the article by Loewenson on the Bennigsen memoirs, SEER, Vol. 29, p. 229.
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This book is based primarily on the printed material listed below. I have, however, used certain documents from the Foreign Office papers in the Public Record Office, London, and from the Metternich correspondence in the Haus-, Hof-und Staatsarchiv, Vienna. Details of this archival material will be found in the reference notes. I have also made use of back-numbers of The Times from 1814 onwards and of an anonymous sixteen-page manuscript in the Bodleian Library, Oxford, entitled ‘Unpublished details relative to the death of Emperor Alexander’ (MS, Eng. Hist. d. 263); this is, in fact, a selection of translated extracts from the private journal of ‘a Russian nobleman’ which originally came from the manuscript collection of Sir Robert Ker Porter, the distinguished traveller and painter of historical canvasses.
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